market research, Descriptiveresearch

1、figure 7.1 relationship of survey and observation to the previous chapters and the marketing research processfocus of this chapterrelationship toprevious chaptersrelationship to marketingresearch process survey methods observation methods marketing research process (chapter 1) descriptive research d

2、esign (chapter 3) syndicated survey data (chapter 5)problem definitionapproach to problemfield workdata preparation and analysisreport preparationand presentationresearch designapplication to contemporary issuestechnologyethicsinternationalbe a dm! be an mr! experiential learningopening vignettewhat

3、 would you do? figure 7.2 survey and observation: an overviewsurvey methods: advantages and disadvantagessurvey methods classified by mode of administrationobservation methodsimproving survey response ratetelephonepersonalmailelectronica comparison of survey and observation methodspersonalmechanical

4、quantitative descriptive researchfigure 7.3 methods of obtaining quantitative data in descriptive researchsurveyinformation obtained by questioning respondentsobservationinformation obtained by observing behavior orphenomenathe survey method the survey method of obtaining information is based on que

5、stioning respondents. perhaps the biggest issue researchers face is how to motivate respondents to candidly answer their questions. questions regarding behavior, intentions, attitudes, awareness, motivations, and demographic and lifestyle characteristics all lend themselves to survey research. advan

6、tages of survey research easy: questionnaires are relatively easy to administer. reliability: using fixed-response (multiple-choice) questions reduces variability in the results that may be caused by differences in interviewers and enhances reliability of the responses. simplicity: it also simplifie

7、s coding, analysis, and interpretation of data.disadvantages of survey research respondents may be unable or unwilling to provide the desired information. structured data collection involving a questionnaire with fixed-response choices may result in loss of validity for certain types of data, such a

8、s beliefs and feelings. properly wording questions is not easy.survey methodstelephonepersonalelectronic traditionaltelephonecomputer-assisted telephone interviewingmall interceptin-homee-mailinternetcomputer-assisted personal interviewingmailmail panel mail/fax interviewclassification of survey met

9、hodstraditional telephone interviews involve phoning a sample of respondents and asking them a series of questions. the interviewer uses a paper questionnaire and records the responses with a pencil. field service supervisors can closely monitor the telephone conversations. data quality is also enha

10、nced with on-the-spot review of completed questionnaires. computer-assisted telephone interviewing uses a computerized questionnaire administered to respondents over the telephone. the interviewer sits in front of a computer screen and wears a mini-headset. upon command, the computer dials the telep

11、hone number to be called. when contact is made, the interviewer reads the questions posed on the crt screen and records the respondents answers directly into the computer. cati software has built-in logic, which also enhances data accuracy. the program will personalize questions and control for logi

12、cally incorrect answers, such as percentage answers that do not add up to 100 percent. personal in-home interviews respondents are interviewed face-to-face in their homes. the interviewers task is to contact the respondents, ask the questions, and record the responses. mall-intercept personal interv

13、iews respondents are intercepted in shopping in malls. the process involves stopping the shoppers, screening them for appropriateness, and either administering the survey on the spot or inviting them to a research facility located in the mall to complete the interview. computer-assisted personal int

14、erviewing (capi) the respondent sits in front of a computer terminal and answers a questionnaire on the screen by using the keyboard or a mouse. help screens and courteous error messages are provided. the colorful screens and on- and off-screen stimuli add to the respondents interest and involvement

15、 in the task. this method has been classified as a personal interview technique since an interviewer is usually present to serve as a host and to guide the respondent as needed. this approach is used in shopping malls, preceded by the intercept and screening process described earlier. . mail intervi

16、ews a typical mail interview package consists of the outgoing envelope, cover letter, questionnaire, postage-paid return envelope, and possibly an incentive. those individuals motivated to do so complete and return the questionnaire through the mail. there is no verbal interaction between the resear

17、cher and the respondent. mail panels mail panels consist of a large and nationally representative sample of individuals who have agreed to participate in periodic survey research. incentives in the form of cash or gifts are often offered to the individuals who agree to participate. once the individu

18、al have been admitted to the panel, detailed demographic and lifestyle data are collected on each household. the researcher uses this information to select targeted mailing lists within the panel based on client needs.email surveys if the addresses are known, the survey can simply be mailed electron

19、ically to respondents included in the sample. respondents key in their answers and send an e-mail reply. typically, a computer program is used to prepare the questionnaire and email address list, and to prepare the data for analysis.internet surveys an internet survey is a questionnaire posted on a

20、web site that is self administered by the respondent. the questions are displayed on the screen and the respondents provide answers by clicking an icon, keying in an answer, or highlighting a phrase. web survey systems are available for constructing and posting internet surveys. the researcher can o

21、btain at any time survey completion statistics, descriptive statistics of the responses, and graphical display of the data. as compared to email surveys, internet surveys offer more flexibility, greater interactivity, personalization, automatic skip patterns and visual appeal. several web sites, suc

22、h as websurveyor (), allow users to design surveys online without downloading the software. methods of improving response ratesprior notificationincentivesfollow-upotherfacilitatorsmonetarynonmonetarypromisedprepaidimproving response ratesimproving survey response ratesprior notification consists of

23、 sending a letter or e-mail, or making a telephone call to potential respondents, thereby notifying them of the imminent mail, telephone, personal, or electronic survey. offering monetary as well as nonmonetary incentives to potential respondents can increase response rates. follow-up, or contacting

24、 the nonrespondents periodically after the initial contact. follow-up can also be done by telephone, e-mail, or personal contact.personalization, or sending letters addressed to specific individuals, is effective in increasing response rates. observation methodsstructured versus unstructured observation for structured observation, the researcher specifies in detail what is to be observed and how the measurements are to be recorded, e.g., an auditor performing inventory analysis in a store. in unstructured observation, the observer monitors all aspects of the phenomenon th