诺贝尔奖获得者JamesJHeckman

1、诺贝尔奖获得者 (Nobel Prize Winner)This years other Nobel prize winners James J. Heckman, 56, of the University of Chicago, and Daniel L. McFadden,63, of the University of California at Berkeley, were cited for methods of a nalyzing statistics that have had wide-ranging practical applications, accor ding t

2、o the Royal Swedish Academy of physics prize was shared by American Jack Kilby, 76, who invented the in tegrated circuit at Texas Instruments in 1958, Herbert Kroemer, 72, of the University of California-Santa Barbara, and Zhores Alferov, 70, of the . I offe Physico-Technico Institute in St. Petersb

3、urg, years chemistry prize went to Alan Heeger, 64, of the University of California-Santa Barbara, Alan MacDiarmid, 73, of the University of Pennsylvania and Hideki Shirakawa, 64, of the University of Tsukuba in Japan, for their discovery that plastic couldbe modified to conduct medicine prize recog

4、nized Arvid Carlsson, 77, a professoremiritus of the University of Goteborg in Sweden, Paul Greengard, 74, of Rockefeller Universityin NewYork, and Eric Kandel, 70, an Austrian-born . citizen with ColumbiaUniversityin NewYork, for discoveriesabout how messages are trans mitted betweenbrain cells, le

5、ading to treatments of Parkinsons disease and Americans JamesHeckman and Daniel McFadden won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics on Wednesday for developing theories on how people work and live, contributing greatly to employment training programs and transportation and communication systems.Linus

6、 Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 - August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator of German ancestry. He is considered one of the most influential chemistsof the 20th century and ranks among the most important scientists in history. Image File historyFile links Downl

7、oad high resolution version (1051x1536, 160 KB) La bildo estas kopiita dewikipedia:de. . is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. . Year 1901 (MCMI)was a commonyear starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar)of the Gregoriancalendar (orFlag Seal Locationa commonyear starting on Mo

8、nday 1 of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar).Location in Oregon Coordinates , Government County Clackamas County Founded 1847 Mayor JudieCity 26. . is the 231st day of the yearHammerstad Geographical characteristics Area(232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. . Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) The year

9、1994 was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. . View inland (east) from Route 1 Daily June fog in Big Sur. . Quantum chemistry is a branch of theoretical chemistry, which applies quantum mechanics and

10、quantum field theory to address issues and problems in chemistry. . Biochemistry (from Greek: , bios, life and Egyptian k? “me, earth1)is the study of the chemical processesin living organisms. . The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to asCaltech)1 is a private, coeducationalrese

11、arch university located in Pasadena, California,inthe United States. . The University of California, San Diego (popularly known as UCSD, or sometimes UC San Diego) is a highly selective, research-oriented1 public university located in La Jolla, a seaside resort community of San Diego, California. .

12、Stanford redirects here. . Alma mater is Latin for nourishing mother. It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary. . Oregon State University (OSU) is a four-year research and degree-granting public university, located in Corvallis,

13、Oregon (USA). . The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech)1 is a private, coeducational research university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. .Roscoe Gilkey Dickinson (1894-1945) is notable for being the PhD advisor of the twice Nobel Prize winner L

14、inus Pauling. . Martin Karplus (born March 15, 1930, Vienna, Austria) is anAustrian-born U.S. chemist. . Dr. Matthew Stanley Meselson (born 1930) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist whose research was important in showing how DNA replicates, recombines and is repaired in cells. . A che

15、mical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds. . Image File history File links No higher resolution available. . ImageFile history File links No higher resolut

16、ion available. . The flamingchalice is the universally recognized symbol for Unitarian Universalism. . Atheist redirects here. . Year 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar)of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday 1 of the 13-day-slower Ju

17、liancalendar). . is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. .Year 1994 (MCMXCIV)The year 1994 was designated as the International Year ofthe Family and theInternational Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by the United Nations. . This articleis about the profes

18、sion. .Pauling was one of the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry, molecular biology and orthomolecular medicine. He is also a memberof a small group of individuals who have been awarded more than one Nobel Prize, one of only two people to receive them in different fields (th

19、e other was Marie Curie) and the only person in that group to have been awarded each of his1prizes without having to share it with another recipient.Molecular biology is the study ofbiology at a molecular level. . The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was

20、first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. .Pauling was born and raised in Oregon. He attended Oregon Agricultural College and graduated in1922 with a degree in chemical engineering. Pauling then went to the California Institute ofTechnology (Caltech)

21、, where he received his Ph. D in physical chemistry and mathematical physics in 1925. Two years later, he accepted a position at Caltech as an assistant professor in theoretical chemistry. In 1932, Pauling published a landmark paper, detailing his theory of orbital hybridization and analyzed the tet

22、ravalency of carbon. That year, he also established the concept of electronegativity and developed a scale that would help predict the nature of chemical bonding. Pauling continued this work, but also began publishing papers on the structure of the atomic nucleus. In 1954, Pauling was awarded the No

23、bel Prize in Chemistry. As a biochemist, Pauling conducted research with X-ray crystallography and modeling in crystal and protein structures.This type of approach was used by English scientists to discover the double helix structure ofthe DNAmolecule. Oregon State University (OSU) is a four-year re

24、search and degree-granting public university, located in Corvallis, Oregon (USA). . Chemical engineers design, construct and operate plants Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e. . The California Institute of Technology (commonly ref

25、erred to as Caltech)1 is a private, coeducationalresearch university located in Pasadena, California,inthe United States. . Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. . Physical chemistry is the application of physics to macroscopic, microscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical s

26、ystems1within the field of chemistry traditionally using the principles, practices and concepts of thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and kinetics. . For other uses, see Carbon (disambiguation). . Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract e

27、lectrons in the context of a chemical bond. . Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. . This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to 2006. . X-ray crystallography, also known as single-crystal X

28、-ray diffraction, is the oldest and most common crystallographic method for determining the structure of molecules. . For other uses, see Crystal (disambiguation). . Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules present in all biological organisms, made up of such elements as carbon,

29、hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. . The Double-Helix are an alien race in the Wing Commanderscience fiction series. . The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functio

30、ning of all known living organisms. .During the Second World War, Pauling worked on military research and development. However, when the war ended he became particularly concerned about the further development and possible use of atomic weapons and with the destruction inflicted on the world by war

31、in general. Ava HelenPauling, Linuss wife, was a pacifist and in time he came to share her views. 2 Pauling soon began to express his concerns with the effects of nuclear fallout and in 1962, was awarded the NobelPeace Prize for his campaign against above ground nuclear testing. His beliefs were not

32、 without controversy at the time and he was criticized by some for his actions. The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above the hypocenter A nuclear weapon derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. .Fallout

33、 is the residual radiation hazard from a nuclear explosion, so named because it falls out of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion. . Lester B. Pearson after accepting the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. . Preparation for an underground nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site in