高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧

1、高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中出现的频率很高，因为这类题主要考查考生能否通过理解、分析全文，区分主要信息和次要信息，进而总结归纳文章或段落的大意。测试点主要体现在对文章的主题、目的、中心思想的把握以及标题的选择。这类题型常见的提问方式有：whats the main idea of the passage?what does the passage mainly discuss?the topic of paragraph is .which of the following best states the theme of the passage?a good/

2、suitable title for this passage would be .我们知道：文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，主题句在段落中出现的位置也不固定。一般说来，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾;采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后演绎例证，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首;若作者采用由“特殊 一般 特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主

3、题句，我们要学会根据段落的内容去概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。对选择标题类题，若遇到拿不太准的情况时，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写?”。看看下面两个例题：(05

4、广东卷 b 篇)being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise.leadership means power,commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement.unlike vitamin c, leadershipskills cant be easily swallowed down.they must be carefully cultivated.different from popular belief, most good le

5、aders are made, not born.they learn their skills in their everyday lives.but which do they develop? how do they (and how can you) get others to follow?always give credit.many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performancefrom others is to treat them like heroes.giving public cred

6、it to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world.it is also an act of generosity (慷慨) thats never forgotten.giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评) , which oftenhurts rather than helps.kenneth blanchard, the author of the one-minute

7、 manager, agrees.catch people doing something right! he says.then tell everyone about it.take informed risks. the best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,says management adviser marilyn machlowitz, sky divers dont go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落伞)

8、beforehand.because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually waitfor others to take charge.but if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die athousand deaths.pick yourself up and start all over again.encourage enthusiasm (热情).when people

9、understand the importance of work, they lendtheir mental strengths, says lee ducat.but when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job.thats a great force! is this the best way to create excitement? be enthusiastic yourself. you will be followed by everyone.63.which o

10、f the following can be the best title for the passage?a.leadership is of skills and techniquesb.leadership is very importantc.not many can be leadersd.how to be a leader解析：这一题考查主旨大意，要考生为文章选择标题。文章第一第二两段提出：leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.most good leaders are made, not born.(领导能力要精心培养。)

11、接下来文章从三个方面阐述了培养领导能力的方法：always give credit/ take informed risks/ encourage enthusiasm (热情)。根据各个段落的主题句，结合文章的结构，我们不难归纳出文章的中心：这篇文章讲的是怎样培养领导才能。由此，我们判断选项d 在意义上涵盖了文章的中心，是最好的标题。(05 天津卷 a 篇)everyones at it , even my neighbors . i thought i might be the only person left in the world who hadnt done an ebay dea

12、l . so, i decided to try my hand at online auction (网上拍卖) . buying for beginners: sign up on www.ebay.co.uk . most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a shart description ; others may be marked with “buy it now” and have a fixed price . you can b

13、uy these right away.if the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and ebay bids (出价) for you . the bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. auctions last up to 1

14、0 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.how to pay : sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders . the easiest way is through paypal, an online pay

15、ment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).selling made simple: if you plan to sell on ebay, it helps to include a picture of the item . i followed my friends advice and put up the items i wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a thursday. this way buyers had two wee

16、kends to bid.the big things in life: its easy to post a small item , but furniture is a big part of ebay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen . check the ways of delivery before you bid.36.what is the passage mainly about?a.how to make payment online.b.ways of making delivery online.c

17、.advantages of an online-auction system.d.how to use an online-auction system.解析：这是一篇说明文，文章结构清晰明了，第一段介绍注册网址、网上的拍卖品;第二段介绍怎样竞价;第三段介绍怎样付款。把三段的大意联系起来我们就可以概括出文章的中心：网络拍卖系统的使用方法。由此，我们很容易得出答案：d。【实战演练练习六】(05 福建卷 c 篇)walk through the amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick

18、. but if you had been around 15,000 years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same? for more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the amazon might have reacted(反应)to the cold, dry climates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfy

19、ing answer.rainforests like the amazon are important for mopping up co2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. currently the trees in the amazon take in around 500 million tones of co2 each year; equal to the total amount of co2 giving off in the uk each year. but how will the amazo

20、n react to future climate change? if it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down co2? scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.unfortunately, getti

21、ng into the amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. to study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物), which requires specialized equipment and heavy machin

22、ery. there are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled(未取样). so far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice

23、age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.67.the best title for this passage may probably be .a.studies of the amazon b.climates of the amazonc.secrets of the rainforests d.changes of the rainforests【实战演练练习七】(05 上海卷 d 篇)equipped only

24、with a pair of binoculars(双筒望远镜) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinch(红腹灰雀). britains birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. but new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost thr

25、ee million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鸣鸟) on a sunday walk or putti

26、ng up a bird-box in the back garden.“almost three million uk birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest.” stephen moss said in his newly published book-a bird in the bush a social history of birdwatching-which records the pursuit from the rich victorian en

27、glishmans love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend. last summer, bbc 2s britain goes wild was a surprise success .it pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling

28、 out across the uk as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.birdwatchers networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first vermivora chrysoptera - a goldenwinged songbird from north america-to be seen in britain. he put a message our o

29、n the network service birdline, and the next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the tesco car park in kent, where it had settled. today, birdwatchers can log on to www.birdline.co.uk or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.“multimilli

30、on-pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said david cromack, the editor of bird watching magazine “the number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”79.the

31、 passage mainly tells us about _ in uk.a.the history of birdwatchig b.a growing passion for birdwatchingc.the impact of media on birdwatching d.birdwatcing as a popular expensive sport高考英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题技巧在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可

32、以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。这种题常见的提问方式有：the word “” in paragraph can best be replaced by .the underlined word “” most probably means .by saying “”, the author means the expression “” is closest to according to the passage, the phrase

33、 “” suggests the underlined part “ ” (in para. ) means .做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索：一. 针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1. 根据定义(definition)猜测词义如果

34、生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例如：(05 湖北卷a段)do you know what a “territory” is ? a territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(声称)as its own.由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。(04

35、浙江卷b段)green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.由定义我们可以推断这里 green building 指的是什么。2.根据复述推测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”(意义范围)。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in

36、other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等。例如：(05浙江卷b段)in fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the u.s. today.由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。定语从句复述：例如：(04 福建卷e段)here is the pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as ca

37、ribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .according the passage, the pines is a .a.place in which you can see many mobile homesb.mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyc.town which happens to be near the banff national parkd.restaurant where you can ask for some special kin

38、ds of food通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：the pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：d。3. 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例如：(04 辽宁卷c段)the course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. it will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the european u

39、nion, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the united nations, the european union, nato, and the world bank.根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。二. 内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。1. 根据对比关系猜测词义在一

40、个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如：(nmet 2002 e篇)a childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.what does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) prob

41、ably mean?a. a party designed by specialistsb. a plan requiring careful thoughtc. a situation causing difficulty or troubled. a demand made by guests根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为c。2. 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

42、例如：green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。3. 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例如：(05上海卷b段)i feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell yo

43、u what to do .”the word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.a.full of respect b.too confident and rudec.lacking in experience d.too shy and quiet根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(“既然你是我的上司”)，我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：b。(05江西卷d段

44、)pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断pruning的意思是：“修剪(树枝等)”的意思。4. 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如：(05 江苏卷e段)william shakespeare said. “the web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线)，good and ill toget

45、her.”the underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .a.simple b.mixed c.sad d.happy句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：b。(04 湖北卷c段)is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? the answer is “yes”, according to the

46、 researchers at johns hopkins and three other medical centers.根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：johns hopkins 是一家医疗中心。三. 通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1. 根据前缀猜测词义例如：(05江西卷e段)do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educational (教育的)，结合前缀co-

47、(共同，一起)，我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2. 根据后缀猜测词义例如：(05 广东卷e段)its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized cornish fishing village on englands most southerly point.后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为;使化”，结合词根commercial(商业的)，不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词

48、义例如：(05 北京卷b段)good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(别扭的)hand positions.well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well (好，优秀)和design (设计)两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。(04浙江卷d 段)we live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.根据合成词中的mass (大量的)和produce (生产)，我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生产;规模生产”的意思。综上所述，利用各种已知的信息推测判断生词词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中我们可以根