日本钢结构桥梁外文翻译

1、附件1：外文资料翻译译文日本钢结构桥梁目前现状和发展前景摘要：根据最新的桥梁结构形式，本文旨在介绍如何建设美好的刚结构桥梁。考虑到目前日本大型的钢结构桥梁都已竣工，因此，我们主要的工作重点是检测过时的（超龄）桥梁和对现有桥梁的抗震维修。为了减轻不利因素造成的影响，我们需要查点和利用桥梁周围的再生环境。对于建设钢结构桥梁的未来，钢结构应该能够吸引、培养和留住优秀的学生和工程师。其次，维修、改造桥梁工程必须经济合理。减轻和消除桥梁的不利因素及危害。最主要的是桥梁工程师应该寻求更好的社会地位，并成为承担和建设这一领域的支柱和未来。关键词：钢型桥梁施工；检测与维护；桥梁环境；土木工程建造规范；桥梁行业

2、的发展。1、概况介绍明石海峡大桥跨度为1991米，它是世界上最长的吊桥。而最长的斜拉桥电缆多多罗，主跨长度为890米，是跨海连接本州和四国岛的航线之一。完善的技术和充足的资金的投入可以促进海湾航线和跨海公路大型钢结构项目的建设。但是，相对于发达的日本在建设桥梁方面，需要更多的技术和基础设施。目前，规划建设大跨度的钢桥实际上已经完成，由于近几十年严重的经济衰退和在土木工程领域（应该是建筑内行业）方面，新建筑规模并不大，钢桥行业没有被视为一个重要的工业部门，仍然是一个挑战。在日本，许多桥梁被集中建设在20世纪60年代到80年代，在经济高速增长时期之后，钢梁建设项目每年减少一半。具体来说，钢桥行业在

3、20世纪60年代后半期达到黄金时代。虽然，rc和pc桥梁建造项目几乎保持不变，但是钢桥梁建设已下降到40%。最近，20世纪60年代建造的许多桥梁，作为重要的基础设施已经产生了多种病害。1995年兵库县南部发生了重大地震，人们开始重视钢结构的重要性。随后新的桥梁抗震设计和地震加装刚桥梁诞生了。它的主要性能是加强了钢桥结构的延性。刚桥梁的受损部位主要分布在轴承和保护梁倒塌抑制部位。许多维修地震损坏的桥梁结构改造工程已经展开，这些工程预计在不久的将来完成。大跨度的钢桥抗震改造工程已经开始。例如，主跨510米的大悬桁架大阪港大桥抗震改造工程目前正在进行中，总预算为6000万日元，工期为5年。除此之外，

4、位于奈良县、跨度为112米、钢箱梁麦塔尼大桥也正在进行地震加装。如今，许多现有的钢桥梁表现出了某种形式的恶化，如腐蚀、钢构件疲劳裂纹。钢板和钢构件由于通过许多超重的车辆，比公路桥梁（jshb）规格指定的重，因此，许多桥梁需要大力加强和维修工程。大跨度桥梁的建设、加装、现有的钢桥梁的加固、维修和维护，将成为日本未来的钢桥市场中重要的组成部分。在日本，很多桥梁是自第二次世界大战之后建造的，各种形式的桥梁组成了高效的公路网络。但是，需要注意的是在桥梁建造时要重视安全规范、统一设计荷载，以及桥梁和自然环境的关联。直到最近，政府还是无法实现桥梁和周围环境的完美统一。例如，在大阪中心建设一个雄伟壮丽同时又

5、具有主要历史意义的高架公路桥是非常困难的。这是一个高架桥梁及其周围环境不和谐的例子。另一方面，很多司机驾车行驶在一个很长的桥梁时，往往会产生视觉错位，这会使他们紧张和不舒服。除此之外，许多街区已经接到很多关于行车噪音和桥梁振动噪音方面的投诉。考虑到这些情况下，一些长久的桥梁的检测和维护是必要的，因为桥梁周围环境的不利因素会影响桥梁的安全和使用。日本是一个多山的国家，又不平坦的土地的基础设施需要开发，高架桥位于医院附近，这是一个桥梁和周围环境协调的例子。通过自习分析当前发展趋势，日本钢结构桥梁应该有条不紊的向前发展。在经济和建筑艺术迅猛发展的时代，日本的钢铁桥梁建设的发展应该吸取国外的精华，尤其

6、是地震多发国家。以便促使本国钢桥行业快速的发展。2、日本钢桥梁建设的现状及发展趋势2.1、建设趋势日本的钢铁桥梁建设的趋势归纳如下：（1）在科技和金融发展的时代背景下，一些重大桥梁工程的实施完成，促使了钢结构桥梁的建设和发展。（2）先如今，在经济衰退的情况下，大跨度钢桥建设项目已接近完成。（3）在1960年代到80年代，许多钢铁桥梁被修建，以支持经济增长的快速发展。（4）每年建造的钢桥数量已下降到40。（5）从1960年开始构建rc和pc的桥梁数量几乎保持不变。（6）20世纪60年代建造的大量桥梁出现了各种损害。（7）1995年兵库县南部发生的重大地震，使结构的延性被连接到新的桥梁改造和抗震设

7、计。（8）在地震中受损的桥墩，轴承和限位许多地震的维修和改造工程已经开展，这些工程将在不久的将来完成。（9）抗震和大跨度钢桥梁工程是将来的发展趋势。（10）大型桥梁的假设和现有钢桥的改造、加固、修复及维修，将成为未来钢桥市场的重要组成部分。(11)桥梁建造时要重视安全规范和统一设计荷载。直到最近，政府还是无法实现桥梁和周围环境的完美统一。(12) 如今，许多现有的桥梁钢表现出某种形式的恶化，如腐蚀、钢构件疲劳裂纹。钢板和钢构件通过许多超重的车辆。（13）许多现有的桥梁需要大量的加工和修复工程。（14）很多司机驾车行驶在一个很长的桥梁时，往往会产生视觉错位，这会使他们紧张和不舒服。除此之外，许多

8、街区已经接到很多关于行车噪音和桥梁振动噪音方面的投诉。（15）一些过久的桥梁的检测和维护是必要的，因为桥梁周围环境的不利因素会影响桥梁的安全和使用。2.2、工作内容在建设部门，钢桥和混凝土行业存在很大的竞争。大跨度桥梁在钢桥领域中所占比例微乎甚微，因此钢桥行业试图吧工作重心集中在经济合理的新型中跨度桥梁的建设扩大市场。新型桥梁如板梁厚钢板型桥梁和斜拉型主梁和h型刚桥梁。2.3、桥梁保养与维护（1）桥梁维护定义桥梁维护修理的一种术语，是对桥梁暴露或者未暴露的安全隐患的修护工程。（2）检查和检测通过人工和机械设备对桥梁组成和生命周期进行定期的、详尽的检测。（3）评估工作通过检测和适当的维护工作之后

9、，对桥梁功能、安全性和使用年限做一个先进的。准确的报告。2.4、新材料和新技术的开发建设新型刚桥梁，要不断的开发高性能、低成本材料，包括高性能钢材原料、高性能轴承、高延展性和高强度的螺栓、碳纤维塑性板材。碳纤维塑性板材非常使用在桥梁的维护工程中。但是，在研发过程中，我们会不可避免的遇到很多问题和困难。另一方面，在抗震设计和加固中，我们应该开发和研究高科技技术，在减少成本的同时，保证桥梁的安全和适用。3、钢桥建设的美好发展3.1、关键点日本在未来的钢桥建设中，应注意一下几个主要因素：（1）“首先是人才，我们的工作人员和学生，将会促使我们的大学成为世界一流大学。更重要的是，我们能够吸进和留住世界各

10、地最优秀的员工和学生”，日本著名教授道林在2005年2月这样说过。显然，人才在各个领域是不可缺少的。日本的钢桥行业也应该吧人才放在第一位，要培养和重用有思想、有创意的工程师，这样才能吸进世界各地的优秀人才，以便日本钢桥持久的、快速的发展。（2）对超出使用年限的桥梁，应该定时的检测和进行修复工作。因为，这些工作在桥梁未来的使用中越来越重要。（3）桥梁的安全性以及辅助工程要得到国家调控。（4）桥梁的设计和施工要和周围环境协调一致。（5）桥梁建设过程中应集思广益，敢于创新开拓。（6）设立jsce奖项，鼓励和促进建筑人才的成长。（7）大力培养专业工程师。（8）桥梁安全性，特别是抗击地震灾害。（9）继承

11、和发扬传统桥梁建设。3.2、桥梁与环境的协调统一桥梁和环境协调统一是非常重要的，而人和人之间、任何桥之间的沟通在建立理想的桥梁环境过程中起决定性作用。比如桥梁工程师和施工人员在设计和施工过程中，满足人们生活需求之外，还要满足施工的可能行以及在自然环境允许之内。在不久的将来，人与桥梁、桥梁与自然环境之内的协调越发重要。通过协调和沟通，充分利用各自的最大价值，因此，我们需要建立一个专门的机构来满足这一目的。该机构的主要特点如下：（1）机构应独立于所有桥梁有关组织和自然环境。（2）机构的政策是支持jsce颁布的工程师的道德守则。（3）机构强调协调沟通。（4）国内和国外之间的合作是该机构的重要目标之一

12、。（5）机构把重点放在新领域的开发。3.3、桥梁安全的重要性桥梁的安全，特别是在抗击自然灾害时，仍然是建筑师在设计和建造桥梁工程过程中首要考虑的问题。因为桥梁建造的初衷就是在安全的前提下满足人们生活的需要。为人们提供方便和便利。桥梁一旦出现安全问题，危害人们安全的同时，在很长的时间内我们的社会活动也会停止。比如，在阪神高速桥梁的倒塌和桥体结构的严重损坏，造成交通瘫痪一年左右。4、总结在本文中，主要介绍了日本钢桥梁工程的现况，以及在今后钢桥建设在今后的发展趋势。吸收和借鉴发展中国家和发达国家的先进技术，建设有本国特设的桥梁。把新型材料和新颖设计利用在桥梁艺术中，使桥梁建设沿着正确轨道上快速发展。

13、附件2：外文原文considerations on recent trends in, and future prospects of, steel bridge construction in japanabstract:in this paper, consideration is given on recent trends in, and requirements for a bright future of, steel bridge construction in japan. as far as recent trends are concerned, it is observe

14、d that the construction of long and big steel bridges has practically been completed. consequently, the focus of recent main works is the maintenance of superannuated (overaged) bridges and the seismic retrofitting of existing bridges. the refreshment and regeneration of some superannuated bridges i

15、s also needed recently in order to mitigate the uncomfortable influence of these bridges on their surrounding environment. as for a bright future in steel bridge construction, first and foremost it is emphasized that the steel bridge industry should be able to attract, train and retain better studen

16、ts and engineers. for this purpose, maintenance and retrofitting works should be economically reasonable jobs. the necessity and importance of these works should be understood by the nation through retrofitting existing bridges against disasters and mitigating the unfavourable influence of bridge st

17、ructures on the bridge environment on the basis of the code of ethics for civil engineers promulgated by jsce. moreover, bridge engineers should seek better social status and the bridge engineering field should become attractive to young students who will bear the future of this field.keywords: stee

18、l bridge construction; maintenance; bridge environment; civil engineering ethics; bridge indust.1. introductionthe akashi kaikyo bridge is now crossing the akashi strait with a centre span length of 1991 m, making it the longest suspension bridge in the world. tatara bridge, the longest cable-stayed

19、 bridge, with a main span length of 890 m, is standing now on one of the cross-sea routes connecting the honshu and shikoku islands. technological and financial backgrounds have permitted the accomplishment of many large projects pertaining to the construction of these large-scale steel bridges in b

20、ay routes and cross-sea highways. at the time of their inception, japan was still a developing country and more infrastructure was needed. these days, however, the planning for the construction of long-span steel bridges has practically finished due to serious economic recession. in the civil engine

21、ering field (which should be distinguished from the building industry), new construction is not large scale; in the fairly well developed japan, it is no longer considered a main industrial sector .in japan, many bridges were intensively constructed in the 1960s80s, during the period of high economi

22、c growth, with the number of bridges constructed per year decreasing recently to half of the overall peak. more specifically, the steel bridge industry reached the golden age in the latter half of the 1960s. however, the latest data indicates that the recent number of constructed steel bridges has d

23、eclined to approximately 40% of its peak, though the number of constructed rc and pc bridges remains almost constant from the beginning of 1960 to date. after the construction of many bridges as one of the important infrastructures, bridges were constructed predominantly in places of direct need. re

24、cently, it is observed that various kinds of damage have occurred to many bridges mainly constructed in the 1960s. especially following the investigation of damage to steel structures due to the hyogo-ken nambu earthquake which occurred in 1995, importance has been attached to seismic design for the

25、 construction of new bridges and to seismic retrofitting for existing steel bridges, aiming to utilise the ductility of steel bridge members and structures. many repair and seismic retrofitting works of bridge structures damaged as a result of the earthquake have been carried out and these works are

26、 due to finish in the near future. damaged parts in steel bridges were mainly classified into piers, bearings and restraining parts protecting bridges from falling down.recently, the seismic retrofitting works of long-span steel bridges has started. for example, the seismic retrofitting work of the

27、minato bridge in osaka, a big cantilever truss bridge with a main span of 510 m is now under way, with an estimated budget of 6000 million japanese yen and a works duration of 5 years. the maitani bridge located in nara prefecture, a deck-type steel girder bridge with the span length of 112 m is als

28、o undergoing seismic retrofitting .nowadays, many existing steel bridges exhibit some form of deterioration, such as the corrosion of steel members, fatigue cracks in rc slabs, steel decks and steel members due to the passage of many overweight vehicles, much heavier than those specified in the japa

29、nese specifications for highway bridges (jshb), and so on. as a result, many bridges require substantial strengthening and repair works. instead of the construction of large and long-span bridges, the retrofitting, strengthening, repair and maintenance of existing steel bridges already constructed w

30、ill take an increasingly important part of the future steel bridge market in japan .in japan, many bridges have been constructed to establish an efficient highway network since world war ii. attention has been, however, paid mainly to the construction of safe and standard bridges with, as far as pos

31、sible, uniform quality with regard to design loads. until recently, governments could not afford to consider the harmony between the bridges and their surrounding environment. for example, it is very difficult to have a clear and unobstructed view of the beautiful and historically important osaka ca

32、stle due to the high-rise buildings and elevated highway bridges. this is an example of the undesirable influence of elevated bridges on their surrounding environment.on the other hand, many drivers complain about the uncomfortable feeling in driving over some bridges, as a result of big gaps and mi

33、salignment at their expansion joints. many neighborhoods along some superannuated bridges also register complaints with regard to the noise and vibration stemming from existing bridges . considering these circumstances, the refreshment and re-creation of some superannuated bridges is needed because

34、of bridge safety as well as the uncomfortable influence of the bridges on their surrounding environment. another example of an uncomfortable environment can be found where a hospital is located near elevated highway bridges. these tight situations can often be seen in japan, since it is a mountainou

35、s country and has less flat land over which the infrastructure needs to be developed.in this paper, consideration is given to the requirements for a bright future for the japanese steel bridge industry by carefully analysing recent trends. the state of the art in bridge construction during both the

36、developing era and the fairly developed era, and the considerations towards a bright future in japanese steel bridge construction could be useful also to various other countries, including, in particular, earthquake prone countries, and for various situations of bridge construction.2. recent trends

37、in steel bridge construction in japan2.1. construction trendthe construction trend of steel bridges in japan can be summarised as follows:(1) technological and financial backgrounds in the develop-ing era enabled the accomplishment of big projects which led to the construction of large steel bridges

38、.(2) nowadays, however, the planning for the construction of long-span steel bridges has been almost finished due to serious economical recession.(3) many steel bridges were constructed during three decades (1960s80s) to support the quick economical growth in the developing era.(4) however, the numb

39、er of steel bridges constructed per year has declined to 40% of its peak approximately.(5) the number of constructed rc and pc bridges has remained almost constant from the beginning of 1960 to date.(6) recently, various kinds of damage have started to occur in many bridges constructed in the decade

40、 of the 1960s.(7) after the hyogo-ken nambu earthquake in 1995, importance has been attached to the seismic design of new bridges and the seismic retrofitting of existing steel bridges, taking into account the ductility of the steel members and structures.(8) many seismic repair and retrofitting wor

41、ks of bridge piers, bearings and restrainers damaged at the earthquake have been carried out and these works will be completed in the near future.(9) in the near future, the seismic retrofitting works for long-span steel bridges are due to start.(10) instead of the construction of large bridges, the

42、 retrofitting, strengthening, repair and maintenance of existing steel bridges will become an important part of the future steel bridge market.(11) during the developing era of japan, attention was paid mainly to the construction of safe and standard bridges with uniform quality because governments

43、could not afford to consider the harmony between the bridges and their surrounding environment until recently.(12) nowadays, during the fairly developed era, many existing steel bridges have some problems, such as corrosion of steel members, fatigue cracks in rc slabs, steel decks and steel members

44、due to overweight vehicles and other factors.(13) as a result, many existing bridges require substantial strengthening and repair works.(14) furthermore, many drivers now complain about the uncomfortable feeling in driving over some bridges due to big gaps and misalignments at their expansion joints

45、. many neighborhoods in close proximity to some superannuated bridges also complain about noise and vibration from the bridges.(15) considering these circumstances, the refreshment and re-creation of some superannuated bridges seems to be needed to address issues related to bridge safety and to the

46、uncomfortable influence of the bridges on their surrounding environment.2.2. recent main works(1) construction of new bridgesin the new construction sector, there is severe competition between the steel bridge and concrete bridge industries. this is because the construction of long-span and big brid

47、ges, which occupied the steel bridge industry, has declined and, consequently, the steel bridge industry tries to win jobs mainly in the construction of mid-span bridges, typically with a span length of 4080 m. as a result, many economical, rational and mid-span bridges with new types of structures

48、have been developed by both steel and concrete bridge industries. the following new types of steel bridges were developed in seeking to expand the market for new construction, to include bridges with medium span length:plate girder bridges made of thick steel plates, with fewer stiffeners and less w

49、elding lines for cost reduction.continuous composite two-narrow-box-girder bridges strengthened by cables to increase their economical span length.cable stayed bridges with main girders of h-shaped steels.2.3. maintenanceregarding the maintenance of bridges, there are many issues that can be solved

50、by the bridge engineering community, though there are also many political and economical problems which cannot be solved by the bridge engineering community alone. issues and problems of bridge maintenance are listed below:(1) definition of terminology and life cycle.definition of bridge maintenance

51、.unification of the terminology on bridge maintenance.decision of the life cycle of bridges, members and their parts.(2) inspection and monitoring. labour saving of inspection for maintenance through monitoring bridges, members and their parts.rationalization and cost reduction of inspection methods

52、.education for maintenance engineers.collection and storage of maintenance data by utilizing it technology.(3) evaluation/assessment methods.establishment of methods for evaluating the safety and durability of existing bridges and the public announcement and communication of evaluated results.develo

53、pment of method for deciding the priority rankingof repair and retrofitting of existing bridges.2.4. new materials and technologiesnew high-performance materials are continually developed for bridges. examples include high-performance steel, high-performance bearings, high-ductility and high-strengt

54、h bolts, carbon fiber reinforced plastic sheets, carbon fiber reinforced plastic cables and so on. among them, carbon fiber reinforced plastic sheets are used for the repair of superannuated steel girder bridges and rc slabs, and the seismic retrofitting of steel bridge piers with circular cross sec

55、tion. however, it seems to be very difficult to identify structural members to which these high-performance materials can be properly applied. on the other hand, various high-performance technologies are being developed for seismic design, seismic retrofitting, cost reduction, control of vibration,

56、and so on.3. considerations for a bright future in steel bridge construction3.1. key pointsthe following key points should be considered to enable a bright future in steel bridge construction in japan to be realised: (1) vice-chancellor, professor dowling states in the february 2005 edition of surre

57、y matters that “first and foremost it is people, our staff and students that will make us a world-class university. it is essential that we are able to attract and retain the best staff and students from around the world”. likewise, it is essential that the steel bridge industry in japan is able to

58、attract, train and retain better students and engineers from not only japan but also around the world.(2) for this purpose, the maintenance of superannuated bridges, repair and strengthening of damaged bridges, and retrofitting works of existing bridges should be economically reasonable jobs, becaus

59、e these jobs will surely increase in the future.(3) the necessity and importance of the bridge construction and maintenance should be understood by the nation, because the bridge infrastructure is supported by the tax from the nation.(4) for this reason, existing bridges should be refreshed to mitigate the unfavourable in