OilAndGas_cn-11讲述

1、油气开采与钻探 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas Prepared by Tom Sheeran 什么是石油，什么是天然气? 石油和天然气是储存在地层中的物质 它们是从分解的动植物残骸演变而来 科学家们认为石油是这样形成的： 很久很久以前死亡的动植物被厚厚的沉积物缓慢掩 埋。经过很长的时间，在一定的压力和温度下，这 些有机物转变成立今天人们发现的石油。 (例如：我们现在知道堆积的垃圾可以产生沼气) Prepared by Tom Sheeran What are Oil and Gas? Oil and

2、 Gas are substances found within the earths crust. They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal matter. Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organi

3、c materials were converted into the oil and gas which are found today. (For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas) Prepared by Tom Sheeran 自然状态下的石油有的 粘稠，有的稀薄。颜 色有黑的，也有浅颜 色的。 很多其他材料也来自于 石油产品: 塑料 织布的材料 (例如: 聚酯纤维) 日用化学品 各种油漆 关于油气我们还需要知道些什么？ Prepared by Tom Sheeran 通过提炼，石油

4、可以制 成很多产品: 发电厂用的燃料 轻型车用的汽油 卡车和火车用的柴油 飞机用的航空汽油 房屋取暖用的燃料油 Oil in its natural state can be thick or thin, black or light colored. When oil is refined, many products can be obtained: Energy for power Gasoline for cars Diesel fuel for trucks and trains Hi-octane fuels for planes Heating oil for houses Ma

5、ny other materials also come from petroleum: Plastics Materials for clothes (example: polyester fabrics) Chemicals for everyday use Paints What else do we know about oil and gas? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 你知道石油中含有天然气吗？ 天然气在石油里处于溶解状态，就像汽水 中溶解的发出嘶嘶响声的二氧化碳一样 当石油被开采出来的时候，一些天然气也 随着石油被采出来。 一桶石油可能含有 110,000立

6、方英尺的天 然气，含量的多少取决于油藏的类型。 一桶油中的气体可以装满你的整个房子！ Prepared by Tom Sheeran Did you know that oil has natural gas in it? The natural gas is in solution, just like the carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop to give it its fizz. When oil is produced, some gas is produced with the oil. A barrel of oil may co

7、ntain anywhere from 1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft, depending on the type of reservoir. Thats enough gas in a single barrel of oil to fill your whole house! Prepared by Tom Sheeran 哪里可以找到石油和天然气? Prepared by Tom Sheeran Where can we find Oil and Gas? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 有的人认为石油在一个地下的大

8、池子里. 实际上，大多数油是嵌在岩石颗粒和沙子之间很小 的孔隙里。大多数这样的孔隙肉眼是看不到的。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Some people think that oil is in big pools underground. Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Prepared by Tom She

9、eran 那么我们如何找到有油的岩层呢? 油气是在地层中天然的圈闭构造中发现的。 这些油气圈闭构造由穹顶或断层组成。非渗透 性的岩石覆盖在构造顶部防止油气逃逸到地表 。非渗透性的岩石是指流体不能穿越的岩石。 没有这样的油气圈闭构造，油气就会向地表移 动，最终挥发掉。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks? Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth. These traps consist of domes or faults. Imperme

10、able rock above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up to surface. An “impermeable” rock is one that fluid cannot pass through. without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 油油 这是一个穹顶型油藏的例子: 这是阻止油气向上流动的非渗透性岩石层。 注意下面的水层，它防止

11、了油向下逃逸。 你知道为什么吗？ 水水 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Oil Heres an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir. Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards. Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why? Water Prepared by Tom Sheeran 气气 这是一个

12、气藏的例子 和前面的例子一样，非渗透性的岩层阻止了气体的逃逸 水水 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Gas Heres an example of a Gas reservoir. Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from escaping. Water Prepared by Tom Sheeran 气气 这是一个有气顶的油藏的例子 油油 为什么我们要假设气体在顶部? 水水 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Gas Heres an example of an Oil re

13、servoir with a Gas cap Oil Why do you suppose the gas is on top? Water Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我们如何找到这些油藏呢? 地球物理学家通过油藏反射的声波找到它们，计录声波 反射回来的时间 计算机处理这些数据，构造出地下岩层系统的图像 Gas 油油 声源 接收器 t = 1 sec t = 1.2 sec t = 1.42 sec Prepared by Tom Sheeran How do we find the oil reservoirs? Geophysicists find reservoir

14、s by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing how long it takes for the sound to come back Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks like underground. Gas Oil source receivers t = 1 sec t = 1.2 sec t = 1.42 sec Prepared by Tom Sheeran 发现了油藏之后我们该干什么? ? ? ? Prepared by

15、Tom Sheeran What do we do after we find a reservoir? ? ? ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我们钻一口井进去 ! ! ! Prepared by Tom Sheeran We Drill Into It ! ! ! Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我们用什么钻井 ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran What do we drill with ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 钻井设备! 以下是一些不同种类的钻井设备: 陆上钻井架 用于陆上钻井 钻井船 钻井船和半潜式钻井平

16、台用于水深100 ft到5000+ft情况 的钻井 半潜式钻井平台 自升式钻井平台 用于水深15ft 到+/-350ft 情况的钻井 内陆驳船钻井架 用于水深8ft 到30ft情况的钻井 Prepared by Tom Sheeran A Drilling Rig ! Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available: Land Rig For drilling on land. Drill Ship Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water

17、depths from 100 to 5000+ ft. Semi-Submersible Rig Jackup Rig For drilling in water depths from 15 ft to +/- 350 ft. Inland Barge For drilling in water depths from 8 to 30 ft. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 钻井设备是什么? Prepared by Tom Sheeran Whats a drilling rig ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 钻井设备: 一套可以使我们钻入地层的特殊设

18、备。 一套钻井设备由很多不同的部分组成: 井架，地基，起重设备，发电机，钻杆，钢罐，泵， 固控设备，还有很多其他部件。 你知道有的钻井设备可以钻探到地下6英里（9.7公里） 深的地方吗？ 那比珠穆朗玛峰的高度还要大！ Prepared by Tom Sheeran A Drilling Rig is: A package of special equipment put together to enable us to drill into the earth. A drilling rig has many different parts: a derrick, a substructure

19、, hoisting equipment, engines for power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control equipment, and many other pieces. Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6 miles? Thats as deep as Mt. Everest is tall! Prepared by Tom Sheeran 钻柱 钻头 起重设备由以下部分 组成: 天车, 游动滑车, 游动钢丝绳, 和一个用来起降游动 钢丝

20、绳的绞车。 井架底座 井架 这幅图画的是钻井设备上的起重设备. 这个设备被用来提升 和放下钻柱的。钻柱是一根根10米(30ft)长的钻杆连接起来组 成的。 待用钻杆 在这里，30ft 长的钻杆被一 根根加到钻柱上。这样钻 柱不停的被加长，可以不 停的朝地下钻进。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Drill string Drill bit The hoisting equipment consists of: a crown block, a traveling block, drilling line, and a drawworks to pull the drilling

21、 line up or down. substructure derrick This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig. This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is picked up in 30 foot long segments, or “joints”, of drill pipe. spare drill pipe This shows a 30 foot section of drill pipe being added to the

22、 drill pipe already in the hole. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 这是一幅钻头在岩层中钻进的示意图 钻柱在地表被驱动旋转，带 动井眼底部的钻头旋转。 钻头上的“牙齿”把岩石磨 成碎屑。 钻井泥浆被泵入钻杆内 部，从钻头的喷嘴流入 环形空间。环形空间是 钻杆和井壁之间的空间 。 泥浆将岩屑循环带到地 表，在那里这些岩屑被 移除。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Heres a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock. The drill string is turned at surfa

23、ce, which turns the bit at the bottom of the hole. The teeth on the drill bit grind the rock into fragments, or “cuttings”. Drilling mud is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe, through jet nozzles in the bit, and into the “annulus”. This is the space between the sides of the hole and the drill

24、pipe. The mud lifts the cuttings and circulates them back to surface where they are removed. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 3) 泥浆和岩屑混在一起从环形空 间向上提升，带到地表。 筛布 5) 岩屑被从泥浆中滤除，形成岩屑 堆。这些岩屑将会被运走并处理。 4) 混合物通过在地表的滤网。 1) 干净的泥浆被泵从泥浆池中抽出，注入钻 杆当中。 2) 泥浆从钻头的流出，进入到钻杆和套管之间 的环形空间，把钻头切下的岩屑向上带出。 6) 干净的泥浆透过 滤网，回到泥浆池。 钻井泥浆循环 泥浆泵

25、 Prepared by Tom Sheeran 3) the mixture of drilling mud and drill cuttings are circulated up the annulus screens 5) the drill cuttings are removed, and form a cuttings pile. This can be hauled off and disposed of. 4) the mixture is circulated across screens at surface 1) Clean drilling mud is taken

26、from the steel mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the drill pipe. 2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit. 6) Clean mud falls through the screens and is returned to the pits The Drilling Mud Cycle mud pump Prepared by Tom Sh

27、eeran 钻井的工序 首先用大钻头钻一小段井眼 然后钢制的套管被下入井中，并用水泥 固定套管的外侧，防止井眼塌陷。 0 200 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Heres a sequence showing how holes are drilled, First, a large drill bit is used to drill a short interval of hole. Then, steel casing is run and cemented on the outside to keep the hole from collapsing. 0 200 P

28、repared by Tom Sheeran 下一步，一个 小一些的钻头 在第一个套管 内部开钻。 这个钻头从上 一个套管的底 部钻出一个新 的井眼。 200 0 500 然后在这个新 的井眼中也下 套管，并用水 泥固定。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Next, a smaller bit is run inside the first casing. This bit drills out the bottom of the casing, and drills new hole. 200 0 500 Then, this new hole is also cased o

29、ff and cemented. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 如前，再钻一个 更小的井眼， 再下相应的 套管，防止 塌陷。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Again, a smaller hole is drilled out, and smaller casing is run to keep the hole from falling in. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 用这种方法，井眼分段钻进，直到目标储层被钻穿。这时候， 地质专家必须确定目标储层是否含有油气。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran In this wa

30、y, the hole is drilled in stages, until the target reservoir rock is penetrated. At this point, the geologists must figure out if there is oil or gas in it. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 他们通过对目标区域进行测井知道是否有油气。 测井是用电缆将设备下到井下，记 录岩石的物理属性，如电阻，孔隙度，密度，放射性，孔隙压力等等。 地质学家如何辨别地层中是否含有油气？ Prepared by Tom Sheeran They d

31、o this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable (“wireline”) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity, porosity, density, radioactivity, and pore pressure. How do Geologists tell if the reservoir has oil or gas? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 砂 页岩 粉砂

32、岩 页岩 粉砂岩 白云石 页岩 这是一个测井记录图的例子。地质学家通过观察测井记录，来决定应该继续把井进行 完井如果地层有油的话，或者把井封堵抛弃如果地层没有油的话。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran 伽马射线 200 500 3000 电阻抗 孔隙度 看似是很 好的砂岩 高阻抗， 可能是油 气 低阻抗， 可能是水 低孔隙度 高孔隙度 低阻抗， 可能是水 高孔隙度 低孔隙度 高孔隙度 Sand Shale Siltstone Shale Siltstone Dolomite Shale Heres an example of what a log looks like. Geol

33、ogists look at logs to decide whether or not to complete a well (if there is oil), or abandon it (if theres no oil). Gamma Radiation 200 500 3000 Electrical Resistivity Porosity Looks like good sand quality good resistivity, may have oil or gas poor resistivity, probably water good porosity poor por

34、osity good porosity poor resistivity, probably water poor porosity good porosity Prepared by Tom Sheeran 你能说出地质专家应该在哪一段进行完井吗？ 这里! 根据显示，这里是很干净的 砂岩，具有很好的孔隙度和阻抗。 好孔隙度 Prepared by Tom Sheeran 好孔隙度 好孔隙度 伽马射线 200 500 3000 电阻抗孔隙度 看似是 很好的 砂岩 高阻抗， 可能是油 气 低阻抗， 可能是水 低孔隙度 高孔隙度 低阻抗， 可能是水 低孔隙度 低孔隙度 Can you tell w

35、here the geologist would complete this well? Gamma Radiation 200 500 3000 Electrical Resistivity Porosity Looks like good sand quality good resistivity, may have oil or gas poor resistivity, probably water good porosity poor porosity good porosity poor resistivity, probably water poor porosity good

36、porosity Right here! This shows a clean sand, with good porosity and resistivity. good porosity poor porosity Prepared by Tom Sheeran 如果测井结果很好，我们在生产层段下最后一次的套管, 用 水泥固定。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran If the well looks good on the logs, we run a final string of casing across the production zone, and cement i

37、t in place. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 然后在井眼内用射孔枪进行射孔，击穿生产层段部分的井壁 套管。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Then, we run perforating guns in the hole and perforate (shoot holes ) in the casing across the productive zone. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 在井眼里放入生产油管, 用封隔器把生产层段和上部的套管空间 分隔开。 油管 封隔器 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Produc

38、tion tubing is run, with a packer to isolate the produced zone from the casing above. tubing Packer Prepared by Tom Sheeran 最后，这口井的流体被采到地 面的管线，这些管线把井和地 面的生产设备连接起来。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Finally, the well is produced into a pipeline, which takes it to production facilities on surface. Prepared by T

39、om Sheeran 地面的生产设备将生产出的流体中的 油、水、气分离 分离器 油 水 气 Prepared by Tom Sheeran The production facilities on surface separate out the gas, oil, and water into their separate phases. Production Separator Oil Produced Water Produced Gas Prepared by Tom Sheeran 油气分离器 石油 水 天然气 从那里，石油和天然气会被送 到炼油厂进一步提炼，之后被 卖到市场上。 炼

40、油厂 储油罐 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Production Separator Oil Produced Water Produced Gas From there, the oil and gas may be refined further before being ready to market. Oil Refinery Storage Tanks Prepared by Tom Sheeran 最后，石油天然气产品卖到市场， 驱动汽车，为我们的房屋供暖。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Finally, the gas and oil can

41、be sold to power cars and heat houses. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 石油和天然气就是这样来的！ 完 Prepared by Tom Sheeran And Thats Where Oil and Gas Come From! The End. Prepared by Tom Sheeran About the Author: Tom Sheeran has been working in the oil and gas industry for over 18 years. He worked summers on a drilling rig while going to school to earn a degree in Petroleum Engineering. After graduating, he went to work for Chevron in the Rocky Mountains. In 1990 he began working for Chevron Overseas Petroleu