四川省宜宾市一中高中英语中心发言提纲

1、专题09阅读理解（科技说明文）1. 【2017年高考江苏卷英语】BBefore birth, babies can tell the differenee between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother s voice from that of a female stranger.But whenit comes to embryonic learning （胎教）,birds could rule the roost. As recentlyreported in The Auk: Ornithol

2、ogicalAdvances some mother birds may teach their youngto sing even before they hatch （孵化）. New-born chicks can then imitate their morh s call with in a few days of en teri ng the world.的日3吐能 Ijtv *电耐（歴恥】,whkhineEn Adiirdh ji, liy three咒目* n i TimeThis educational method was first observed in 2012 by

3、 Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australia n superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over aga in while hatchi ng their eggs. Whenthe eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers a sou

4、nd that served as their regular feed me! call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 n ests in four sites in Quee nsla nd before and after hatch

5、ing. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of no tes. A computer an alysis bli ndly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.It tur ns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirp ing like their moms. And the more frequently m

6、others had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addi tion, the team set up a separate experiments voicethat suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their momwere rewarded with the most food.This observati on hintsthat effectiveembry on ic lear nin

7、gcouldsig nalneurological（神经系统的）strengthsof childrento parents. An evolutionaryinference can the n be draw n.As a pare nt, do you in vest in quality childre n, ordo you in vest in childre n that are in n eed?Klein dorfer asks.Our resultssuggest that they might be going for quality.58. The un derli n

8、ed phrase in Paragraph 1 mea nsA. be the worstB. be the bestC. be the as badD.be just as good59. What are Kleindorfer s findings based on?A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.C. The data collected from Queensland s locals.D. Con trol

9、led experime nts on wrens and other birds.60. Embryonic learninghelps mother birds to identify the baby birds whichA. can receive quality sig nalsB. are in n eed of trai ningC. fit the en vir onment betterD. make the loudest call58. B【解析】很摒第二段F, when the errs wer-c hatched, Vaby birds nvie the simil

10、ar chixp to eir mothers可知,鸟儿在化小乌的时偽鸣叫对未出生的水島有很夫影响j它们H弗化后也能发出类似的声音, 说明乌儿很擅长胎教。59. A 析】根抿第三段” re-sea:iouthL Lhe馆氓乩 another species of Australiansongbird ”可轲研究A员井未在全澳汕范围展开碉查，徘除号项；未对耳它乌类进行记录研究，卅 除 D 项* 根揚倒数第三段中的A compuier analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, rankan them iimila

11、riV.可打吕顷LF确令60. C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的the baby birds that most closely imitated theirmorh s voice were rewarded with the most food 和最后一段Our results suggestthat they might be going for quality.可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别 出那些适应环境较好的孩子。2. 【江苏省泰州市泰州中学 2018 届高三上学期开学考试】BThe ability to

12、speak more than one language certainly has its special benefits.It enables you to work in another country or interact with people whose language is different from your mother tongue. Cognitive （认知的） psychologists have been interested in how bilingualism （双语能力） shapes the mind for almost a century. T

13、here are those who suggest that in order to speak one language, bilinguals have to suppress （抑制） the influence of the other. In the past three decades, research had argued that this unique form of language processing trains the brain in the use of abilities known as executive （执行的） functions such as

14、 ignoring irrelevant information or shifting attention. Bilinguals of different ages and cultural backgrounds have been shown to be faster and more accurate than their monolingual （单语的） peers when performing cognitive tasks demanding these abilities. Furthermore, it has been argued that bilingualism

15、 may lead to a delayed onset （发作） of symptoms associated with dementia （痴呆） .But the scientific community recently has become increasingly skeptical of the bilingual advantage. One of the main points of criticism is that differences between monolinguals and bilinguals when it comes to executive func

16、tions are not always apparent. It appears that research on bilingualism is at a turning point. We need to pursue a new approach to understand, beyond those individual examples of executive functions, how the bilingual mind works. Wehave attempted to address this challenge by testing whether bilingua

17、ls and monolinguals differ in terms of how accurately they can assess their own performances. This ability is called meta cognition and is associated with other areas where bilinguals have been shown to have an advantage.In our research, we presented participants with a situation in which they had t

18、o observe two circles on a screen and guess which one contained more dots. Sometimes the difference was obvious, making the decision easy, while at other times thedecision was very difficult (for example, one circle contained 50 dots and the other49). Participants were then asked to determine how co

19、nfident they were in their decision on a scale from less to more confident than normal.During the course of two experiments, we found that bilinguals and monolinguals were equally likely to choose the circle containing the highest number of dots.However, monolinguals were better able than bilinguals

20、 to discriminate between when they were right and when they were wrong. In other words, bilinguals had less insight into their performance than monolinguals. This went against our initial predictions, as we expected to find a bilingual advantage in meta cognitive processing. These results indicate t

21、hat bilingualism may be associated with cognitive disadvantages as well as benefits.1. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that nowadays the scientific community.A. has denied the special benefits of bilingualismB. has changed its way to understand how the bilingual mind worksC. thinks there is almost no

22、difference between monolinguals and bilingualsD. tries to prove whether monolinguals have more advantages than bilinguals2. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By analyzing causes.B. By describing a process.C. By following time order.D. By making a comparison.3. What is the authors attitud

23、e towards bilingualism?A. Supportive.B. Doubtful.C. Objective.D.Ambiguous.【答案】 BDC【分析】1. 细节判断题。根据第二段的 It appears that research on bilingualism is at a turning point. We need to pursue a new approach to understand, beyond those individual examples of executive functions, how the bilingual mind works.

24、可知现在研究对于双语思维如何工作的理解方法发生了改变。2. 推理判断题。题目问：最后一段如何发展？根据最后一段的内容不难看出是将双语和一种语言进行了对比，故选D。3. 推理判断题。从文中来看，作者既提及了双语的好处，也提到了双语的缺点，如最后一 段中的 In other words, bilinguals had less insight into their performance than monolinguals. 。所以态度应该是“客观的”。3. 【南京、盐城20162017学年第一次模拟考试】CA little social support fro m your best buds

25、goes a long way, whether yourea human or a chimpanzee ( 黑猩猩 ). A new study that followed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates whether they were resting, grooming or facing off a

26、gainst rival groups.The findings, described this week in the journal Nature Communications , shed light on the physiological effects of close companionship in chimpanzees and could have implications for human health too.Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of

27、early death in humans as well as other social mammals.“It can have effects on immunefunction, cardio function, fertility, cognition, and even yo ur mood, ” said study coauthor Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals (human

28、s included) reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.“Social bonds makeyou survive and produce better but how do they do that? ” Langergraber said.To find out, the international team of resear

29、chers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee communi ty in Uganda s Budongo Forest, a group consisting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties bond partners with whom theyappear to fee

30、l close. The researcherswan ted to see whether in teracti ons with thesebond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressfulsituations,such as when fighting rivalgroups, or whether time spent with friendshelped lowerstress levels more gen erally, throughout the day.The scientistsob

31、served the chimps perform three types of activities:resting,grooming or quarrelling with other groups of chimps. The researchers kept track of whether the chimps were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimps in their group.A team of up to six observers watched th

32、e chimps and followed them around to collect urine （尿液）samples. The samples, collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimps, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contain ed.The scie ntists found that chimpa nzees levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on

33、average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner.This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the in tergrouprivalries,where any chimp on the front line might face physical harm or even death.The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could

34、shedlight on the role such close social relati on ships play in huma nhealth too, he said. Such frien dships may be just as importa nt duri ng good times as bad though moreresearch n eeds to be done before any con clusi ons can be draw n.“ This has in terest for a lot of people in a medical con text

35、as well, ”Lan gergraber said.1. The scientists carried out a research into chimpanzee community in Uganda.A. to seek evide nee of ben efits of social bonds from physiological an gleB. to un cover whether social bonds make huma ns surviveC. to study how chimps perform three types of activitiesD. to t

36、rain chimps to maintain close social bonds with each other2. What does the underlined word “ they ” in Paragraph 10 refer to?D. Bond part ners.A. Observers.B. Chimpa nzees.C. Urine samples.3. The chimps levels of urinarycortisol decrease most when .A. they are with other chimps in their groupB. they

37、 face the intergroup rivalries with friendsC. they perform three different types of activitiesD. they spend time with friends throughout the day4. What s the author s purpose in writing the passage?A. To point out stress is harmful to all social mammals.B. To illustrate how chimps control their stre

38、ss level.C. To urge scientists to do more research into chimpanzees.D. To inform us friendships benefit both chimps and humans.【答案】 ACBD【分析】1. 细节理解题。 定位到第一段第二句“ quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the privates，研究表明，黑猩猩和亲密同伴之间的陪伴会显著地减少压力荷尔蒙的水平。 A 选项说从生理

39、视角寻找社会纽带的好处的证据， 符合文章。B选项与黑猩猩无关。C选项说研究黑猩猩的活动形式，并不是目的。 D选项理解扭曲，并没有训练黑猩猩如何维系这种纽带。2. 词义推测题。 6 名观察者跟随黑猩猩，收集了成年的 9名雄性和 8名雌性黑猩猩的尿液标本。能够测试出压力荷尔蒙的正是这些尿液标本。故选C。3. 细节理解题。 定位到第 11 段， urinary cortisol（ 尿皮质醇 ）的平均指数是 23%，根据“ Thiswas especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries”可知在群体间竞

40、争时这个指数降到很低。4. 主旨大意题。 根据首尾段， 首段说明了该研究的目的是证明黑猩猩间同伴的陪伴是可以减少压力荷尔蒙的，尾段说到在人类环境中也是这样，故选D,提醒我们友谊的好处。4. 【苏州市 2017 届高三第一次调研测试】CRobotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry outan operation quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic device

41、s being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugsor to make repairs without the n eed for a sin gle cut, the possibility of which hasjust got a bit closer.However, un like the plot of one film which featured a microscopic crew andsubmari ne traveli ng through a scie ntists bloodstream t

42、his device could not beinserted into blood vessels（ 管）because it is too big. While other types of miniature swallowable robots have bee n developed in the past, their role has mostly bee n limited to capturi ng images in side the body .In a prese ntati on this week to the Intern ati onal Conferen ce

43、, Dani ela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the MassachusettsIn stitute of Tech no logy described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dan gerous objects accide ntally take n in.To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita desig ned a robot as abattery hunter, wh

44、ich might seem to be an odd task, but more than 3, 500 people inAmerica alone, most of them childre n, swallow the tiny butt on cells used in small electr onic devices by accide nt every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus（食道）and stomach made out of silicone（硅胶）.It w

45、as closelymodeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials,includingpig intestine（肠）,andcontains a little magnet. This is folded up and encased in a 10mmx 27mm capsule ofice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts

46、 and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a butt on batteryand draw it with itsown magn et, and duri ngdragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines whereit would eventu

47、ally be gotten rid ofthrough the anus（肛 门）.After it,theresearchers sent in another robot loadedwith medication todeliver it to the siteof the battery bum to speed up heali ng.The artificial stomach being tran spare nton one side, the researchers were ableto see the batteries and visuallycontrolthe r

48、obots. If not, that will require helpwith the help from imagi ng system, which will be a bit more of a challe nge, but Dr Rus and Dr Mi yashita are determ ined to succeed.1. According to the passage, the robot operationwill probably be able to .A. travel through a scientists bloodstreamB. photograph

49、 the body to convey to the doctorC. enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairsD. operate on a person outside the body completely2. We learn from Paragraph 3 that A. the researchers did the experiment on a chosen animalB. the robot took necessary drugs besides a little magnetC. digesting the swa

50、llowed batteries is difficult for childrenD. the actual size of the robot may be larger than the capsule of ice3. What may the experiment mean to the medical world?A. The surgeries will cost patients much money.B. Patients will suffer less for some surgeries.C. Fewer children will swallow the button

51、 cells.D. A robot will be invented travelling blood vessels.4. Which can be the most suitable title for the passage?A. An Experiment on Robot B. Tiny Robot, Significant RoleC. The Fantastic Robotic Voyage D. The Exploration of Robot Technology【答案】 CDBC【分析】 这是一篇科普说明文。 文章介绍一种可以植入人体内进行治病的微型机器人。 运用 它之后，

52、可以在不给人开刀的情况下进行治病，减轻了病人的痛苦。1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“ to produce tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit cl oser ”可知选 C。2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的This is folded up and encased in a

53、 10mrt 27mmcapsuleof ice ”可知，这种机器人需要被折叠后才能放进胶囊里，由此可推知，它的实际大小应该 是比胶囊要大的。故选 D。3. 推理判断题。根据第一段末的“ without the need for a single cut ”可知，用上这个机器人后，不需要给病人开刀进行治病，当然可以减轻痛苦了。故选B。4. 文章标题题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是一种可以放入人体内进行治病的机器人。 故选 C。5. 【2018 届江苏省金陵中学高三年级期初测试】If you could change your child s DNA in the future to prote

54、ct them againstdiseases, would you? It could be possible because of technology known as CRISPR-Cas, or just CRISPR.CRISPR involves a piece of RNA, a chemical messenger, designed to work on one part of DNA; it also uses an enzyme （酶 ） that can take unwanted genes out and putnew ones in, according to

55、The Economist. There are other ways of editing DNA, but CRISPR will do it very simply, quickly, and exactly.The uses of CRISPR could mean that cures are developed for everything from Alzheimer s to cancer to HIV. By allowing doctors to put just the right cancer- killing genes into a patient s immune

56、 system, the technology could helpgreatly.In April scientists in China said they had tried using CRISPRto edit the genomes （ 基因组 ） of human embryos. Though the embryos would never turn into humans, this was the first time anyone had ever tried to edit DNA from human beings. With this in mind, the US

57、 National Academ y of Sciences plans to discuss questions about CRISPRs ethics （ 伦理问题 ）.For example, CRISPR doesn t work properly yet. As well as cutting the DNA it is looking for, it often cuts other DNA, too. In addition, we currently seem to have too little understanding of what DNA gives people

58、what qualities.There are also moral questions around“playing God ” . Of course, medicinealready stops natural things from happening for example, it saves people from infections. The opportunities to treat diseases make it hard to say we shouldn tkeep going.A harder question is whether it is ever right to edit human germ-line （种系 ）cells and