外研社研究生英语综合教程下第二单元

1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材 综合教程（下）综合教程（下） INTEGRATED COURSE 2 Sports in Society Unit 2 Content Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project Task 1 Take the quiz on Page 32 and learn more about sports. 1. In what year were women first allowed to compete in the Olympi

2、c Games? A. 1800. B. 1850. C. 1900. Key: C 2. Where was the 2006 World Cup held? A. In Germany. B. In South Africa. C. In France. Key: A 3. What are the three most popular sports in the United States? A. Football, baseball, and basketball. B. Football, soccer, and basketball. C. Football, hockey, an

3、d basketball. Key: A 4. What does AFC stand for? Key: American Football Conference 5. What is the championship game of professional US football? A. The Super Bowl. B. The Big Bowl. C. The Great Bowl. Key: A 6. What was the first sports event to be telecast live? A. The 1972 NBA finals. B. The 1936 B

4、erlin Olympics. C. The 1962 World Cup. Key: B 7. Which sport is governed by a set of rules known as the Queensberry rules? A. Boxing. B. Cricket. C. Shooting. Key: A 8. Which of the following is essentially an indoor sport? A. Cricket. B. Gymnastics. C. Golf. Key: B 9. In which country was golf firs

5、t played? A. Scotland. B. France. C. Thailand. Key: A 10. From what wood are cricket bats usually made? A. Maple. B. Willow. C. Pine. Key: B 11. Which sport is called “the sport of kings”? A. Golf. B. Horse racing. C. Surfing. Key: B 12. When was a safety car first used in Formula 1? A. In 1993. B.

6、In 1985. C. In 1973. Key: C Task 2 Look at these newspaper headlines. Discuss in pairs what you would expect to read in the stories that accompany them. (P33) 1. Footballer Faces Suspension After Attack on Spectator Sample: Eric Cantona, the Manchester United striker, will probably be suspended for

7、the rest of the season after he attacked a spectator during the match against Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park last night. The incident happened moments after Cantona had been sent off for kicking another player, his sixth send-off in 16 months. As he walked off the field, a spectator was seen runnin

8、g down a gangway from some 20 rows back, apparently to shout abuse at Cantona, who suddenly turned, jumped over the wall and kicked out at the man, and then punched him. 2. Olympic Champion Swimmer Apologizes for Marijuana Pipe Photo Sample: The Olympic swimming star Michael Phelps quickly acknowled

9、ged his poor judgment after a photograph showing him inhaling from a marijuana pipe was published Sunday in an English newspaper. Although his admission is unlikely to affect his swimming eligibility, it could affect the millions of dollars he had secured in endorsement deals. In a statement release

10、d Sunday by his marketing agency, Octagon, Phelps, who won a record eight gold medals at the Beijing Olympics, did not challenge the legitimacy of the photograph published by the tabloid News of the World. 3. “Own Goal” Defender Shot Dead Outside Restaurant Sample: A Colombian footballer was shot de

11、ad yesterday by angry fans who blamed him for their sides early exit from the World Cup. Andres Escobar, a defender who scored an own goal during his sides defeat by the United States team, was confronted by a group of men as he left a restaurant in Medellin, 200 kilometers from Bogota. After an arg

12、ument about his poor performance, they fired 12 bullets. One of the gunmen is reported to have said to Escobar before the shooting, “Thank you for the own goal.” 4. Wimbledon Pays Equal Prize Money Sample: The Wimbledon Championships will offer women and men equal prize money at this years tournamen

13、t for the first time. The announcement by the All England Club brings the tournament into line with other Grand Slams, following criticism from officials and players. Wimbledon joins the United States and Australia in paying equal money to women and men across the board, from the champions down to t

14、he first-round losers in all events. The French Open offers the same check only to the champions. Task 3 Look at the following cartoons carefully, and discuss in groups the message in each cartoon.(P33) Sample: The use of sport as a setting for advertising products is common in many countries. Fees

15、from corporate sponsors are often used to support amateur athletes, events, and the administrative structures of sports organizations. Sample: Like the greedy golfer, most people assume that the cash rewards for professional athletes are a source of motivation. However, one of the dangers of commerc

16、ial sports is that they focus too much on external rewards rather than the intrinsic satisfaction of participation. Sample: Female athletes have traditionally been excluded or discouraged from participating in many sports. Statistics show that global collegiate institutions only spend 24% of their a

17、thletic operating budgets, 16% of their recruiting budgets and 33% of their scholarship budgets on female athletes. Moreover, less than 1% of all coaches of mens teams and less than 46% of all coaches of womens teams are female. Even if female athletes win at the games, they may receive less prize m

18、oney or scholarships and less media coverage than male athletes. Sample: In heavy contact sports, violent behavior and intimidation are often learned as strategies. Although all players do not feel comfortable with the amount of violence in their sports, they have generally come to accept it. Even t

19、hose who dont like it may reluctantly use it as a way of improving or maintaining their positions on teams and their popularity with spectators. Big Sports, Big Cost World sporting events such as the Olympics and World Cup require billions of dollars of investment and years of planning. But do the i

20、nvestments pay off, helping the local or national economy? Now watch the video and then finish the blank-filling exercise. Click the picture World sporting events such as the Olympics and World Cup attract hoards of _, bringing _, jobs, money for businesses and _ for local government. Countries comp

21、ete hard to hold such events. But analysts say that these sporting events are not usually likely to be a _ to the host country. Fariborz Ghadar of Pennsylvania State University points out that host cities of a sporting event tend to _ the benefit while _ both the costs of actually running the operat

22、ion and the costs of building the _ for the event. George Mason Universitys Tony Samara says that it is not often clear how host cities calculate revenues from major sporting events, because bookkeeping can _ from one city to the next. Ghadar also notes that the cost of _ is a major issue that can o

23、ffset financial gains an event might bring. spectators construction projects tax revenues net benefit exaggerate underestimating infrastructure vary security Commercialization and Changes in Sports Global Understanding 2 Detailed Information3 Critical Thinking4 Language Points5 Vocabulary in Action6

24、 Background Information1 As well as being a form of recreation for the participants, much sport is played in front of an audience. Most professional sport is played in a “theater” of some kind, be it a stadium, arena, golf course, race track, or the open road, with provision for the (often paying) p

25、ublic. Large television or radio audiences are also commonly attracted, with rival broadcasters bidding large amounts of money for the “rights” to show certain fixtures. The football World Cup attracts a global television audience of hundreds of millions; the 2006 Final alone attracted an estimated

26、worldwide audience of well over 700 million. In the United States, the championship game of the NFL, the Super Bowl, has become one of the most watched television broadcasts of the year. Super Bowl Sunday is a defacto national holiday in America; the viewership being so great that in 2007 advertisin

27、g space was reported as being sold at $2.6 million for a 30-second slot. Global Understanding 1 Introduction 2 Three factors that influence spectators attachment to sports 3 Changes in sports associated with commercialization (Para. 1) (Para. 2) (Paras. 3-9) Sports have become _. Global Understandin

28、g commercialized Spectators are attracted by: A. _ B. The risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event. C. _ The uncertainty of an events outcome. The anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. A. Changes in the format and goals of sports. Sports have _ thei

29、r basic format and goals. e.g. _ _ B. Changes in the orientations of people involved in sports. a. Without technical knowledge about a sport, spectators are impressed more by _ than by athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. e.g. _ _ _ The basic structure of each Olympic sport ha

30、s remained much the same as it was before. dramatic expression Global Understanding maintained Those who lack technical knowledge about ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by smooth and flawless routines. b. Sport participants tend to emphasize _ over aesthetic orient

31、ations. C. Changes in sport organizations. The control of sport organizations shifts further and further away from _. Their decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people, but athletes are cut out of _ _ Global Understanding heroic orientations the players decision-making

32、 processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being Task 2 Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to the text. Put “T” before a true statement and “F” before a false one. (P 39) Key: 2 3 4 5 16 7 8 9 10 TTT FTF TF FT Detailed Information Criti

33、cal Thinking Reading Focus Read the following sentences from the text. Interpret the sentences and discuss with your partner whether you agree with the author or not. Give specific examples to support your opinions. 1. Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the formats and goals of most

34、sports. Reading FocusCritical Thinking 2. As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. Discuss in groups the following questions. 1. Are there any other things affected by commercialization in the same way as sports? Give specific examples to sup

35、port your opinions. Reading FocusCritical Thinking 2. Many people feel that athletes are paid too much. How do you feel about this issue? 1. Fun and “good games” are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising p

36、otential. (Para. 1) in terms of: as regards, expressed as 在方面；以某说法来表在方面；以某说法来表 达达 e.g. 1) Its a mistake to think of Florida only in terms of its tourist attractions. 2) Id rather think of it _ (从投资的角度). Language Point in terms of an investment concession: 1) something that you allow someone to have

37、in order to end an argument or a disagreement 妥协，让步妥协，让步 e.g. Both sides made various concessions, but neither would back down on the crucial points. 2) a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving

38、or allowing something as a right （政府或雇 主等许可的）特权；特许权 e.g. the import/export concessions that had been granted to the island 翻译：翻译： 今天，乐趣和今天，乐趣和“好比赛好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收 入、媒体传播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。入、媒体传播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。 Language Point 2. We know that whenever any sport is converted int

39、o commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. (Para. 2) converted into: 1) change (something) from one form or use to another 转变， 转换 e.g. They converted the spare bedroom into an office. 2) (persuade someone to) change to a different religion (使某人) 改变宗教信仰 e.g. European mission

40、aries converted thousands to Christianity. 翻译：翻译： 我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动 时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。 Language Point 3. To make money on a sport, its necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. (Para. 4) “mass” is used here

41、 as an adjective, meaning “involving or intended for a very large number of people”. e.g. 1) 大众传媒大众传媒 _ 2) 大规模杀伤性武器大规模杀伤性武器 _ 3) 大规模生产大规模生产 _ 4) 大规模抗议活动大规模抗议活动 _ 5) 大众营销大众营销 _ Language Point mass media weapons of mass destruction mass production a mass protest mass marketing 4. Similarly, those who

42、know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.(Para. 5) The prefix “tri-” in “triple” means “three times” and the prefix “quadr-” in “quadruple” means

43、 “four or four times”. Language Point 1. one: 拉丁前缀 uni-: unique 独一无二的 uniform 制服 希腊前缀 mono-：monologue 独白 2. two: 拉丁前缀 bi- ：bilingual 双语的 bilateral 双边 希腊前缀 di- ：dioxide 二氧化物 disyllable 双音节词 3. three: 拉丁前缀 tri- ：triangle 三角形 tricycle 三轮车 4. four: 拉丁前缀 quadr-：quadrangle 四边形 quadruple 四倍 希腊前缀 tetra- ：te

44、tragon 四边形 tetrahedron 四面体 5. five: 拉丁前缀 quint- ：quintuple 五倍 quintet 五重奏 希腊前缀 pent- ：pentagon 五角大楼 pentathlon 五项全能 routine n. 1) the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do 常规 e.g. Officials at the exchange said yesterday that its current investigation was a matter of rou

45、tine. 交易所的官员昨日表明，目前的调查只是例行公事。交易所的官员昨日表明，目前的调查只是例行公事。 2) a set of movements, jokes etc that form part of a performance 舞蹈 等表演的成套动作 e.g. a dance routine 一套舞蹈动作一套舞蹈动作 routine adj. e.g. 常规手术 _ 定期保养_ 例行手续 _ Language Point routine operation routine maintenance routine procedure 5. They want to see athlete

46、s occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them. (Para. 5) Try to figure out different meanings of “collapse”in each of the following sentences. 1) Minutes later the second tower col

47、lapsed. 2) He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing. 3) I thought that without me the whole project would collapse. 4) Share prices collapsed after news of poor trading figures. 交投 数额不佳使股票价格暴跌。 (of a building) fall down Language Point (of a person) fall down because of illness, tirednes

48、s, etc. (of a system, idea or organization) fail (of prices, level, etc.) suddenly become much lower 6. As the need to please nave audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. (Para. 7) This sentence means that as the need to please nave audiences grows, increasingly more

49、emphasis is placed on heroic orientations of athletes. 翻译：翻译： 取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。 Language Point 7. These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions as signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport. (Para.

50、7) ethic: (n.) a general idea or belief that influences peoples behavior and attitudes 伦理，道德体系 e.g. People still believe in the traditional work ethic and we are fortunate they do. ethical: (adj.) 1) relating to principles of what is right and wrong 有关道德的 e.g. The use of animals in scientific tests

51、_ _ (提出了一些棘手的伦理道德问题). 2) morally correct 合乎道德的 e.g. It would not be ethical for me, as a doctor, to talk to you about my patients. Language Point raises difficult ethical questions Distinguish between ethic and ethnic: ethic ethical ethnic 1) Only 19 percent of the respondents gave lawyers high mark

52、s for maintaining honest and _ standards. 2) To me, so much of it comes back to the work _ and commitment. 3) Employers cannot discriminate on the basis of racial or _ background. Language Point ethical ethic ethnic 8. These conditions come under the control of general managers, team owners, corpora

53、te sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents. (Para. 8) Language Point publicity: n. 1) the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc 公众的注意 e.g. Standards in education have received muc

54、h publicity over the last few years. 2) the business of making sure that people know about a new product, film etc or what a particular famous person is doing 宣传， 广告 e.g. The publicity for the book was poor and sales were low. 该书宣传工作没有做好，所以销量不大。该书宣传工作没有做好，所以销量不大。 近几年来，教育标准得到了公众的大量关注。近几年来，教育标准得到了公众的大

55、量关注。 Task 1 Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate form of the word given and explain its meaning. (P.41) Vocabulary in Action attached entertaining entertainment attachment 1. entertain A. Frankie is known throughout the _ business as an energetic performer. B. Childrens TV programs nowaday

56、s are much more _ than they used to be. 2. attach A. Regular babysitters can become deeply _ to the children they take care of. B. When I was doing an English course in Brighton, I formed a strong _ to the other students in my class. 3. history A. The film doesnt try to be _ accurate, but it is base

57、d loosely on real events and people. B. In his book, Churchill describes that _ first meeting with Roosevelt. 4. innovate A. When it was first introduced, the electric car was described as one of the 10 most _ products of the year. B. _ in information technology have completely transformed the way s

58、tudents work. 5. flaw A. Each party rejected the others approach, saying it was _. B. I had thought that he was a native Chinese because he spoke in _ Chinese. Vocabulary in Action Innovations innovative historically flawed historic flawless 6. controversy A. There has been a huge _ over where to pu

59、t the citys new sports stadium and who should build it. B. He wrote a very _ book, but I think he has regretted it since. 7. revise A. He gave his work to his friend to _, because he found it hard to see his own mistakes. B. The book went through several _ before the publisher was finally satisfied

60、with it. 8. commentate A. The _ on the Olympic Games was much better on the other channel. B. After retiring, he became a radio _ on cricket and rugby, and also wrote about both sports for Sunday newspapers. Vocabulary in Action revisions revise controversy commentary controversial commentator 9. re