运动系统解剖学

1、Basic Concepts of Anatomy nDefinition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of body qGross anatomy: nsystematic anatomy nregional anatomy q Applied anatomy q Clinical anatomy 人体解剖学发展简史人体解剖学发展简史 Hippcrates Hippocrates-希波克拉底希波克拉底 （公元前（公元前460377）古）古 希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。希腊名

2、医、解剖学鼻祖。 Galen Galen- 伽林伽林 （130200）古希腊名医、 解剖学家，著医经，对 血液流动、神经分支和脑、 心等器官有具体描述。 Vesalius-(15141564) 现代解剖学的现代解剖学的 奠基人，奠基人，1543年出版了年出版了人体构造人体构造这这 一划时代的解剖学巨著。一划时代的解剖学巨著。 Vesalius Harvey-(15781657) 解剖生理学家，发现了血液循解剖生理学家，发现了血液循 环的原理，确定血液是在一个环的原理，确定血液是在一个 封闭的管道内循环。著有封闭的管道内循环。著有血血 液循环论液循环论、动物的发生动物的发生 两书。开创了动物实验

3、研究的两书。开创了动物实验研究的 道路。道路。 我国人体解剖学的发展历程我国人体解剖学的发展历程 n公元前300200黄帝内经已有对人体解 剖的记载。 n两宋时代五脏六腑、存真图描述了解 剖学知识。 n王清任（17681831）编著的医林改错 更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。 n19492003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成 长，编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和 解剖学图谱，对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了 巨大的贡献。 人体解剖教学特点人体解剖教学特点 n人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各 系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采系统

4、的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采 取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参 照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本 和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当 的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解 和记忆。和记忆。 n教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为“掌掌 握内容握内容”和和“了解内容了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，两级

5、。掌握内容为重点内容， 学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描 述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要 求学生达到一般的认识和了解。求学生达到一般的认识和了解。 Descriptive anatomical terms nThe anatomical position: ( (解剖学姿势解剖学姿势) ) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with

6、 the thumbs laterally. 方位术语方位术语) ) nsuperior 上上, inferior 下下 nanterior (ventral) 前前 ( 腹侧腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后后 ( 背侧背侧 ) nmedial 内侧内侧, lateral 外侧外侧 ninternal 内内, external 外外 nsuperficial 浅浅, profound 深深 nproximal 近侧近侧, distal 远侧远侧 nulnar 尺侧尺侧, radial 桡侧桡侧 ntibial 胫侧胫侧，fibular 腓侧腓侧 Anatomical axes

7、 and planes （轴与面）（轴与面） nAxis 轴：轴： qVertical axis 垂直轴垂直轴 qSagittal axis 矢状轴矢状轴 qCoronal axis 冠状轴冠状轴 nPlane面面: qSagittal plane 矢状面矢状面 qCoronal plane 冠状面冠状面 qHorizontal plane 水平面水平面 或transverse plane 横切面横切面 The Locomotor System 运动系统运动系统 n运动系统由运动系统由bone 骨骨、joints关节关节 和和muscles 骨骼肌骨骼肌组成，占成人组成，占成人 体重体重60%

8、 q骨起杠杆作用骨起杠杆作用 q关节是运动的枢纽关节是运动的枢纽 q骨骼肌是动力器官骨骼肌是动力器官 n功能功能: q support 支持支持 qProtection 保护保护 qLocomotion 运动运动 Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论骨学总论 nBones in adult are 206 in number. nClassification of bone Bones are classified according to their position and shape nThe position can be: qskull 颅骨 qbon

9、es of trunk 躯干骨 qappendicular skeleton 四肢骨 nTypes of shape include: qlong bone 长骨长骨 qshort bone 短骨短骨 qflat bone 扁骨扁骨 qirregular bone不规则骨不规则骨 n Long bones (found in limbs): qDiaphysis or shaft 骨干骨干, which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow qTwo endsepiphysis 骺骺 articu

10、lar surface 关节面关节面, metaphysis干骺端干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺线骺线 nShort bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones nFlat bones: thin, nIrregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含气骨 * Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop within tendon General

11、structures of bone骨的构造骨的构造 nBone substance 骨质骨质 qcompact bone 骨密质骨密质 qspongy bone 骨松质骨松质 呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁 构成 In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板 和和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障板障 nPeriosteum 骨膜骨膜: qOut

12、er or fibrous layer qInner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞) Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone. nBone marrow 骨髓骨髓 qRed marrow 红骨髓红骨髓: haematopoietic 造血 qYellow marrow黄骨髓黄骨髓: fatty Ch

13、emical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质 nOrganic material有机质有机质： 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹 性和韧性。 n Inorganic salts无机质无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性 Organic materialInorganic salts Children 1 1 Adult 3 7 Old 1 4 Bones of trunk 躯干骨躯干骨 nComposition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs Vert

14、ebrae 椎骨椎骨 nThere are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: nCervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7 nThoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12 nLumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5 nSacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨 nCoccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨 General features of vertebrae nVertebral body 椎体椎体 nVertebral a

15、rch 椎弓椎弓 qpedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 qlamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板 nprocess (7): qspinous process 棘突棘突 qtransverse process 横突横突 qsup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突上、下关节突 nVertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 nVertebral canal 椎管椎管 nIntervertebral foramen 椎

16、间孔椎间孔 Regional variations of vertebrae Cervical vertebrae nVertebrae Body: small nVertebral foramen: larger and triangular nSpinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 nTransverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔横突孔 nArticular processes: horizontal At

17、ypical vertebeae nAtlas寰椎寰椎 (C1) qBody and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses qGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟 nAxis枢椎枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas nCarotid tubercle: 颈动脉颈动脉

18、 结节结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 nVertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes Thoracic vertebrae nVertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and

19、inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹 nVertebral foramen： smaller, rounder nSpinous processes： long, point obliquely downward nTransverse processes： transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 nArticular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae nVertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape nVertebral foramen: larger and triangu

20、lar nSpinous processes: projects horizontally nTransverse processes: long nArticular processes: sagittal Sacrum nAnterior surface: promontory岬岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs) nPosterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔骶管裂孔

21、， sacral cornu 骶角骶角 nLateral part: auricular surface耳状面耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆 Transsacral (epidural) anasthesia Cornua palpation Sacral hiatus Sternum nManubrium sterni 胸骨柄胸骨柄: jugular notch 颈静脉切迹颈静脉切迹, clavicular notch 锁切迹锁切迹 nBody of sternum 胸骨体胸骨体 nXiphoid process Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角: the

22、junction of manubrium and body, which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly Sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角 which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly Ribs肋肋: 12 pair nGeneral features qRibs 17 called true

23、ribs 真肋真肋 qRibs 810 called false ribs 假肋假肋 qRibs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋浮肋 Characteristics of “typical” rib nPosterior end: costal head 肋头肋头, costal neck 肋颈肋颈, costal tubercle肋肋 结节结节 nShaft: costal angle肋角肋角, costal groove 肋沟肋沟 nAnterior end Atypical rib nFirst rib: tubercle for scalenus anteri

24、or前斜角肌结节前斜角肌结节, sulcus for subclavian artery and vein 锁骨下锁骨下 动、静脉沟动、静脉沟 n11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles The Bones of Limbs 山东大学医学院山东大学医学院 解剖教研室解剖教研室 李振华李振华 Bones of upper limbs Composition: nShould girdle 上肢带骨上肢带骨 clavicle锁骨锁骨，scapula肩胛骨肩胛骨 nBones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨

25、自由上肢骨 qHumerus肱骨肱骨 in arm qRadius桡骨桡骨 and ulna尺骨尺骨 in forearm qCarpal腕骨腕骨, metacarpals掌骨掌骨 and phalanges指骨指骨 in hand Clavicle 锁骨锁骨 n“S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backward nSternal end胸骨端胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端肩峰端 laterally Scapula 肩胛骨肩胛骨 nThree borders qSuperi

26、or: coracoid process 喙突喙突 , scapular notch 肩胛切迹 qLateral (axillary) border腋缘腋缘 qMedial (vertebral) border脊柱缘脊柱缘 nThree angles qSuperior: opposite to the 2nd rib qInferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals space qLateral: glenoid cavity关节盂关节盂, supra- and infraglenoid tubercles 盂上、下结节 nTwo

27、surfaces qAnterior surface concave: subscapular fossa肩胛下窝肩胛下窝 qPosterior surface: supra- and infraspinous fossae 冈上、下窝冈上、下窝, spine of scapula 肩胛冈肩胛冈, acromion 肩峰肩峰 Humerus 肱骨肱骨 nUpper end: head of humerus肱骨头肱骨头, anatomical neck解剖颈解剖颈, greater and lesser tubercles大、小结节大、小结节, crests of greater and les

28、ser tubercle, 大、小结节大、小结节 嵴嵴，intertubercular groove结节间沟结节间沟, surgical neck外科颈外科颈 nShaft: deltoid tuberosity三角肌粗隆三角肌粗隆on lateral surface, and a groove for radial nerve桡神经沟桡神经沟 on posterior surface nLower end: lateral and medial epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁, capitulum 肱骨肱骨 小头小头, trochlea 肱骨滑车肱骨滑车, coranoid fo

29、ssa 冠突窝冠突窝and radial fossa 桡窝桡窝 (anteriorly) and olecranon fossa鹰嘴窝鹰嘴窝 (posteriorly), and sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟尺神经沟 Radius nUpper end: head of radius桡骨头桡骨头, neck of radius桡骨颈桡骨颈, radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆桡骨粗隆, and articular circumference环状关节面 nShaft：interosseous border骨间骨间 缘缘 nLower end: styloid

30、process 茎突茎突 laterally, ulnar notch尺切迹尺切迹 medially, and carpal articular surface腕关节面腕关节面 inferiorly Fracture of the distal end pf the radius Ulnar nUpper end: olecranon鹰嘴鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突冠突 trochlear notch滑车切迹滑车切迹 radial notch 桡切迹桡切迹 ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆尺骨粗隆 nLower end styloid process 尺骨茎突尺骨茎突 h

31、ead of ulna 尺骨头尺骨头 Carpal bones 腕骨腕骨 nProximal row (lateral to medial) scaphoid 手舟骨手舟骨, lunate月骨月骨, triquetral三角骨三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨豌豆骨 nDistal row (lateral to medial) trapezium大大 多角骨多角骨, trapezoid小多角骨小多角骨, capitate头状骨头状骨 and hamate钩骨钩骨 Metacarpal bones掌骨掌骨 nNumbered one to five from thumb to little

32、 finger nStructure of eachbase (proximally), shaft, and head (distally) Phalanges of fingers 指骨指骨 nConsist of 14 two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digits nStructure of each base (proximally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆远节指骨

33、粗隆 Bones of Lower Limb Composition: nPelvic girdle: hip bone髋骨髋骨 nBones of free lower limb: qFemur股骨股骨 in thigh ( patella髌髌 骨骨) qTibia胫骨胫骨 and fibula腓骨腓骨 in leg qTarsals跗骨跗骨, metatarsals跖骨跖骨, phalanges of toes趾骨趾骨 in foot Hip bone Consisting of three fused bones, ilium, ischium, pubis nIlium髂骨髂骨 qBo

34、dy of ilium 髂骨体髂骨体 to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髋臼髋臼 qAla of ilium 髂骨翼髂骨翼: iliac crest 髂嵴髂嵴, anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘髂前上棘， anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘髂前下棘, tubercle of iliac crest髂结节髂结节, posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘髂后上棘，posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘髂后下棘, greater sc

35、iatic notch 坐骨坐骨 大切迹大切迹, gluteal surface 臀面臀面，iliac fossa 髂髂 窝窝, arcuate line弓状线弓状线, auricular surface 耳耳 状面状面, iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆髂粗隆, nIschium 坐骨坐骨 qBody of ischium 坐骨体坐骨体to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum, ischial spine 坐骨棘坐骨棘, lesser sciatic notch 坐骨小切迹坐骨小切迹 qRamus of ischium 坐骨支坐

36、骨支, ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节坐骨结节 nPubis 耻骨耻骨 qBody of pubis 耻骨体耻骨体to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum, iliopubic eminence 髂耻隆起髂耻隆起 qSuperior ramus of pubis 耻骨上支耻骨上支: pecten of pubis 耻骨梳耻骨梳, pubic tubercle 耻骨结节耻骨结节, pubic crest 耻骨嵴耻骨嵴, symphysial surface耻耻 骨联合面骨联合面 qInferior ramus of pubis

37、耻骨下支耻骨下支: obturator foramen 闭孔闭孔 nAcetabulum 髋臼髋臼formed by bodies of ischium, ilium and pubis Lunate surface月状面月状面, acetabular fossa 髋臼窝髋臼窝, acetabular notch髋臼切髋臼切迹迹 Femur 股骨股骨 nUpper end: femoral head股骨头股骨头, fovea of femoral head 股骨头凹, neck of femur 股骨颈股骨颈, greater trochanter 大转子大转子， lesser trochan

38、ter 小转子小转子, intertrochanteric line 转子间线转子间线, intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴转子间嵴 nShaft: linea aspera 粗线粗线, gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆臀肌粗隆, pectineal line耻骨耻骨 肌线肌线 ，popliteal surface 腘面腘面 nLower end: medial and lateral condyles内、外侧髁内、外侧髁， medial and lateral epicondyles内、外上髁内、外上髁, adductor tubercle 收肌结节收肌结

39、节， intercondylar fossa髁间窝髁间窝, patellar surface髌面 Fracture of the femoral neck Tibia 胫骨胫骨 nUpper end: medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁内、外侧髁, intercondylar eminence 髁髁 间隆起间隆起, fibular articular surface 腓关节面, tuberosity of tibia胫骨粗隆胫骨粗隆 nShaft: interosseous border 骨间缘骨间缘, soleal line 比目鱼肌线比目鱼肌线 nLower

40、 end: fibular notch腓切腓切 迹迹, medial malleolus 内踝内踝 Fibula 腓骨 nUpper end: fibular head 腓骨头腓骨头, neck of fibula 腓骨颈 nShaft: interosseous border骨间缘骨间缘 nLower end: lateral malleolus 外踝外踝 Patella 髌骨髌骨 ntriangular sesamoid bone Tarsal bones 跗骨跗骨 Consist of seven short bones arranged in three row nPosterior

41、row talus 距骨距骨, calcaneus 跟骨跟骨 nIntermediate row navicular bone 足舟骨足舟骨 nAnterior row medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms 内侧、中间和外侧楔骨内侧、中间和外侧楔骨, cuboid bone 骰骨骰骨 Metatarsal bones 跖骨跖骨 nConsist of five elongated bones, numbered one to five medial to lateral nStructure of each base (proximally)

42、, shaft, and head (distally) in each Phalanges of toes 趾骨趾骨 nConsist of 14two for first toe (hallux) and three for each of other four toes Surface landmarks: trochlea of talus距骨滑车距骨滑车, calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节跟骨结节, tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆舟骨粗隆, and tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone 第五跖骨粗

43、隆第五跖骨粗隆 Skull颅颅 山东大学医学院解剖教研室山东大学医学院解剖教研室 李振华李振华 The skull is composed of 23 bones, which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and facial cranium nCerebral cranium 脑颅脑颅(8) larger, upper and posterior part, contains and protects the brain qSingle bones: include frontal bone 额骨额骨, ethmoid bone 筛骨筛骨

44、, sphenoid bone 蝶骨蝶骨, occipital bone 枕骨枕骨 qPaired bones: include temporal bone 颞骨颞骨 parietal bone 顶骨顶骨 nBones of facial cranium 面颅面颅(15) smaller, lower, and anterior part, contains bones that surrounded the eye, nose and mouth qSingle bones: include mandible下颌骨下颌骨, vomer 犁骨犁骨 hyoid bone舌骨舌骨 qPaired

45、bones: include maxilla 上颌骨上颌骨, nasal bone 鼻骨鼻骨, lacrimal bone 泪骨泪骨, palatine bone 腭骨腭骨, zygomatic bone 颧骨颧骨, inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲下鼻甲 Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Sphenoid bone parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone 面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌， 外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚外

46、颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。 Mandible下颌骨下颌骨 nBody of mandible qSuperior border: alveolar arch 牙槽弓 qInferior border: base of mandible下颌底 qOuter surface: mental protuberance 颏隆凸, mental foramen 颏孔颏孔 qInner surface: mental spine颏棘, digastric fossa二腹肌窝 nRamus: has two vertical processes separated by mandibular notch

47、下颌切迹 qCoronoid process 冠突 qCondylar process 髁突髁突 nhead of mandible 下颌头下颌头 nneck of mandible 下颌颈下颌颈 qMandibular foramen 下颌孔下颌孔， mandibular lingula下颌小舌 qAngle of mandible下颌角下颌角 qMasseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆咬肌粗隆 The skull as a whole 颅的整体观颅的整体观 Skull viewed from above (superior view) nBones: frontal额, pai

48、red parietal顶, occipital枕 nSutures: qcoronal冠状缝冠状缝, qsagittal 矢状缝矢状缝, qlambdoid人字缝人字缝 nparietal tuber 顶结节， parietal foramen顶孔 Internal surface of the calvaria nsulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢状窦沟上矢状窦沟 ngranular foveola 颗粒小凹颗粒小凹 narterial grooves 动脉沟 Skull viewed from behind nexternal occipital p

49、rotuberance 枕外隆凸枕外隆凸 nsuperior nuchal line上项线 Internal view of base of skull 颅底内面观颅底内面观 Base of skull forms three fossae nAnterior cranial fossa 颅前窝颅前窝 nMeddle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝 nPosterior cranial fossa 颅后窝颅后窝 Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝颅前窝 nFormed by orbital part of frontal bone, cribriform plate

50、 of ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoid nStructures: qfrontal crest额嵴额嵴 qforamen cecum 盲孔盲孔 qcrista galli 鸡冠鸡冠 qcribriform plate 筛板筛板 qcribriform foramina 筛孔筛孔 Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝 nFormed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid, petrous part of temporal nStructures: qbody of sphenoid bon

51、e 蝶骨体蝶骨体 qhypophysial fossa 垂体窝垂体窝 qoptic canal 视神经管视神经管 qanterior clinoid process 前床突前床突 qtuberculum sellae 鞍结节鞍结节 qdorsum sellae 鞍背 qposterior clinoid process 后床突后床突 qsella turcica 蝶鞍蝶鞍 Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝颅中窝 qcarotid sulcus 颈动脉沟颈动脉沟 qsuperior orbital fissure 眶上裂眶上裂 qforamen rotundum 圆孔圆孔 qfo

52、ramen ovale 卵圆孔卵圆孔 qforamen spinosum 棘孔棘孔 qsulcus for middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉沟脑膜中动脉沟 qforamen lacerum 破裂孔破裂孔 qinternal opening of carotid canal 颈脉管内口颈脉管内口 qtrigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹三叉神经压迹 qtegmen tympani 鼓室盖鼓室盖 Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝颅后窝 nFormed by occipital and the petrous part of temp

53、oral nStructures: qforamen magnum 枕骨大孔枕骨大孔 qclivus 斜坡斜坡 qinternal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口舌下神经管内口 qinternal occipital protuberance 枕内隆凸枕内隆凸 qinternal occipital crest枕内嵴 qsulcus for transverse sinus 横窦沟横窦沟 qsulcus for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟乙状窦沟 qjugular foramen 颈静脉孔颈静脉孔 qinternal acoustic por

54、e 内耳门内耳门 qinternal acoustic meatus 内耳道内耳道 Skull seen from below (inferior view) nalveolar arch 牙槽弓牙槽弓 nbony palate 骨腭骨腭 nmedian palatine suture 腭正中缝腭正中缝 nincisive foramina 切牙孔切牙孔 nincisive canal 切牙管切牙管 ngreater palatine foramen 腭大孔腭大孔 nposterior nasal apertures 鼻后孔鼻后孔 npterygoid process 翼突翼突 noccipi

55、tal condyle 枕髁枕髁 nexternal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管外口舌下神经管外口 nexternal opening of carotid canal 颈动脉管外口颈动脉管外口 nstyloid process 茎突茎突 nstylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔茎乳孔 nmandibular fossa 下颌窝下颌窝 narticular tubercle 关节结节关节结节 Lateral view of the skull 颅侧面观颅侧面观 nexternal acoustic pore 外耳门外耳门 nmastoid p

56、rocess 乳突乳突 nzygomatic arch 颧弓颧弓 ntemporal fossa 颞窝颞窝 npterion 翼点翼点 npterygomaxillary fissure 翼上颌裂翼上颌裂 npterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝翼腭窝 nsphenopalatine foramen 蝶腭孔蝶腭孔 Skull viewed from the front (anterior view) 颅的前面观颅的前面观 nFrontal region: qfrontal squama 额鳞额鳞 qfrontal tuber 额结节 qsuperciliary arch 眉弓眉弓

57、qglabella 眉间 Orbit 眶眶 pyramid-shaped paired cavities nBase: supraorbital notch 眶上切迹眶上切迹 infraorbital foramen 眶下孔眶下孔 nApex: optic canal 视神经管视神经管 nWalls qSuperior: fossa for lacrimal gland 泪腺窝泪腺窝 qMedial: fossa for lacrimal sac 泪囊窝泪囊窝 qInferior: infraorbital fissure 眶下裂眶下裂 qinfraorbital groove 眶下沟眶下沟

58、qinfraorbital canal 眶下管眶下管 Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔骨性鼻腔 nRoof: cribriform plate of ethmoid nFloor: bony palate nLateral wall qThree nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻甲上、中、下鼻甲 qNasal meatus underlying each concha (superior, middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻道上、中、下鼻道 qSphenoethmoidal recess蝶筛

59、隐窝蝶筛隐窝 above superior nasal concha nAnterior piriform aperture 梨状孔梨状孔 nPosterior posterior nasal aperture 鼻后孔鼻后孔 communicates with pharynx Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦鼻旁窦 nFrontal sinus 额窦额窦 qLies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary arch qDrain to anterior part of middle meatus nMaxillary sinus 上颌窦上颌窦 qL

60、argest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla; qOpening into middle nasal meatus nEthmoidal cellules 筛窦筛窦 q Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of air cells, divided into anterior, middle and posterior groups qAnterior and middle groups drain into middle nasal meatus, while posterior grou