陕西省咸阳市2016高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解选练(4)

1、陕西咸阳市2016高考英语（二轮）阅读理解选练（4）任务型阅读解题指导题型特点任务型阅读（Task-based reading）要求学生在限定的时间内，根据文章提供的信息，用恰当的词语完成与文章相关的图表。该题型主要考查学生对于不同体裁和不同题材语言材料的理解能力，以及归纳、提取信息的能力。任务型阅读侧重语篇分析和文章脉络的剖析，即文章的结构和框架。题目常按照一定的逻辑顺序展开。考生要在分析了解文章篇章结构的基础上，认真对照图表上所要完成的任务，逐一对照原文进行信息的筛选。任务型阅读要求考生不但掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想

2、；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。任务型阅读常见归纳词汇表原因reason (for); cause (of)表概括、总结summary; conclusion 表目的purpose; aim; goal 表特点feature; characteristic; character 表种类kind; type; category; class; form表评论、评价 comment (on); remark(on/upon); assessment 表方式、方法means; way; method; approach(to

3、doing sth.) 表问题problem; question; issue表建议suggestion; advice; tip表要求、需求demand; need; requirement; qualification 表态度、观点attitude; idea; opinion; viewpoint; view表情绪、感觉feeling; emotion; motivation表用途、功能use; usage; function 表步骤step; procedure; process表描述description; appearance; look; color; size; length;

4、 width; distance; height; shape; name; age; cost; event表关系relation; relationship; connection 表来源、历史history; source; origin表异同difference; similarity表影响、结果effect (on); influence; impact; result; consequence表反应response; reaction表措施、行动measure; action; activity; behavior表定义definition表利弊benefit; advantage

5、; disadvantage; convenience表质量、数量quality; quantity; amount; number表情形、状况situation; condition表建立build; create; establish; found表必要、必需must; necessity表实现、完成reach; realize; accomplish 表重要value; importance; significance表比较contrast; comparison 表背景setting; background 任 务 型 阅 读 常 见 同 义 转 换 1. take advantage

6、 of = make use of 2. by accident/ chance = accidentally 3. take sth. into consideration/account = consider 4. in all/ total = totally 5. oppose sth. = be against sth. = object to sth. = disagree with sth. 6. in the beginning = at first 7. be responsible for = take/shoulder/bear responsibility for 8.

7、 take an active part in sth. = take part in sth. actively 9. approve of = in favor of = agree to = favor = subscribe to 10. have faith/ trust in = trust = believe in 11. out of breath = breathlessly 12. cope with = deal with = handle 13. in a hurry/rush = hurriedly 14. despite = in spite of 15. valu

8、able = be of value 16. make an apology = apologize17. encourage participation in = take part in = play a role in = participate in 18. understand clearly = have a clear understanding of 19. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference 20. explain = make an ex

9、planation 21. offer sth. to sb. = provide sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb.22. have access to = be accessible to = be available to 23. use up = run out of 24. stop = quit = give up 25. be accused of = be charged with 26. most of the people = the majority of the people 27. benefit = be beneficial to

10、 = be of benefit to 28. cater to ones needs/demands/requirements = satisfy ones needs/demands/requirements = meet ones needs/demands/requirements 29. starve to death = die of hunger/starvation 30. all at once = all of a sudden = suddenly 31. in particular = particularly 32. deliberately = on purpose

11、 33. out of the question = impossible = less likely 34. take the risk of doing sth. = risk doing sth.35. respect sb.= show respect for sb. = look up to sb.= be respectful to sb. 36. prepare = make preparations for = get ready for 37. take in = absorb 38. appear = turn up = show up 39. give a descrip

12、tion of = describe 40. lead to = cause = bring about = result in 41. be different from = differ from 42. commit suicide = kill oneself 43. succeed in doing sth. = manage to do sth.44. be in response to sth.= respond to = react to 45. make up something new = invent 46. a person with a physical disabi

13、lity = a disabled person 47. go through = experience 48. varieties of = different kinds of = a variety of = various 49. make contributions to = contribute to 50. stand for = represent 51. be willing to do sth. = do sth. willingly 52. give permission to = permit 53. that is to say = in other words =

14、namely 54. come to sbs aid = aid 55. damage = cause damage to 56. all the year round = throughout the year57. in any case = at any rate = at any price/cost 58. without doubt = undoubtedly 59. make an impression = impress60. put up with = stand = bear = endure以2013江苏高考题为例Quiet Virtue: The Conscientio

15、usThe everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责) being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules,

16、 help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. Its the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.Conscientiousness is a key to success in any fi

17、eld. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message takin

18、g is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing

19、 market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they ac

20、tually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so muc

21、h of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even abou

22、t failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自发性) are scarce an

23、d in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.【解题步骤】1. 通读全文，掌握大意，理顺文章结构。读懂文章是解题的第一环。要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。标题有助于理解文章的大意和表格的结构。2. 对照表格，比照阅读，试填答案，先易后

24、难。在本例题中，通览表格后，我们不难发现，第一大栏与文章第一段对应；第二大栏与文章第二、三段对应；第三大栏与文章最后三段对应。掌握了整体对应关系后，我们就可以逐一试填答案，通过复读文章相应的段落，得出答案。试填的过程中，遵循“先易后难，各个击破”的原则。3. 复核答案，注意词性、词形的正确性。试填完成后，要复读表格内容，注意检查答案。检查的内容：句子是否通顺，大小写、词性或拼写是否正确，句意与原文是否一致等。【技巧剖析】1捕捉信息 捕捉信息题首先要浏览表格，借助图表结构抓住文章主旨、结构层次以及文章的脉络，并确定表格中某一行或某一列与文章中某一段落之间的对应关系。在文章中标出与表格中空格前后给

25、出的关键词句相符合或一致的句子。如：第75题由第二段第二句In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs中的performance可知答案。第78题由第四段的giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict中的higher可知答案。第80题由第六段的it can discourage creativity中的discourage可知答案。2. 组织信息 组织信息

26、题的答案是不能直接在文章中找到原词的，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通，通常与语法知识、短语和句型有关。考查学生对于有效信息的理解和加工能力。需要考生在捕捉到相关信息之后，将其进行同义转换。(1) 词性转换72. helpful/good【解析】 第一段中的Its the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people中的动词help转化而来，而good意思相近，也可作为答案。76. fired/dismissed/jobless【解析】 第三段的Conscientiousness also offers a buffer a

27、gainst the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market可知，他们不容易失去工作，名词转化为动词，可得到答案。jobless也符合句意。(2) 表达方式的变化71. strict【解析】 根据第一段中讲述的尽职尽责的人的特点：being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous in attending to responsibilities可知，他们守时、工作细心、自律、一丝不苟，这些都说明他们对自己要求很严格，构成be str

28、ict with“对要求严格”。74. running/working/going/operating/functioning【解析】 根据第一段中的the people who keep things running as they should可知，第74空应该是认真的人使得机构运营得很好。故此处应用动词run的现在分词作宾补或与其同义的operate，go，function，work的适当形式 。79. tense/damaged/poor/bad【解析】 根据第五段中的and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same

29、high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers可知，他们对同事苛求，可能更容易批评同事，从而造成人际关系紧张。3. 综合概括 综合概括题通常要求考生概括文章的主题或行（列）的标题。大多是归纳某一段落的大意，有时是概括全文的主旨。通常我们可以从下面的单元格向上概括，或从右边的单元格向左归纳。 73Functions/Ro

30、les/Importance/Significance【解析】根据第二、三段以及表格右栏讲述的责任心强的人使得机构运营得很好，责任心强的雇员有杰出的表现等可知本栏讲的是责任心的作用或者重要性。77. problems/troubles【解析】从表格右栏里的内容和第五段的第一句But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems可知答案。阅读理解Although I started learning English during my college years, when I entered the

31、 States, I only understood two English words “Yes” and “No”. We learned many grammar rules but we could not make the language connections to the real English world. Language frustration worries almost all first generation immigrants. For example, I got a letter from a Chinese-American who has lived

32、in the States for a long time and has a good IT job saying “My 11-year-old girl writes quite well, but as her parents, we could not even read her article.”In addition, my Chinese-American professor friend has difficulty reading a novel. Improving our English skills has become a long journey for all

33、of us. Honestly, if I have a chance, I really want to reach out to everyone in the world who has had a similar experience: learning a second language in adulthood. I wish I could encourage them to speak out about the culture shock, frustration they felt about the differences between West and East. I

34、 have mainly focused on my English writing since 2008 after I found “Literacy Volunteers”, an organization that specially focuses on helping immigrants improve their English. I decided to challenge myself, writing a story like an American. I saw many wonderful Americans there. As soon as I met my te

35、acher Alice, I asked her to be my private language tutor and have taken Tims English class. Every week Alice and I have worked on my English essays sentence by sentence. To observe the culture differences between West and East, occasionally, I posted a few of my English essays online. I mentioned pr

36、eviously about American culture; when people read the same article or even face the same situation, American and Chinese act very differently. In my viewpoint, these differences make America the strongest country in the world. I know you have the right to express your own opinions, but accusing othe

37、rs without proof is not acceptable. 1. The purpose of the passage is. A. to show how hard a Chinese-American lives in AmericaB. to share her experience of improving her EnglishC. to imply grammar rules are not importantD. to warn Chinese-Americans of English 2. The underlined word “frustration” in t

38、he first paragraph means. A. failure and setbacksB. words and problemsC. understanding and progressD. slang and idioms3. If the author had a good master of English, . A. she would open a school for Chinese-Americans B. she would like to hears the differences spoken outC. she could lend a hand to the

39、 children for learningD. she might earn some money by giving advice4. In the passage, “Literacy Volunteers” is. A. only intended to help the Chinese-AmericansB. an organization which is set up to make a profitC. of great use to people like the authorD. a school showing how to enjoy literature5. From

40、 the last paragraph we can learn that. A. Americans and Chinese are of the same idea about somethingB. culture shock only exists between Chinese and AmericansC. accusing others freely can be acceptable in AmericaD. culture differences have great influence on the people【参考答案】14.BABCD 阅读理解.If you have

41、 kids, you probably struggle over whether you should focus on working hard to make money and provide them with the best possible life, or if its more valuable to spend every moment that you can with them. But no matter which side of the fence you fall on, herere some good news if youre a parent: tod

42、ays parents are spending far more time with their children than generations past. A new study from economists at University of California, San Diego analyzes available data from the last 35 years to measure how much time parents are spending actively with their children, participating in activities

43、such as taking them to school, helping with homework, bathing them, playing catch with them in the back yard. According to the study, todays college-educated mothers spend an average of 21. 2 hours a week actively caring for their children, while women with less education spend an average of 15. 9 h

44、ours. It has risen since 1995, when the average was just 12 hours. Dads are spending more time tossing the ball around, too: pre-1995 fathers with college educations only spent about 4. 5 hours a week playing with their children. Today, the average has more than doubled. For fathers with a high school education, the total has still gone up, from 3. 7 hours to 6. 8. Todays parents are doing a great job balancing life and work and even though you may want even more