防错培训经典教材

1、Error Proofing 防错 Topics - Error Proofing Training Duration 时间区间时间区间 Start 开始时间开始时间 Error Proofing 防错防错 Objective of the Training & Expectations0:158:00 AM 培训的目标及预期目的0:158:00 AM What and Why or Error Proofing - Exercise 11:008:15 AM 什么是防错，为什么进行防错-练习11:008:15 AM Coffee Break中间休息中间休息0:159:15 AM Applic

2、ation of Error Proofing - Overview Exercise 2 1:009:30 AM 2 防错应用-总体练习21:009:30 AM Identify Opportunities for Errors & PFEMA, Exercise 31:0010:30 AM 识别防错及PFEMA良机,练习31:0010:30 AM Error Proofing Options0:3011:30 AM 防错方案1:0010:30 AM Lunch Break 午休午休0:4512:00 PM Error Proofing Options (continue) Exercise

3、 41:0012:45 PM 防错方案(续)练习41:0012:45 PM Activities 措施措施 Topics主题 Objectives of the Training 培训的目的 What and Why of Error Proofing 什么是防错，怎样进行防错 Application of Error Proofing 防错应用 Identify Opportunities for Errors 防错时机的确定 Overview of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 失效模式和效果分析总括 Error Proofing Opt

4、ions 防错的选择 Prevention & Detection Through Poka Yoke Devices 通过Poka Yoke进行预防与探测 Move to The Next Level 转入下一级 A Benchmark Within Eaton 伊顿内部标准 Summary 概要 Objectives of the Training 培训的目的 Understand What Is Error Proofing and What It Can Do 了解什么是防错和防错能做什么 Understand the Principles of Error Proofing 了解防错

5、的原理 Learn How to Apply Error Proofing to Products and Processes 了解怎样对产品及工艺过程应用防错 Learn About the Poka Yoke Devices and Systems 了解Poka Yoke装置和系统 Learn the Process of Implementation and Continuous Improvements 了解实施防错的过程和持续改进的过程 What Are Your Expectations? 你们的期望是什么？ What and Why of Error Proofing 什么是防错

6、以及为什么要防错 Definition 定义 Error Proofing Is a Systematic Approach for Anticipating and Detecting Potential Defects and Preventing Them From Reaching the Customer (Internal or External) 防错是一种预测及探测潜在缺陷以及阻止缺陷影响客户 的体系方法(内部防错和外部防错) Error Proofing by Other Names 以其他名称进行防错 Fool Proofing防止愚蠢行为 Idiot Proofing防止

7、白痴行为 Mistake Proofing防止错误行为 Fail Safing安全失效 Poka Yoke Zero Quality Control (Zero Defects) 零质量控制（零缺陷） Design for Manufacture and Assembly 制造和装配的设计 Let Us Not Argue the Merits of These Names Let Us Decide What We Want to Achieve 我们不要争论这些名称,让我们决定想要完成什么? Demoralizing Terms 防错防错 术语术语 Characteristics of E

8、rror Proofing 防错的特点 Proactive Identification and Prevention前期识别及预防 Prevent First首先进行防错 Do Not Allow Defect From Going Further 其次不准许缺陷进一步发展 Intentionally Designed, Not Happenstance 设计错误,非偶然错误. At the Source - Close to the Origination 错误的来源_接近发源地. Inexpensive First 首先成本不高 Transparent to the Operator 操

9、作者很容易发现 Absolutely Reliable 错误根源查找绝对准确 A Means to Achieve Zero Defect Product 一种达到0缺陷产品的方法 Defects and Errors 缺陷和错误 Defects in Products Are the Imperfections (or Faults, or Flaws, or Blemishes, or Shortcomings, or Failings, or Deficiencies) 缺陷缺陷是指产品里的不完整性(或者故障,或者裂纹,或者瑕疵，或者短处，或者过 失 ，或者不足) Resulting F

10、rom Errors 错误产生的结果 Errors Are Human Oversights (or Faults, or Blunders, or Boo-boos, or Slip-ups, or Inaccuracies or Miscalculations) That Cause Defects in Products 错误错误是人为疏忽(或者过错,或者失误,或者低级错误，或者失败，或者精度失误或者计 算 失误)，这些引起产品的缺陷。 SO, Errors Cause Defective Products! 所以,错误导致有缺陷的产品产生! Why Are Errors Made 为什

11、么会导致错误 Any Product Is a Result of Numerous Decisions Made and Actions Taken by Human Beings, During: 任何产品都可以在下述一系列人为行为中产生错误： Product Design 产品设计 Process Design 过程设计 Equipment Design 设备设计 Component Fabrication Processes 零件加工过程 Product Assembly Processes 产品装配过程 Inspection Processes 检验过程 Paperwork Gene

12、ration 程序行程过程 Etc.等等 And Human Beings are Fallible or Imperfect 人是容易犯错或不完美的 SOME Examples of Defects 属于缺陷的一些例子 Wrong or Inappropriate Material 错误或不适合的材料 Wrong or Non-functioning Components 错误或者没有功能的零件 Wrong Dimensions or Tolerances 尺寸或公差错误 Missing Components 零件漏装 Foreign Matters, Contamination 杂质物质,

13、污秽物 Damaged Product or Components 受损产品或零件 Wrong Paperwork, or Wrong Product Shipped 程序错误或者运输了错误的产品 Non-functioning or Malfunctioning Product 没有功能的产品或者是故障产品 Wrong Shipping, or Wrong Billing 运输错误或者是填单错误 SOME Examples of Causes of Defects 导致缺陷的一些例子 Poor Design Decisions 设计比较乏味 Omitted or Wrong Processi

14、ng 过程疏忽或过程错误 Missing / Extra Parts or Wrong Parts 漏装/多装了错误的零件 Omitted or Wrong Adjustment / Testing 遗漏调整/测试或调整/测试过程错误 Wrong Equipment Setup or Loss of Setup 设备设置错误或没有进行设备设置 Wrong Material, Components or Assemblies 材料，零件或者装配错误 Wrong Communication, Instructions, Procedures, or Methods 错误的信息，指令，程序，或者方法

15、 Inexperience, Lack of Training, Wrong Training, Lack of Retraining 缺乏经验，缺乏培训，培训错误，缺少再培训 SOME Examples of Results of Defects 缺陷导致的结果示例 Malfunction or Non-functioning Product 有故障或者缺乏机能的产品 Inconvenience, Discomfort, Injury, Death 麻烦，不便，伤害，死亡 Delays, Cancellations 延期，取消 Financial Losses 财政损失 Loss of Us

16、e or Productivity 效用或者生产力的缺乏 Damage to Customers Property 损害客户的利益 Liabilities and Law Suites 负债和法律问题 Loss of Reputation and Business 名誉和业务受损 SOME Causes of Human Errors 导致人们犯错误的一些原因 Forgetfulness, Loss of Concentration, Lack of Attention or Diverted Attention 健忘，不集中，缺乏注意力或者转移注意力 Misunderstanding or

17、Lack of Understanding 误会或者缺乏理解 Lack of or Improper Experience / Training 缺乏经验/培训或者不正确的经验/培训 Lack of Standardization 缺乏标准 Intentional or Willful Error 有意图的或者恶意的错误 Wrong or Delayed Decision 决定错误或拖延 Limited or Lack of Sensory Capability (e.g., Smell, Color, Touch) 有限的或者没有感官能力（例如，嗅觉，色彩，触觉） Lack of Appli

18、cation of Common Sense 缺乏运用常识判断的能力 Error Proofing in a Few Words 预防错误的一些方法 “ occurrence of defect was the result of some condition or action, and that it would be possible to eliminate defects entirely by pursuing the cause. The causes of defects lie in worker errors, and defects are the results of

19、neglecting those errors. It follows that mistakes will not turn into defects if worker errors are discovered and eliminated beforehand.” 缺陷的产生是一些环境或者行为导致的结果，但是完全有可能通过查 找原因排除缺陷。缺陷原因在于工人，缺陷是因为工人忽视错误而产 生的。如果工人能及时的发现错误并且消除错误，就不会导致缺陷的 产生。 Shigeo Shingo Why Error Proof? 为什么防错？ 99.9% Error Free Could Resul

20、t in 99.9%没有错误导致什么结果 2,000,000 Documents Lost by IRS IRS缺少2，000，000档案 16,000 Pieces of Mail Lost Every Day 每天丢失16，000邮件 22,000 Wrongly Debited / Credited Checks Per Hour 每个小时都会发生22，000写错借方和贷方的支票 1,314 Wrongly Connected Phone Calls Per Minute 每个小时都会发生1，314起电话占线 20,000 Incorrect Drug Prescriptions Per

21、 Year 每个小时都会发生20，000起用错药物的情况 12 Newborn Babies Given to Wrong Parents 12个小孩被父母抱错 2 Unsafe Landings Every Day at OHare Airport 每天都会有2起飞机不安全着陆 32,000 Missed Heartbeats Per Person Each Year 每年每个人都会有32，000 Is 99.9% Good Enough? 99.9% 够不够好? The Errors That Became Headlines 错误变成头条 Titanic Sinking 泰坦尼克号的沉没

22、 Challenger Booster Rocket Seal Failure 挑战者号火箭发射失败 Mars Landing Module Crash 火星升空失败坠毁 Hubbell Telescope Reflector Error Hubbell望远镜反射误差 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Exxon Valdez 石油泄露 Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Meltdown Chernobyl Nuclear Power 设备报废 Release of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) From Union Carbide Pl

23、ant in Bhopal, India 甲基异丙酮从Bhopal, India ,MIC碳化物厂房泄露 Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant 三英里小岛的核厂房 Firestone Tires on Ford Explorer 福特车上的耐火石探测器 Error Proofing and Lean防错及精益生 产 Lean Insists on One Piece Flow 精益生产强调单件流 If That One Piece Is Defective, Flow Is Disrupte 如果单件流有缺陷,流向就会被打断 Lean Insists on Limit

24、ed Inventory 精益生产强调有限库存 If That Inventory Is Defective, the Lines Can Sto 如果库存有缺陷,线路就会停止 Lean Means Eliminating Waste 精益是指消除浪费 Defects and Corrective Actions Are Wast 缺陷以及纠正措施是针对浪费 Lean Requires That Equipment Is Ready When Needed and Functions Well As Long As Necessary 精益生产要求当需要设备时,设备马上可以用,且功能完好 Er

25、ror Proofing the Tools, Fixtures, Setups, Methods and Documents Ensures Equipment Effectiveness 刀具,卡具,启动,方法以及文件等防错以确保设备的有效性 Error Proofing Examples in Everyday Life 在每天生活中防错的一些例子 Home家里 Automatic Shutoff Irons 全自动熨斗 Ground Fault Circuit Breakers for Bathroom or Outdoor Electric Circuits 浴室或室外电气线路的接地

26、保护 Pilotless Gas Ranges and Hot Water Heaters 油量表以及热水器 Child-Proof Caps on Medicine Bottles 药瓶上保护小孩安全的瓶盖 Retail零售 Tamper-Proof Packaging 锥型防错包装 Bar Coding at Checkou 检验时的条码 Office办公室 Spell Check in Word Processing Software在 Word word处理软件中进行拼写检查 Verifying “Do you want to delete?” When Press the “Dele

27、te” Buttonon Your Computer 当按删除按钮时电脑会询问你“要 删除吗”? Factory工厂 Dual Palm Buttons and Other Guards on Machinery 设备上使用两个按扭及其他保护装 置 Bar Coding 条码 Lock-Out / Tag-Out 锁紧/打开标签 Error Proofing Exercise No. 1 防错练习的第一部分 Form Teams of Two 两个一组 List As Many Examples of Error Proofing As You Can, From Everyday Life

28、从你每天的生活中,列出你能作到的关于防 错的许多例子 10 Minutes 10分钟 Application of Error Proofing 防错的应用 Essential Steps for Error Proofing 防错的基本步骤 Identify Opportunities for Errors (Critical Factors) 识别防错的时机(关键因素) Prioritize Potential Errors for Error Proofing 对潜在的错误加以，区分进行防错 Absolutely Must Prevent the Defects 必须完全的防止错误 Pr

29、ovide Containment and Study Further 预防错误和深入研究 May Be Tolerated, Within Predefined Limits 在计划的范围内进行防错 Identify Root Causes of the Errors 识别错误根源 Develop and Evaluate Error Proofing Options 开发和评估防错方案 Select and “Design” the Error Proofing System 选择和设计防错系统 Implement - Plan, Install, Document, Train, Mon

30、itor 实施防错设计反错，安装防错,编制防错文件,培训,监控 Periodically Assess the Performance and Improve 对防错情况进行定期评审及改进 Manufacturing Processes 制造过程制造过程 Product Quality 产品质量产品质量 Process Design 过程设计过程设计 Product Design 产品设计产品设计 What is the Right Time to Error Proof? 正确的防错时间是什么时间? 100:1 10:1 1:1 As Early As Possible 及早发现及早发现 W

31、hy Error Proof Early During New Product Development 为什么在新产品开发期间防错 Cost of “Fixing” the Defects “修理修理”缺陷的成本缺陷的成本 Concept Development 观念开发观念开发 Preliminary Design 初步设计初步设计 Detailed Product Design 详细的产品详细的产品 设计设计 Customer Support 客户支持客户支持 Industrialization 产业化产业化 Production 生产生产 Process Design 过程设计过程设计

32、Cost of “Fixing” 设备的花费设备的花费 Multiplies With Life Cycle Stages 整个过程当中的多项防错整个过程当中的多项防错 Stages of Product Life Cycle 产品生命周期中各个阶段产品生命周期中各个阶段 Why Error Proof Early During Processing 在处理期间为什么要尽早防错 Cost of “Fixing” the Defects设备成本失效设备成本失效 Incoming Parts 外协件外协件 After Completing the Process 过程完成之后过程完成之后 At t

33、he End of the Line 产品最终离产品最终离 开生产线开生产线 After Delivery to Customer 交付给客户之交付给客户之 后后 Final Test 最后检验最后检验 Cost of “Fixing” Increases With Process Steps 随着程序步骤增长修复错误成随着程序步骤增长修复错误成 本增长本增长 Steps of Product Processing 产品处理的步骤产品处理的步骤 Reject & Return 废弃件废弃件 No Delay 没有拖延没有拖延 Reject & Scrap 废弃件废弃件&废品废品 Minor D

34、elay 稍微拖延稍微拖延 Reject & Scrap / Rework 废弃件废弃件&废品废品/返工返工 Reschedule Some Delay进度稍有进度稍有 拖延拖延 Significant Rework / Scrap Add to the Production Schedule Delayed Deliveries 重要的返工重要的返工/废品影响生产进度废品影响生产进度 及产品交付及产品交付 Warranty Costs Administrative Costs Liabilities Reputation Market Share Loss担保担保 成本及管理成本增加成本及管

35、理成本增加,导导 致市场份额损失致市场份额损失 Error Proofing Exercise No. 2 防错训练的第二部分 Form Teams of Two 两个一组 Discuss and Agree on One Example of Product Design or Manufacturing Process to Analyze 讨论一个产品设计或制造工艺的例子,并进行分析 Identify 鉴别 Error Proofing Implemented防错实施 Estimate Cost / Quality Impact消除成本/质量影响 OR或者 Error Proofing

36、Opportunities Missed丧失防错良机 Estimate the Cost / Quality Impact消除成本/质量影响 List Lessons Learned学到的教训清单 Prepare to Present to the Class准备到课堂上展示 20 Minutes 20分钟 Identify Opportunities for Errors 识别防错的时机 Methods for Identifying Potential Errors 识别潜在的防错方法 Customer Demanded - Good Start 消费者的需求-良好的开始 Internal

37、 Quality Results Reactive 内部质量成效-反应 Past Experience - Not Completely Reliable 以往经验-不完全可靠 Customer 反馈 - Too Late 消费者的反馈-太迟 Systematic Analyses to Identify Potential Errors 识别潜在的错误需进行系统分析 Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 潜在的失效模式及效果分析(FMEA) Product FMEA 产品FMEA Process FMEA 过程FMEA Pote

38、ntial Failure Mode and Effects Analyses PFMEA 潜在的失效模式和 效果分析 Overview 总揽 Key Points of FMEA FMEA的关键部分 FMEA Analyses Potential Failures FMEA分析潜在失效 Fleas Have to Be Done by Multi-functional Teams Fleas应由多功能组执行 Design FMEA Should Be Initiated Before or at the Concept Stage 设计设计FMEA是在开始之前或者概念形成阶段 Process

39、 FMEA Should Be Initiated Before or at the Feasibility Stage, Prior to Tooling or Equipment Finalization 过程过程FMEA是在工装及设备调整好开始生产之前或者可研阶段 FMEAs Should Be Continuously Updated, As Changes in Product & Process Designs Take Place 应该不断更新,比如FMEAs中的产品&过程设计 FMEAs Are Living Documents FMEAs 是活的文件 FMEAs Are Ne

40、ver Ending Processes FMEAs 是永远都不会结束的工艺 FMEA Type and Levels FMEA的类型和水平 Design FMEA 设计设计FMEA Process FMEA 过程过程FMEA Subsystem 子系统子系统 Critical Features 关键特性关键特性 Components / Parts零件零件 Subassemblies 分装分装 Workstations 工作台工作台 Operations 加工操作加工操作 FMEA No. Item / ProcessProcess responsibilityPage Part No. /

41、 Drg. No.Key DatePrepared By Core Team: FMEA Date (Orig) Item or Process Function Requirement Potential Failure Mode Potential Effect(s) of Failure Se ver ity Cla ss Potential Cause(s)/ Mechanism(s) of Failure Occ ur Current Process Controls Det ect R. P. N. Recommended Action Responsibility & Targe

42、t Completion Date Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) General Information (1)总说明总说明 2 3 4 5 6 7 810 11 9 12 FMEA Steps FMEA 的步骤 Design FMEA 设计设计FMEA General Information - Details of the Product & FMEA 信息总说明-产品及FMEA的详情 Item Function / Requirement 项目的功能/要求 Enter All Functions of a Produ

43、ct Item 键入所有产品的功能 Potential Failure Mode 潜在的故障模式 Describe How a Product Item Could Fail 描述产品怎样失效 Use Physical Terms, Not Symptoms 使用专用描述词语,不是症状 Process FMEA 过程过程FMEA General Information - Details of the Product & FMEA 信息总说明- -产品的详细资料和FMEA Process Function 过程功能 Enter Description & Purpose of the Proc

44、ess 键入过程描述和过程功能 Potential Failure Mode 潜在失效模式 Describe How Process Could Fail to Meet Requirements of Subsequent Operations 描述工艺为什么不能满足分序要求 Describe Non-conformance 描述不一致性 FMEA Steps FMEA的步骤 Design FMEA 设计设计FMEA Potential Effect(s) of Failure 潜在失效效果 Perceived by Customer 客户需要 Severity (Chart) 严肃性（图表

45、） Seriousness of the Effect of Potential Failure 潜在失效效果的严肃性 Severity Ranking Reduced Only by Design Change 只有设计更改时严肃性级别降低 Classification分类 Safety / Regulation or Function / Appearance Based 安全/规定或功能/基本表象 Employ Customers Criteria 采用客户标准 Process FMEA 过程过程FMEA Potential Effect(s) of Failure 潜在失效效果 Per

46、ceived by Customer, Including Subsequent Operations 客户需要,包括下述操作 Severity (Chart) 严肃性(图表) Seriousness of the Effect of Potential Failure 潜在失效效果的严肃性 Classification分类 Safety / Regulation or Function / Appearance Based 安全/规定或功能/基本表象 Employ Customers Criteria 采用客户标准 Severity Rating Chart 严肃性级别表格 Descript

47、ion 描述描述 Definition定义定义 Rating 等级等级 Dangerously High最高Failure could injure the customer or an employee.失效可以伤害客户或员工 10 Extremely High 极高 Failure would create noncompliance with federal regulations.可以通过失效创 建不一致的规定 9 Very High 非常高 Failure renders the unit inoperable or unfit for use.失效是由于非正常操作或非 正常使用所导

48、致的 8 High高 Failure causes a high degree of customer dissatisfaction.失效导致客户高度 不满 7 Moderate一般 Failure results in a subsystem or partial malfunction of the product.失效导致分 系统或产品部分功能失效. 6 Low低 Failure creates enough of a performance loss to cause the customer to complain.失效导致绩效损失,造成客户抱怨 5 Very Low非常 低 Fa

49、ilure can be overcome with modifications to the customers process or product, but there is minor performance loss.可以通过对客户工艺或产品进行 修改来克服失效,但会有少量绩效损失. 4 Minor次要的 Failure would create a minor nuisance to the customer, but the customer can overcome it in the process or product without performance loss.失效

50、可能会导 致对客户有少量影响,但是客户可以在产品或工艺中进行克服,且没有绩效损失 3 Very Minor极次 要的 Failure may not be readily apparent to the customer, but would have minor effects on the customers process or product.失效不会很容易转移到客户,对 客户的产品或工艺会有稍微影响. 2 None无 Failure would not be noticeable to the customer and would not affect the customers p

51、rocess or product.客户不会发现失效,也不会影响客户的工艺及 产品. 1 FMEA Steps FMEA步骤 Design FMEA 设计设计FMEA Potential Cause(s) 潜在原因 List All the Causes (Design Weaknesses)列出 所有原因(设计弱点) Occurrence (Chart) 频率(图表) Likelihood of the Failure to Occur by the Specific Cause 特殊原因导致失效的可能性 Occurrence Ranking Reduced Only by Design C

52、hange 仅当设计更改时才考虑降低发生频率. Design Control 设计控制 Validation / Verification Activities Which Will Assure Adequacy of Design 验证/确认活动应确保设计的准确性 Process FMEA 过程过程FMEA Potential Cause(s) 潜在原因 Identify Root Cause, and Identify What Can Be Corrected 确定原因,确定可以采取什么纠正措施 Occurrence (Chart) 频率(图表) Expected Frequency

53、of Failure to Occur by Specific Cause 具体原因导致失效发生的频率 Classification (Chart)类别 Process Controls That Prevent or Detect the Failure 预防或探测缺陷的过程控制 Occurrence Rating Chart 频率等级表格 Description描述描述Potential Failure Rate 潜在的失效等级潜在的失效等级Rating等级等级 More than one occurrence per day or a probability of more than t

54、hree occurrences in 10 events (Cpk 2.00).每5年或5年以上发生一次或每10万个事件 (Cpk 2.00)中发生的 频率低于2次1 Very High: Failure is almost inevitable非常 高：失效是不可避免 的 High: Repeated Failures 高：重复故障 Low: Relatively Few Failures低：相对少的 故障 Moderate: Occasional Failures 中等：偶发故障 FMEA Steps FMEA 的步骤 Design FMEA 设计设计FMEA Detection (Ch

55、art) 检测（图表） Ability of a Current Design Control to Identify a Potential Cause 现行控制设计能力,以识别潜在的原因 当前设计的能力 Process FMEA 过程过程FMEA Detection (Chart) 检测（图表） Assuming Failure Has Occurred, Assess Detection Capability of All the Process Controls 假设发生失效,应检测所有工艺控制的能力 4 RPN (Risk Priority No.) 4 RPN(风险优先号) 4Pr

56、oduct of S (Severity), O (Occurrence) & D (Detection) 4产品的S(严重性),O(发生频率)&D(检测) 4Used As a Guide to Help Rank Design / Process Concerns 4为进行设计及过程等级等提供向导 4No Threshold Value 4无界限值 4Pay Special Attention If Severity Is High 4如果严重级别高的话,应提高警惕 4 Corrective Action, Responsibility, and Monitoring Results 4

57、实施纠正措施,确定责任人,监控结果 11 12 Detection Rating Chart 检测等级表 Description描描 述述 Definition定义定义 Rating 等级等级 Absolute Uncertainty 完全 不确定 The product is not inspected or the defect caused by failure is not detectable. 产 品没有检验或失效导致的缺陷不可以检测 10 Very Remote 比 较不确定 Product is sampled, inspected, and released based on

58、 Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) sampling plans. 根据接收质量水平样件计划产品已经进行了样件选择，检测 以及发放 9 Remote不确定 Product is accepted based on no defectives in a sample.根据样件没有缺陷，据此 接收了产品 8 Very Low 比较 确定 Product is 100% manually inspected in the process.在工艺上100对件进行了手 动检验 7 Low一般确定 Product is 100% manually inspected using

59、 go/no-go or other error-proofing gauges.通过通/止规或其他防错量具对产品进行了手动检验 6 Moderate确定 Some Statistical Process Control (SPC) is used in process and product is final inspected off-line. 工艺上使用了一些统计过程控制，产品最终下线时进行了最终检 验 5 Moderately High 很确定 SPC is used and there is immediate reaction to out-of-control conditio

60、ns.使用了统 计技术控制，对于不符合条件的件进行了立即处理 4 High非常确定 An effective SPC program is in place with process capabilities (Cpk) greater than 1.33.实施了有效的统计技术控制项目，工艺能力(Cpk) 大于1.33. 3 Very High 极为 确定All product is 100% automatically inspected. 所有的产品进行100自动检验 2 Summarized Rating Chart 总结等级表 Rating 等级等级 Severity of Effec