12 Port Administration

1、 Unit 12Unit 12 Port AdministrationPort Administration 1 Learning Objectives 1.Learning Objectives This unit presents a brief discussion This unit presents a brief discussion concerning concerning port administrationport administration, which plays a key role in a , which plays a key role in a natio

2、ns port development.nations port development. Main Point 1 Aims of port administrationAims of port administration are generally are generally classified as the classified as the general aimsgeneral aims, the , the administrative administrative and managerial aimsand managerial aims, the , the financ

3、ial aimsfinancial aims, and the , and the employment aimsemployment aims. . S Main Point 2-1 Public service portPublic service port, , tool porttool port, , landlord portlandlord port and and private service portprivate service port are the four kinds of ports are the four kinds of ports in terms of

4、 different methods used in their in terms of different methods used in their respective respective port administrationport administration, and each has its , and each has its own characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. own characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. S Main Point 2-2 Public service

5、 and tool portsPublic service and tool ports mainly focus on the mainly focus on the realization of public interests. realization of public interests. Landlord portsLandlord ports have have a mixed character and aim to strike a balance a mixed character and aim to strike a balance between public (po

6、rt authority) and private (port between public (port authority) and private (port industry) interests. industry) interests. Private service portsPrivate service ports focus on focus on private (shareholder) interests. private (shareholder) interests. S Main Point 3-1 Port authorityPort authority, es

7、tablished at national, regional, , established at national, regional, provincial or local levels, is provincial or local levels, is a governing body a governing body largely responsible for the tasks of construction, largely responsible for the tasks of construction, administration and sometimes the

8、 operation of port administration and sometimes the operation of port facilities and port security. facilities and port security. S Main Point 3-2 In a In a market-oriented economic systemmarket-oriented economic system, the , the ministry ministry of transport of transport typically performs a vari

9、ety of typically performs a variety of functions at a national level, such as functions at a national level, such as policy policy making, legislation, international relations, and making, legislation, international relations, and financial and economic affairs financial and economic affairs. . S Ma

10、in Point 4 A port sector regulatorA port sector regulator typically has legal typically has legal powers to powers to counter anticompetitive practicescounter anticompetitive practices, and , and the establishment of a port sector regulator should the establishment of a port sector regulator should

11、only be effected in the event of serious threats to only be effected in the event of serious threats to free competitionfree competition within the port. within the port. S Main Point 5-1 While the While the strategies of liberalizationstrategies of liberalization, , commercialization commercializat

12、ion, , corporatizationcorporatization, and , and privatization privatization all attempt to improve all attempt to improve the efficiency the efficiency of the port administration of the port administration and the operationsand the operations through the introduction of a through the introduction o

13、f a business-like business-like environment environment, , S Main Point 5-2 the the modernization of the ports administrationmodernization of the ports administration is a is a less sweeping method which governments less sweeping method which governments sometimes prefer to use to sometimes prefer t

14、o use to improve organizational improve organizational performance performance. . S Main Point 6 Container terminals, port competition, and Container terminals, port competition, and Yokohama portYokohama port are explicated as the further are explicated as the further reading materials. reading mat

15、erials. 2 Types of Container Terminals on the basis of Ownership 2.Types of Container Terminals on the Basis of Ownership To this day, To this day, containerization containerization has largely has largely evolved with the standardized sized boxed units evolved with the standardized sized boxed unit

16、s which have which have enhanced cargo handling and enhanced cargo handling and transportation techniquestransportation techniques. . ContainerizationContainerization has led to a global has led to a global transformation in trade and businesstransformation in trade and business with with collective

17、 collective progressionprogression in imports as well as exports and in imports as well as exports and decreased theft, damage and loss of cargo. Modern decreased theft, damage and loss of cargo. Modern day day container handlingcontainer handling has given the has given the shipping shipping indust

18、ryindustry a newer perspectives of trade. a newer perspectives of trade. common development In the most developed areas of the world, In the most developed areas of the world, containerizationcontainerization has a high value share in the has a high value share in the maritime based import, export a

19、nd transshipment maritime based import, export and transshipment of general goods. Resources have proven that of general goods. Resources have proven that transshipment transshipment is the driving force for the rise of is the driving force for the rise of container handlingcontainer handling in the

20、 past few years. in the past few years. ContainerizationContainerization has also transformed the has also transformed the business of transportbusiness of transport into a standardized function, into a standardized function, leading to development of many leading to development of many container te

21、rminals container terminals around the world. All types of around the world. All types of shipping containersshipping containers have to conform to have to conform to the industry recognized ISO the industry recognized ISO standardsstandards; which means ; which means global acceptanceglobal accepta

22、nce. . Moreover, newer container technologies have also Moreover, newer container technologies have also sprung up to transfigure with the changing times. sprung up to transfigure with the changing times. Shipping containersShipping containers are made up of weathering are made up of weathering stee

23、l welded together to form super strong steel welded together to form super strong reinforcements, framings and structure. These fail-reinforcements, framings and structure. These fail- safe cargo carriage units are highly advantageous safe cargo carriage units are highly advantageous and profitable

24、particularly to the ship and cargo and profitable particularly to the ship and cargo owners.owners. Every single shipment of cargo travels from Every single shipment of cargo travels from point A to point B in several formats either by rail, point A to point B in several formats either by rail, road

25、 or sea. There are stand alone transportation road or sea. There are stand alone transportation systems for different types of cargoes to be systems for different types of cargoes to be transported in bulk. Containers are the only transported in bulk. Containers are the only transport system that ar

26、e used by all three modes transport system that are used by all three modes of of carriage. carriage. Shipment over seaShipment over sea is carried out on the is carried out on the container ships; similarly, container ships; similarly, rail and road transport rail and road transport of the containe

27、rsof the containers is done by trains and trucks. is done by trains and trucks. Containers are transferred through container ports, Containers are transferred through container ports, terminals and depots.terminals and depots. All the way down the years, All the way down the years, cargo handled via

28、 containers has increased cargo handled via containers has increased enormously. enormously. Nowadays, Nowadays, the container shipsthe container ships are able to carry are able to carry more than 10 000 units in one single voyage. This, more than 10 000 units in one single voyage. This, as a resul

29、t, has led to the rise in as a result, has led to the rise in the importance of the importance of container terminals and portscontainer terminals and ports. Several aspects . Several aspects along with shipping operators and government along with shipping operators and government play an important

30、role in successful operation of play an important role in successful operation of container terminals. container terminals. The The container terminalscontainer terminals around the world are around the world are classified classified with respect to their ownershipswith respect to their ownerships

31、into five into five categories: categories: Public TerminalsPublic Terminals, , Carrier-leased Carrier-leased TerminalsTerminals, , joint venture of the Carriers and joint venture of the Carriers and Terminal operatorsTerminal operators, Terminals those are, Terminals those are Operator Operator bui

32、lt and operated terminalsbuilt and operated terminals and finally those and finally those which are which are Carrier built and operated terminalsCarrier built and operated terminals. . Public or State Run Terminals Since they Since they operate on a operate on a first come first servefirst come fir

33、st serve basis basis, all the facilities of the , all the facilities of the public terminalspublic terminals such such as as tariff rates, loading and unloading processes, berths tariff rates, loading and unloading processes, berths in and out, etc. are shared equally among all the in and out, etc.

34、are shared equally among all the shipping linesshipping lines. The handling of the containers and . The handling of the containers and other related charges are mostly calculated at other related charges are mostly calculated at regular regular tariff rates or discounted upon agreed rates. tariff ra

35、tes or discounted upon agreed rates. Carrier-Lease Dedicated Terminals With such terminals in operation, With such terminals in operation, major carriersmajor carriers have collaborated with the have collaborated with the port authoritiesport authorities and and signed long term lease contractssigne

36、d long term lease contracts for using the for using the terminals exclusively. terminals exclusively. The carriersThe carriers are liable to pay up the facility are liable to pay up the facility charges, berth rents, etc. which are used up as charges, berth rents, etc. which are used up as priority

37、usagespriority usages for the carriers. for the carriers. Maersk groupMaersk group being being one one the largest carriersthe largest carriers in the world has quite a few in the world has quite a few terminals contracted for their long term usage. Also, terminals contracted for their long term usa

38、ge. Also, there are a few there are a few partnerships among the shipping partnerships among the shipping lineslines that that have multi-user long term contractshave multi-user long term contracts to to share out the terminal usages.share out the terminal usages. Operator-Built and Operation Termin

39、als Terminal operatorsTerminal operators invest directly in the invest directly in the construction, operation, handling facilities of a construction, operation, handling facilities of a terminal. terminal. The operatorsThe operators make agreed contracts for make agreed contracts for lease with the

40、 port authorities by depositing a sum lease with the port authorities by depositing a sum towards the total handling charges of the container towards the total handling charges of the container operations. operations. Carrier-Built and Operation Terminals The methodology is The methodology is simila

41、r to the one for similar to the one for terminal operator built and operated terminals terminal operator built and operated terminals. In . In such kind of licensing, a carrier or several carriers such kind of licensing, a carrier or several carriers together together lease the container terminalsle

42、ase the container terminals by making by making deposits to the port authorities or investing directly deposits to the port authorities or investing directly in their construction, operation and handling in their construction, operation and handling services. services. Joint Venturing of the Carrier

43、s Terminal Operators In this type of contract, an agreement is made In this type of contract, an agreement is made between between the shipping linesthe shipping lines and and the terminal the terminal operators operators thereby establishing a company. thereby establishing a company. Direct Direct

44、investments are made and the terminals are jointly investments are made and the terminals are jointly operated operated for safe, prioritized and efficient container for safe, prioritized and efficient container handling operations. handling operations. 3 Typical Port Choice Criteria 3.Typical Port

45、Choice Criteria S Physical and technical port infrastructurePhysical and technical port infrastructure, , including nautical accessibility (e.g. draft); including nautical accessibility (e.g. draft); S Terminal infrastructure and equipment, hinterland Terminal infrastructure and equipment, hinterlan

46、d accessibility, and intermodal offer; accessibility, and intermodal offer; S Geographical location Geographical location vis-vis the main shipping vis-vis the main shipping lanes and the hinterland; lanes and the hinterland; S Port efficiencyPort efficiency expressed as port turnaround time, expres

47、sed as port turnaround time, terminal productivity, and cost efficiency; terminal productivity, and cost efficiency; S Interconnectivity of the portInterconnectivity of the port (sailing frequency of (sailing frequency of deep-sea and feeder shipping services); deep-sea and feeder shipping services)

48、; S Reliability, capacity, frequency, and cost of inland Reliability, capacity, frequency, and cost of inland transport services; transport services; S Quality and cost of auxiliary servicesQuality and cost of auxiliary services such as such as pilotage, towage, and customs; pilotage, towage, and cu

49、stoms; S Efficiency and cost of Efficiency and cost of port management and port management and administration administration (e.g. port dues); (e.g. port dues); S Availability, quality, and cost of Availability, quality, and cost of logistic value-logistic value- added activities added activities (e

50、.g. warehousing); (e.g. warehousing); S Port security/safety and environmental profile; and Port security/safety and environmental profile; and S Port reputation. Port reputation. 4 Port Administration 34 4. Port Administration4. Port Administration u Landlord portLandlord port At a landlord portAt

51、a landlord port, , the port authoritythe port authority builds the builds the wharves, which it then rents or leases to wharves, which it then rents or leases to a terminal a terminal operatoroperator (usually a stevedoring company). (usually a stevedoring company). The operator The operator invests

52、 in cargo-handling equipment invests in cargo-handling equipment (forklifts, cranes, etc), hires longshore laborers to (forklifts, cranes, etc), hires longshore laborers to operate such lift machinery and negotiates contracts operate such lift machinery and negotiates contracts with with ocean carri

53、ersocean carriers (steamship services) to handle the (steamship services) to handle the loading and unloading of ship cargoes. loading and unloading of ship cargoes. u Operating portOperating port At an operational portAt an operational port, , the port authoritythe port authority builds builds the

54、wharves, owns the cranes and cargo-handling the wharves, owns the cranes and cargo-handling equipment and hires the labor to move cargo in the equipment and hires the labor to move cargo in the sheds and yards. sheds and yards. A stevedore hires longshore labor to A stevedore hires longshore labor t

55、o lift cargo between the ship and the dock, where the lift cargo between the ship and the dock, where the ports laborers pick it up and bring it to the storage ports laborers pick it up and bring it to the storage site.site. 38 Port AdiministrationPort Adiministration 港口模式港口模式规制者规制者码头泊位拥有者码头泊位拥有者经营者

56、经营者 公共服务港公共服务港政府政府政府政府政府政府 设备港设备港政府或政府控制政府或政府控制 的国有企业的国有企业 政府或政府控制政府或政府控制 的国有企业的国有企业 私人经营者私人经营者 地主港地主港政府或政府控制政府或政府控制 的国有企业的国有企业 私人经营者私人经营者私人经营者私人经营者 私人服务港私人服务港私人经营者私人经营者私人经营者私人经营者私人经营者私人经营者 39 Responsibilities of Government Responsibilities of Government and Private Sectionand Private Section 港政港政航政

57、航政海上海上 基础基础 设施设施 港口港口 基础基础 设施设施 岸上岸上 设备设备 岸上岸上 建筑建筑 装卸装卸 业务业务 引航引航拖轮拖轮系解系解 缆服缆服 务务 航道航道 疏浚疏浚 其他其他 公共公共 服务服务 港港 设备设备 港港 政政 府府 负负 责责 部部 分分 私私 人人 负负 责责 地主地主 港港 私私 人人 负负 责责 私人私人 服务服务 港港 40 Port AministrationPort Aministration 港口港口 模式模式 StrengthsWeaknesses 公共服公共服 务港务港 岸上设施的投资与码头装卸等业务岸上设施的投资与码头装卸等业务 都由同一部

58、门负责，能保持高度的都由同一部门负责，能保持高度的 一致性和协调性一致性和协调性 缺少竞争，导致低效率和缺乏创新；政府缺少竞争，导致低效率和缺乏创新；政府 部门的多方干预以及对政府财政的依赖，部门的多方干预以及对政府财政的依赖， 导致资源浪费与投资不足并存；港口经营导致资源浪费与投资不足并存；港口经营 非用户导向或市场导向非用户导向或市场导向 设备港设备港港口所有的基础设施和岸上设施都港口所有的基础设施和岸上设施都 由公共部门统一负责，避免重复投由公共部门统一负责，避免重复投 资资 私人部门没有经营设备的所有权，影响和私人部门没有经营设备的所有权，影响和 限制港口的长远发展；投资不足的风险并限制港口的长远发展；投资不足的风险并 缺乏创新缺乏创新 地主港地主港港口经营领域的资产所有权和