医学复习资料：名词解释

1、名词解释：基本组织概论：1. Histology组织学： is a science which study the microstructure and the relationship between the structure and function of human being.2. Embryology胚胎学： is a kind of science which study the processes and the regulations of the development of human fetus.3.Histochemistry & & Cytochemistry组织化

2、学和细胞化学：to combine histological and cytological methods with chemical and biochemical methods and reveal the chemical composition of tissue and cell insitu.4.Immnohistochemistry免疫组织化学:To use labelled antibodies as specific reagents for localising tissue and cell constituents (antigens) in situEpithel

3、ial tissue上皮组织：1. Mesothelium间皮: the simple squamous epi. which line the inner surface of body cavities such as thoracic, pericardiac and abdominal cavities.2. Endothelium内皮:the simple squamous epi. which line the inner surface of cardiovascular and lymphatic system.3. goblet cell杯状细胞: scattered, se

4、creting ，granules-mucinogen，granules-mucus 分散的，隐秘的，小颗粒黏蛋白原，胶4. transitional epi移行上皮.:flexible-including the number of layers and shape of cells5. Microvilli微绒毛: delicate finger-liked projections of cell-membrane and cytoplasm protruding from the free surface6. cell coat糖衣: a thick layer of extracell

5、ular glycoprotein7. Cilia纤毛: elongated, mobile projections of cell membrane and cytoplasm protruding from free surface8. junctional complex连接复合体: four types of junctionalstructures(at least two types) get together.9. basement membrane基膜: a sheet of membrane-liked amorphous material interposed betwee

6、n epi.cells and underlying CT（connective tissue）. Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina10. plasma membrane infolding质膜内褶： the infolding of cell-membrane with many mitochondria at the basal surface of epi.cell11. glandular epi.腺上皮: epi are specialized for secretion12. Gland腺: organs composed

7、mainly of glandular epi. exocrine glandn外分泌腺: discharge the secretion through a duct system endocrine gland内分泌腺: release the secretion directly into blood steamConnective tissue结缔组织：1. Fibrocyte纤维细胞: still state or inactive fibroblast2. ground substance基质：amorphous colloidal substance，consists of pr

8、oteoglycan, glycoprotein and tissue fluid3. white fat T：single fat celldistribution in subcutaneous tissue, mesenterium4. brown fat T: fat cell contain many small lipid droplets, rich in large mitochondria centrally-located nucleus rich in cap. distribution: neonateMuscular Tissue肌肉组织1.tropomyosin原肌

9、球蛋白: filamentous protein of two polypeptide chains2. Transverse tubule横小管： sarcolemma and basement membrane invaginate into sarcoplasm to form a transverse distributed tubular system3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum肌质网： A longitudinal distributed tubular system formed by smooth endoplasmic Nervous tissue神经组

10、织1. Nissl body尼氏体: LM: basophilic spot-liked or granule-liked structure no2. Neurofibril神经元纤维: silver impregnation methods (silver preparation)thread-liked dark brown color structure to form a network. no3. Synapse突触：the junctions between neurons or neuron and non-nerve cells4. Schwann cell施万细胞:enve

11、lop the axon end to end to form myelin-sheath in PNS5. Satellite cell：one layer of flattened or cuboidal cell, with round, ovoid and dark N，surrounding the Neuron in ganglion. no6. Nerve fiber and Nerve神经纤维和神经 ：a structure formed by axon and glial cell can conduct the impulse to certain directionCar

12、tilage and Bone软骨和骨long bone长骨：Long bone is an organ, made up of bone tissue , periosteum and endosteum,bone marrowMembrane potentials生物电：1.Resting membrane potential静息电位：A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of th

13、e cell，ranging from 10 to 100 mV2.Action potential（动作电位）：Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potential.3

14、.Threshold Potential阈电位: level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential (most neurons have a threshold at -50 mV)Depolarization（去极化）:Activation of Na+ channel Repolarization（复极化）:Inactivation of Na+ channel Activation of K+ channel4.Saltatorial Conduction跳跃性传导: Action potentials jump

15、from one node to thenext as they propagate along a myelinated axon.Cell Signal Transduction and Diseases信号转导与异常1. Gap junction：Used by most cells in animal tissues with the exception of a few terminally differentiated cells such as skeletal muscle cells and blood cells，allowing inorganic ions and ot

16、her small water-soluble molecules to pass directly from one cell to the other, thus coupling the cells both electrically and metabolically.2. G-proteins, coupled with members of the seven transmembrane domain of the receptor superfamily, are regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They c

17、ontrol a wide range of biological processes. Cell injury 细胞损伤与适应1. CELL ADAPTATION细胞适应：A process which cells adapt to environmental stresses by modifying their metabolism, structure and function.2. Atrophy萎缩：Shrinkage in the size of the cell in a normally formed organby the loss of cell substance.3.

18、 Hypertrophy肥大:Increase in the size of cells and Increase in the size of tissue or organs4. Hyperplasia增生：refere to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue and an increase in tissue or organ size5. Metaplasia化生：Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replac

19、ed by another adult6. cell type.Cellular swelling水肿：Influx of H2O and abnormal accumulation within cell whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis.7. Fatty change脂肪变：Fatty change refers to any abnormal accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells.8. Hyaline change玻璃样变：Ap

20、pearance of homogenous, refractive, eosinophilic, hyaline material in connective tissue, vascular wall and cell is known as hyaline change.9. Amyloid change(amyloidosis)淀粉样变： Amyloid is an abnormal proteinaceous substance which is deposited between cells in many tissue and organs in a variety of cli

21、nical settings. 10.Hemosiderin含铁血黄素：Hemosiderin is a golden-yellow to brown iron containing pigment readily visible with the light microscope and shows positive Prussian blue.11. Lipofuscin脂褐素： Lipofuscin is an insoluble pigment also known as “wear-and tear” or aging pigment. It represents the indig

22、estible residues of autophagic vacuoles formed during aging or atrophy.12. Melanin黑色素： Melanin is an endogenous, non-hemoglobin-derived, brown- black pigment formed when the enzyme tyrosinasecatalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA). In humans, melanin synthesis is under ad

23、renal and pituitary control. Albinos suffer from a hereditary lack of tyrosinase.13. Pathological calcification病理性钙化：The deposition of calcium in cells and tissues other than bone, cartilage and teeth.14. Dystrophic calcification营养不良性钙化: Deposition of calcium in dead or dying tissue despite normal s

24、erum calcium level and normal calcium metabolism15. Metastatic calcification转移性钙化: Metastatic calcification is always in association with deranged calcium metabolism, leading to hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism, widespread metastasis of bone cancers and vit. D intoxication).16. Necrosis 坏死：Necrosi

25、s may be defined as the morphology of cell death in living body.17. Coagulative necrosis凝固性坏死： Coagulative necrosis implies preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cell for some days with the disappearance of fine structures (cellular details) within cell.18. Caseous necrosis干酪样坏死： A dis

26、tinctive form of coagulative necrosis, most often occurs in tuberculosis. The term “caseous” is derived from the gross appearance of the necrotic area. i.e. white and cheesy. 19. Liquefactive necrosis液化性坏死：The damaged cells are lysed by autolysis or heterolysis leaving amorphous, fluid or semifluid

27、material.20. Enzymatic fat necrosis：In acute pancreatitis, activated pancreatic enzymes are released from pancreas resulting in destruction of fat tissue.21. Traumatic fat necrosis: Trauma induce rupture of fat cells. The released fat causes chronic inflammation and foreign body reaction.22. Fibrino

28、id necrosis纤维素样坏死：Accumulation of pink staining homogenous masses of fibrin, immunoglobulins, and other plasma proteins within the vascular wall, connetive tissue is known as fibrinoid change.23. Gangrene坏疽： Massive necrosis of body surface or organs with a passage to the body surface with putrefact

29、ion superadded is known as gangrene.24. Dry gangrene干性坏疽： Dry gangrene occurs in the extremities due to occlusion of large artery with intact venous returns. The necrotic area is well dermacated black and mummification.25. Moist gangrene湿性坏疽： Blockage of venous return and artery supplymassive necros

30、is followed by liquefaction caused by bacterial enzymepurplish black color with fouel smelling.26. Gas gangrene气性坏疽： A serious complication of war wounds. deep contaminated wound(massive necrosis) + clostridia group bacterial infectiongas production through the action of saccharolytic and proteolyti

31、c enzyme released from bacteria.27. Apoptosis（凋亡）：Apoptosis is a distinct type of cell death(cell suicide). It usually involves single cells, or cluster of cells. It is thought to be responsible for numerous physiologic events as well pathologic including the programmed destruction of cells during e

32、mbryo-genesis.28. Labile cells continue to multiply throughout the life to replace those shed or destroyed cells during physiologic processes, including epidermis, alimentary, respiratory and urinary epithelium, hemopoietic cells, lymphoid cells. Stable cells normally cease multiplication but retain

33、 mitotic ability during adult life. e.g. liver cell, kidney tubular cells, endocrine cells. Permanent cells loss mitotic ability, comprise neurons and skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.29. Regeneration（再生）: The migration and proliferation of specialized cells re- establishing the anatomical and func

34、tional integrity of an organ or tissue. These processes may act alone, but usually found in combination.30. Repair（修复）: the migration and proliferation of connective tissue cells leading to scar formation.31. Organization （机化）is the replacement of dead tissue or inert material by granulation tissuei

35、mmature fibrovascular tissue. It is seen in infarct, hematoma, thrombi, and fibrinous exudates.32. Granulation tissue is formed by proliferative (novel) fibroblasts and capillaries.33. Healing（愈合） is the replacement of dead tissue by viable tissue. 34. Healing by first intention（一期愈合） which occurs i

36、n a clean wound with a minimum space between the marginsincised wound.35. Healing by second intention （二期愈合）which occurs in open or excised wound.36. Hyperemia（充血） refers to a local increased volume of blood caused by dilatation of the small vessels.37. Arterial hyperemia (active hyperemia)动脉充血It re

37、sults from an augmented arterial inflow, such as occurs in the muscles during exercise, at sites of inflammation, and in the pleasing neurovascular dilatation termed blushing.38. Venous hyperemia (静脉充血)：It results from diminished venous flow such as follows cardiac failure or obstructive venous dise

38、ase.39. Hemorrhage (出血)：refers to extravasation of blood caused by rupture of blood vessel.40. Hematoma（血肿）: Accumulation of large amount of blood within the tissue of the body.41. Hemothorax（胸腔积血）, hemopericardium，hemoperitoneum（腹腔积血）, hemarthrosis: blood accumulation in body cavities asthoracic ca

39、vity, pericardial cavity,Peritoneal cavity and arthritic cavity respectively.42. White thrombus (head of thrombus)白血栓：dry, friable gray mass Transection: darker gray lines of platelets (Zahns line)H. Platelet trabeculae formation mixed thrombus (body)（混合血栓）：White thrombus intermingled with red throm

40、bus red thrombus (tail) 红血栓：Dark red in color, laminations are not well developed and composed of RBC and fibrin43. Widespread thrombosis in the microcirculation is referred to disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).弥漫性血管内凝血44. Embolism(栓塞) refers to occlusion of some part of the cardiovascular

41、 system by any foreign mass carried there in the blood stream. The transported mass is called as embolus.45. Paradoxical embolism: In case of congenital septum defect of the heart, venous emboli may enter from the right into the left heart chambers.46. Retrograde embolism: Emboli occasionally may tr

42、avel against the direction of blood flow.47. Infarction（梗死）：Ischemic necrosis of tissue or organ caused by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage is referred to infarct, the process of infarct formation is called as infarction. White infarct : It result of arterial occlusion,

43、 commonly seen in compact, solid organs with less collateral circulation, such as the kidneys, spleen and heart. Red infarct：Red infarct of intestine: Limited venous outflow due to vascular obstruction + by pass channels cant develop.48. Inflammation （炎症）is a complex reaction to injurious agents suc

44、h as microbes and damaged, usually necrotic, cells that consists of vascular responses, migration and activation of leukocytes, and systemic reactions.49. 炎症局部组织发生的变性和坏死称为变质。50. 炎症局部组织血管内的液体和细胞成分，通过血管壁进入组织间质、体腔、粘膜表面和体表的过程叫渗出。The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system int

45、o the interstitial tissue or body cavities is known as exudation. 51. 增生包括实质细胞和间质细胞的增生。52. An exudate 渗出液 is an inflammatory extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, cellular debris, and a specific gravity above 1.020. It implies significant alteration in the normal permeability of

46、 small blood vessels in the area of injury. In contrast, a transudate 漏出液 is a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin) and a specific gravity of less than 1.012. It is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that results from osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across the vessel

47、wall without an increase in vascular permeability. 53. Edema 水肿 denotes an excess of fluid in the interstitial or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or a transudate. 54. Pus脓, a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells a

48、nd, in many cases, microbes.55. After extravasation, leukocytes emigrate in tissues toward the site of injury by a process called chemotaxis,趋化作用 defined most simply as locomotion oriented along a chemical gradient. 白细胞向着化学刺激物作定向移动56. 调理素opsonization：增强吞噬细胞吞噬功能的血清蛋白；主要是特异性抗体和补体。57. 菌血症 bacteremia、毒血

49、症 toxemia 、败血症 septicemia 、脓毒血症 pyemia 菌血症：细菌由局部病灶入血，全身无中毒症状，但血液中可查到细菌。 毒血症：细菌毒性产物或毒素吸收入血。产生全身中毒症状，血培养阴性。 败血症：细菌由局部病灶入血，大量繁殖，产生毒素，引起全身中毒症状和病理变化。 浓毒败血症：细菌血中大量繁殖，中毒症状明显，多个脏器有脓肿形成。58. 假膜性炎（白喉、菌痢）发生在粘膜面的纤维蛋白性炎假膜：纤维蛋白性、中性粒细胞、坏死粘膜上皮、病原微生物59. 绒毛心Fibrinous pericarditis发生在心外膜的纤维蛋白性炎60. PURULENT INFLAMMATION化

50、脓性炎 ：大量中性粒细胞渗出为主伴组织坏死和脓液形成。化脓suppuration：中性粒细胞和坏死组织崩解，释放蛋白酶，使坏死组织溶解液化成液状物的过程。61. 蜂窝织炎 phlegmonous inflammation弥漫性化脓性炎，主要由溶血性链球菌引起，大量中性粒细胞弥漫浸润，与正常组织分界不清，坏死不明显，常见于疏松组织：皮下、肌肉、阑尾。62. 溃疡 ulcer皮肤粘膜的浅表脓肿，向表面破溃形成缺损。 窦道 sinus深部脓肿向体表或体腔穿破，一端为盲端的排浓管道。 瘘管 fistula有两个或两个以上的排浓管道。 空洞 cavity内脏器官脓肿的脓液经自然管道排出，形成空腔。63.

51、 Chronic inflammation慢性炎症 is considered to be inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. 慢性炎症是指在致炎因子长期作用下，病程较长，以淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、血管及结缔组织增生为主的炎症。64. 肉芽肿性炎granulomatous inflammation巨噬细胞增生，聚结成境界清楚

52、的结节状病灶。 肉芽肿 granuloma异物肉芽肿、感染性肉芽肿：结核、麻风、伤寒、风湿病、血吸虫；往往具有诊断意义。 Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by focal accumulations of activated macrophages, which often develop an epithelial-like (epithelioid) appearance. A granuloma is a focus of

53、chronic inflammation consisting of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages that are transformed into epithelium-like cells surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells. 肿瘤NEOPLASM1.肿瘤是机体在各种致瘤因素作用下，局部组织的细胞在基因水平上失去对其生长的正常调控，导致克隆性异常增生而形成的新生物。这

54、种新生物常形成局部肿块。A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.2.Differentiation refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells res

55、emble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally; lack of differentiation is called anaplasia3.间变 anaplasia指恶性肿瘤细胞缺乏分化，异型性明显。 分化幼稚 成熟 间变4. 演进 progression：恶性肿瘤在生长过程中越来越富有侵袭性.5. 异质化 heterogeneity：由一个克隆来源的肿瘤细胞在生长过程中形成在侵袭能力、生长速度、对激素反应、对抗癌药的敏感性等方面有所不同的亚克隆的过程。6. 直接蔓延：瘤细胞沿着组织间隙、淋巴管、血管或神

56、经束衣浸润，破坏邻近正常器官或组织，并继续生长。7. 转移 metastasis：瘤细胞从原发部位侵入淋巴管、血管或体腔，迁移到他处继续生长，形成与原发瘤同样类型的肿瘤。8. 副肿瘤综合征paraneoplastic syndrome：由于肿瘤产物（包括异位激素产生）或异位免疫反应或其他不明原因，引起内分泌、神经、消化、造血、骨关节、肾脏及皮肤等系统发生病变，出现相应临床表现，非原发肿瘤或转移灶直接引起。9. Carcinoma in situ, CIS粘膜鳞状上皮层或皮肤表皮层内的重度不典型增生几乎累及或累及上皮的全层（上皮内瘤变3级）药物1.我国将不良反应定义为上市药品在正常用法用量情况下

57、出现的与用药目的无关的有害反应。以区别于药物过量（overdose），在本课程中将两者合称为“不良反应”。2.Side effect undesirable effects of that drug for that therapeutic indication at usual doses, usually are non-deleterious.治疗剂量时出现的与治疗目的无关的药物作用。3.Toxic effect Functional or morphological damages produced by larger doses of longer terms of drug use

58、s. 剂量过大或用药时间过长体内蓄积过多时发生的危害性反应。4.严重的不良反应可以引起疾病，这种由药物不良反应引起的疾病称为药源性疾病，它主要是不合理用药造成的。药源性疾病实际上是药物不良反应在一定条件下产生的后果，一般来说，药源性疾病不包括因使用药物超过极量所引起的急性中毒。5.After effect：Effects after drug concentration in the body is lower than threshold level.(停药后血药浓度已降至阈浓度之下时残存的药理效应)6.Allergic reaction ( Hypersensitivity ) :Abnorm