制冷技术英文重点

1、第一章1、制冷系统的组成及各自作用。a compressor, a condenser, a metering device (throttling device, decreasing temperature device), and an evaporator. Any components beyond them are called accessories. 压缩机、冷凝器、节流设备（节流装置，降温装置）和蒸发器，除此以外的任何部件都是辅助设备。(1). The compressor is a vapor compression device which uses pistons or

2、 some other parts to compress the refrigerant vapor from low pressure to high pressure, and send it to the condenser. 压缩机是蒸汽压缩设备，使用活塞或其他部件把制冷剂蒸汽从低压压缩到高压，并把压缩气体排到冷凝器。(2). The condenser is a heat exchanger which removes heat from the hot compressed refrigerant vapor and allows it to condense into a li

3、quid. 冷凝器是一个热交换装置，在冷凝器里热量从压缩的热的制冷剂蒸汽释放出来，使制冷剂冷凝成液体。(3). Metering Device：such as capillary tube or expansion valve，is a device to decrease temperatureIts general function is to cause a pressure drop and also a temperature drop of the refrigerant，and to restrict the flux of refrigerant cycling in the

4、system.节流装置：例如毛细管、膨胀阀，它是来降低温度的一种装置。它的一般功能是引起压降和制冷剂的温度下降,并限制制冷剂的流量系统中循环。(4). The evaporator is a heat exchanger which removes heat from the warmer room air to the refrigerant and allows the refrigerant to evaporate into vapor. The refrigerant will evaporate inside tube of the evaporator. The room air

5、 is sucked through the evaporator coil and fins, which is cooled by the evaporating refrigerant vapor through the fins of the evaporator.蒸发器是一个把室内空气热量转移到制冷剂并且把制冷剂蒸发成气体的热交换装置，制冷剂在蒸发器内蒸发。室内空气被抽吸穿过蒸发器盘管，而因蒸发器内制冷剂蒸发吸热得到冷却。2、 制冷定义表述。Definition of Refrigeration制冷的定义Literally, the word “refrigerate” is to

6、make or keep cool or cold; to preserve (food, biologicals, etc) by keeping cold and freezing, as in Websters New World Dictionary,从字面意义上而言，制冷就是变凉变冷从而保存食物和生物制品等。在Webster的世界词典中把制冷定义为保持寒冷、结冰。Scientifically, there are several similar definitions of “refrigeration”, such as the following:关于制冷科学的几种相似定义如下:

7、“Refrigeration” is used to maintain a chamber at a lower temperature than those of its surroundings (in The Penguin Dictionary of Physics).制冷是为了把一个空间的温度维持在比周围环境低。According to ASRE (American Society of Refrigeration Engineering), refrigeration is defined as the science of providing and maintaining te

8、mperatures below that of surroundings. 根据ASRE(美国制冷工程协会)，制冷被认为是一种提供并维持比周围环境温度低的一门学科。The science and art of refrigeration is concerned with the cooling of bodies or fluid to temperatures lower than those available in the surroundings at a particular time and place, as written by W. B. Gosney.1W. B. Go

9、sney.则认为制冷是在特定的时间，特定的空间使身体或液体的温度比周围环境低的一种学科和艺术。Refrigeration may also be defined as the artificial withdrawal of heat, producing in a substance or within a space a temperature lower than that which would exist under the natural influence of surroundings.制冷也被定义为人工除去热量，从而使物质或是空间达到一个比在环境自然影响下更低的温度。3、 热

10、泵的定义。The main difference between the refrigeration system and heat pump system can be physically conceived of from the fact that in the former there is pumping of heat out of the system into the surrounding as against pumping of a heat from surrounding into the system in the latter case. Thus a refr

11、igeration system can be used as a heat pump. 对于制冷系统和热泵系统最大的区别可以从他们的物理特性上来区分。在制冷系统中是将系统中的热量带到周围环境，而在热泵系统中是将环境的热量带到系统中。因此，制冷系统可以当做热泵系统来使用。RefrigerationHeat pumpSurrounding35Room (to be cooled)26Room (to be warmed) 20Surrounding-10Refrigeration and Heat Pump4、 air condition空调；Refrigeration and Cryogeni

12、cs制冷和低温cryogenics is concerned with temperatures below about 120 K低温范围低于120K。第二章1.第一、二、三定律的表述。The First Law of Thermodynamics involves the conservation of energyIt states：The energy of an isolated system remains constant Within an isolated system，where no other energy or material can enter or leave

13、，energy can neither be created nor destroyed Although energy cannot be created or destroyed，it can be transferred to work or other forms of energy热力学第一定律是能量守恒:一个孤立系统的能量保持不变,在一个孤立的系统,在没有其他能源或物质可以进入或离开,能量既不能创造也不能毁灭,虽然能量不能被创造或毁灭,它可以转移到工作或其他形式的能量。课本P38-392、蒸汽压缩制冷系统组成及作用。3、refrigerating capacity与refriger

14、ating load的区别 制冷量与制冷负荷的区别4、卡诺循环carnot refrigeration cycle COP公式 洛伦兹循环lorenz cycle5、 heat source 热源heat sink 冷源6、第一类热泵与第二类热泵的比较（课本P49上+ 纸写）第三章1、Adiabatic throttle process （绝热节流过程）When a hydraulic resistance part, such as throttle valve, a porous plug, or a capillary tube restrictor, is implemented in

15、 a gas stream, and the gas flows adiabatically through the resistance part without performing any external work or any velocity change at the system boundary, this process is called adiabatic throttle process. The process was first investigated by J.P. Joule and W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and is call

16、ed Joule-Thomson process. 当一个液压阻力部件，如节流阀，多孔塞，或是毛细管被安装在气流中，而气体绝热地通过阻力部件无消耗额外功或是在系统边界处速度无变化，这个过程叫做绝热节流过程，J.P. Joule和W. Thomson首先研究这个过程，因而叫Joule-Thomson过程。2、焦汤效应。The Joule-Thomson effect（焦耳汤姆森效应）（见三、1）3、绝热等熵膨胀过程A gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion process, in which the gas is doing an external work,

17、but without heat exchanging with the surroundings. This process is called adiabatic expansion process. If there is no any internal friction in the process, the process can be called an isentropic expansion process.气体经历绝热膨胀过程是指气体做了外功，但与环境没有热交换。这个过程叫做绝热膨胀过程。如果在这个过程中没有内部摩擦，那么这个过程叫做绝热等熵膨胀过程。4、比较等熵膨胀和绝热节

18、流。In most cases of gas region, the coefficient of isentropic expansion process is much larger that of Joule-Thomson process. Fig.3-6 compares the effects between the Joule-Thomson process and the adiabatic expansion process using nitrogen as an example. If the initial state is at 200bar and 300K sho

19、wn at point 1, and the final pressure is 1.01bar, then the temperature reduction achieved from a Joule-Thomson process (constant enthalpy process); is less than 40K. However the temperature reduction as large as 223K can be achieved using an adiabatic expansion process (isentropic process) under the

20、 same operating conditions.在气相的大部分区域，等熵膨胀的系数比Joule-Thomson的系数大。图3-6比较了用氮气做工质的Joule-Thomson过程和绝热膨胀过程的效果。如果起点的状态是压力为200bar温度为300K的点一，最终压力为1.01bar,通过Joule-Thomson过程获得的温降小于40K，然而，在同样的运行工况下通过绝热膨胀过程获得的温降是223K。If the initial state is at 30bar and 300K as shown at point 2, and the final pressure is still 1.

21、01bar, the temperature decreasing of Joule-Thomson process ; is less than 10K; however the temperature decreasing of adiabatic expansion process is as large as 190K.如果起点的状态是压力为30bar温度为300K的点二，最终压力仍为1.01bar，通过Joule-Thomson过程的温降小于10K，而通过绝热膨胀过程引起的温降190K。Fig.3-6, Comparison of temperature decreasebetwee

22、n Joule-Thomson process and Adiabatic expansion图.3-6，Joule-Thomson和绝热膨胀过程的比较However, if the final state of the processes falls into the liquid-vapor region, from the point 3, for example, the resultant temperature reductions of the two processes are the same, that is because of the relationship betw

23、een the saturated pressure and temperature in this region as shown in Eq.3-5.然而，如果最终状态点落在气液两相区，比如说点3，这两个过程引起的温降是相同的，因为饱和压力和温度在这个区域的关系见式3-55、飞行器中的空气制冷循环。Fig.3-7, Adiabatic expansion used for air conditioning of an aircraft图3-7，飞行器用绝热膨胀空调In practice, gas expansion on which some external work is perfor

24、med is implemented in an expansion engine, which is called expander. In expander, the energy of the compressed gas is converted into work. Like the compressor, the expander can be classed into two general groups, namely the positive-displacement type (such as reciprocating compressor) and the change

25、 of momentum type (turbo-compressor). 在实际中，输出外功的气体膨胀被应用于膨胀动力机械，叫做膨胀机。在膨胀机中，压缩气体的能量转化为功。像压缩机一样，膨胀机可以分为两大类，容积型(像是往复式压缩机)和速度型(像是叶轮压缩机)。Fig.3-7 shows an example of a turbo-expander used for air conditioning of an airplane. The air from the chamber of an aircraft at point 1, is isentropically compressed

26、to point 2, and then enters an air cooler. The heat of compression is released in the form of sensitive heat. (The cooler is not called a condenser as that in vapor compression cycle.) The air at point 3 is then expanded in a turbine expander, which is a work-producing device. The work delivered by

27、the expander can be reused to drive the compressor. The air leaving the expander has a temperature of , which is low enough to cool the chamber of aircraft. The cycle consists of two isobaric processes and two isentropic processes.图3-7所示是飞机用空调的叶轮膨胀机的例子。飞机室内的空气状态点是点1，被等熵的压缩至点2，接着进入空气冷却器。压缩热以显热的形式释放出来

28、（在蒸汽压缩循环中这种空气冷却器不叫冷凝器）。状态点为点3的空气在能够做功的涡轮膨胀机内膨胀，膨胀机送来的功可以再次用来驱动压缩机。离开膨胀机的空气温度为，足够冷却飞行器的房间。这个循环包括两个等压过程和两个等熵过程。涡流管的工作原理及热端调节阀。A vortex tube is a rigid-walled device which employs a vortex flow to separate a high-pressure stream of gas into two low-pressure steams at different temperatures as shown in

29、Fig.3-9. The compressed air is injected through a tangential nozzle 1 into a scroll 2, where a strong circular flow is established, producing a nonuniform temperature field. The gas layers closer to the axis are colder than the feed gas, and the peripheral layers are hotter. The internal interaction

30、 which causes the separation is a fluid shear work transfer between the flow in the inner vortex and that in the outer vortex. 涡流管是一个刚性壁的装置它使一股高压气流在不同的温度下分离成两股低压流如图3-9所示。压缩的空气通过相关的喷嘴1进入到涡卷2并在那里形成一股很强的旋转流从而产生一个不均匀的温度区。靠近轴的气体层比刚进的气体的温度低，周围的气体层温度高点。内部的相互反应引起的分离是由内部的涡旋和外部的涡旋相互转换的切应力引起的。Vortex Tubes have

31、 an adjustable valve at the hot end which controls the volume of the air flow, and the temperature exiting at the cold end. By adjusting the valve, the cold fraction is controlled which is the percentage of total input compressed air that exits at the cold end of the vortex tube. 1,2 涡流管的热端有一个可调的阀门，

32、这个阀门可以控制气体流进的体积，温度出口在冷端。通过调节阀门可以控制总压缩空气进入的百分数从而控制“冷空气质量分率” ，涡流管冷端出口.6、 变质量系统基本几个过程。Temperature rise in adiabatic gas admission process绝热充气过程温度提高 p60Temperature reduce in adiabatic gas deflation process绝热放气过程气体的温度降低 p61补：课本最后一页。刚性容器绝热放气过程刚性容器等温放气过程变质量等温膨胀7、 GM制冷循环 P62Gifford-McMahon Refrigeration Cyc

33、leG_M制冷循环8、 脉管制冷循环P649、 Simple Linde cycle 一次节流循环。Linde-Hampson process with pre-coolingLinde cycle with two compression 林德双压循环（笔记）第四章1、磁制冷。In adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, a paramagnetic salt is placed between the two poles of an electromagnet. The paramagnetic salt is therefore subjecte

34、d to an external magnetic field while the power supply to the electric magnet is on, which causes the magnet dipoles of the atom of the salt to align and the heat to release. The heat is simultaneously removed during the isothermal magnetization process. The salt is then thermally isolated and demag

35、netized after switching off the power supply. In this adiabatic demagnetization process, the salt is adiabatically cooled. Adiabatic demagnetization is a process which has been used for producing temperature near absolute zero.在绝热去磁制冷中，具有顺磁性盐放置在电磁铁的两极之间。顺磁盐受到外部磁场的作用，释放的能量作用在电磁铁上，导致盐中原子的偶电极的变动，释放出能量。

36、热量是在等温磁化过程中同时移动的。当时的盐是先绝热然后关掉电源消磁的。在这一绝热退磁过程中，盐绝热冷却。绝热退磁是可以产生接近绝对零度的过程。2、绝热膨胀制冷与磁制冷的比较。见笔记（纸张）3、激光制冷机工作原理。课本P84第五章1、蒸汽压缩制冷蒸气压缩制冷基本循环The basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle is shown on Fig.5-1. It is composed of the following 4 processes: reversible heat addition at pe = const. in evaporation

37、 to saturated vapor (from point 4 to point 1); isentropic compression from saturated vapor to the condensing pressure pc (from point1 to point 2); reversible heat rejection at pc=const. desuperheating and condensation to saturated liquid, (from point 2 to point 3); and throttling (irreversible proce

38、ss) from high pressure pc to lower pressure pe, (from point 3 to point 4).蒸气压缩制冷循环如图5-1所示，它包含如下四个过程：制冷剂在恒压pe下吸热蒸发至饱和蒸气（状态4到状态1）；制冷剂蒸气在压缩机中由饱和蒸气定熵压缩至冷凝压力pc（状态1到状态2）；定压力pc下可逆放热冷凝降温至饱和液体（状态2到状态3）；由高压pc不可逆节流至低压pe（状态3到状态4）2、吸收式制冷。Both the mechanical vapor compression refrigeration cycle and the absorptio

39、n refrigeration cycle accomplish the removal of heat through the evaporation of a refrigerant at a low pressure and the rejection of heat through the condensation of the refrigerant at a higher pressure. The method of creating the pressure difference and circulating the refrigerant is the primary di

40、fference between the two cycles. The mechanical vapor compression cycle employs a mechanical compressor to create the pressure difference necessary to circulate the refrigerant. In the absorption system, another liquid, which is called absorbent, is used to circulate the refrigerant.机械式蒸气压缩制冷循环和吸收式制

41、冷循环都是通过制冷剂在低压下蒸发来吸热，然后通过制冷剂在高压下冷凝来放热。两种循环最主要的差别是产生压差和制冷剂循环的方式不同。机械蒸气压缩循环是使用机械压缩机来产生制冷剂循环所需的压差。而在吸收式系统中，由另一种叫做吸收剂的液体来产生制冷循环所需的压差。 Fig.5-2, essential components of the vapor absorption cycle图5-2, 蒸气吸收循环的主要部分The main components of a basic absorption system are shown diagrammatically in Fig.5-2 Comparin

42、g the left part of Fig.5-1, it can be seen that the condenser, expansion valve and evaporator in these two cycles are the same, the mechanical compressor, however, is replaced by a thermal compressor which consists of absorber, solution pump, generator (or boiler) and liquid valve. This group of com

43、ponents sucks vapor from the evaporator, and delivers high pressure vapor to the condenser, just as the mechanical compressor does but the vapor is actually absorbed by a liquid absorbent . Aqua ammonia and aqua lithium bromide solutions are commonly used in vapor absorption refrigeration systems基本吸

44、收式系统的主要组成部分如图5-2所示，和图5-1的左半部分相比可以看到在两种循环中冷凝器，膨胀阀和蒸发器是相同的，而机械式压缩机被一个热压缩机所代替了，这个热压缩机包括吸收器，溶液泵，发生器（或锅炉）和液体阀。这样一组设备，就像机械压缩机一样从蒸发器吸收蒸气并将高压蒸气送入冷凝器，但吸收蒸气的是液体吸收剂。在蒸气吸收式制冷系统中常用的工质是氨水溶液和溴化锂溶液。In an ammonia-water absorbtion system, ammonia is used as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent. The absorber is

45、fed with weak solution rich with water which absorbs the ammonia vapor. The absorption of ammonia by water is an exothermic process. The strong solution formed in the absorber is pumped to the generator at higher pressure. In the generator, the strong solution is boiled by heating, and the vapor giv

46、en off is rectified to nearly pure ammonia and delivered to the condenser. There is a heat exchanger interposed between the generator and absorber. The hot weak solution from the generator transfers the heat to the strong solution from the absorber. To maintain the difference in pressures between th

47、e generator and absorber, a valve is installed in the pipe 4, 5在氨水吸收式系统中，氨做制冷剂，水做吸收剂。吸收器提供用来吸收氨蒸气的含有大量水的稀溶液。水吸收氨气是一个放热过程。在吸收器形成的浓溶液被溶液泵加压并流进蒸发器。在发生器，浓溶液被加热至沸腾，放出的蒸气被精馏至几乎为纯氨蒸气并被送入冷凝器。在发生器和冷凝器之间有一个换热器。从发生器来的热的稀溶液将热量传给来自吸收器的浓溶液。为了维持发生器和吸收期间的压差，在管路中装了一个阀。In lithium bromide-water absorption refrigeratio

48、n systems, water is the refrigerant and lithium bromide is the absorbent. This explains that the lithium bromide absorption system is strictly limited to evaporation temperatures above 0C; and the ammonia absorption system is mainly used for low temperatures below 0C. Water as a solvent in ammonia a

49、bsorption system is present in the vapor so rectification is required to remove it, whereas LiBr (a hygroscopic salt) is almost non-volatile at the operating conditions so rectification is not necessary在溴化锂吸收式制冷系统中，水是制冷剂，溴化锂是吸收剂。这是溴化锂吸收式系统的低温要控制在0C以上；而氨水吸收式制冷循环可以在0C以下的原因。在氨水吸收式系统中，水作为制冷剂会蒸发，所以要用精馏除去

50、。而在运行工况下，溴化锂（一种吸湿性盐）是几乎不挥发的，所以不需要精馏。The refrigerants and absorbent in H2O-LiBr system and NH3H2O system表5-1, H2O-LiBr系统和NH3H2O系统中的制冷剂和吸收剂吸收式循环制冷剂吸收剂H2OLiBr 系统H2OLiBr solutionNH3H2O 系统NH3H2O3、蒸汽吸附制冷。Principles of adsorption refrigeration 吸附式制冷的原理Like the the mechanical vapor compression refrigeration

51、 cycle and the absorption refrigeration cycle, the adsorption refrigeration cycle can accomplish the removal of heat through the evaporation of a refrigerant at a low pressure and the rejection of heat through the condensation of the refrigerant at a higher pressure. The pressure difference in the a

52、dsorption refrigeration system is created by adsorption and desorption of refrigerant vapor by adsorbent at low temperature and at high temperature respectively, as shown in Fig.5-13.和蒸气压缩式制冷循环一样，吸附式制冷循环同样可以在低压环境下通过制冷剂的蒸发来转移热量，在高压环境下通过制冷剂的冷凝散热。吸附式制冷系统中压力的不同是通过制冷剂蒸气分别在低温环境中的吸附和高温环境下的解吸附来实现的，如下图5-13所示

53、。图5-13蒸气吸附式制冷原理When the adsoprion system in operation, the adsorbent is alternatively being cooled and heated. When it is being cooled, the adsorbent absorbs vapor from the evaporator. The exhausted adsorbent is then moved to a high temperature region for desorption. The vapor evolved from the adsor

54、bent is then condensed in the condenser.吸附系统运行时吸附剂不停的被加热和冷却。当被冷却时吸附剂从蒸发器吸附水蒸气随后进入高压的区域解吸附。被吸附剂吸附的蒸气在冷凝器里逐渐被冷凝。Adsorption is a physi process by which a fluid molecule is fixed onto a solid matrix, typically a surface or a porous material. When the molecule is fixed, it releases some heat, therefore,

55、the adsorption is an exothermic process. Moreover, the thermodynamic equilibrium is divariant. This divariant equilibrium can be described by the set of isosters in the Clapeyron diagram (LnP vs -1/T), shown in Fig.5-14.吸附剂制冷剂活性炭活性碳化纤维硅胶水氨水乙醇分子筛氢化物甲醇4、喷射式制冷。Principles of vapor jet refrigeration syst

56、ems蒸气射流制冷的原理Vapor jet refrigeration is other type of vapor compression refrigeration cycle driven by heat source of high temperature. As the same as the mechanical vapor compression refrigeration cycle, the vapor jet refrigeration cycle can accomplish the removal of heat through the evaporation of a

57、 refrigerant at a low pressure and the rejection of heat through the condensation of the refrigerant at a higher pressure. The pressure difference in the system is created by a high pressure vapor or steam ejector, as shown in Fig.5-15.蒸气射流制冷是另一种以高温热源为驱动的蒸气压缩制冷和机械压缩制冷一样，它可以在低压下通过制冷剂的蒸发而带走热量。在高压下压缩制冷

58、剂而散热。如图5-15，系统中的压力是由高压蒸气或蒸气射流所产生。The refrigerant in the system shown in Fig.5-15 is water. A supply of high-pressure vapor, usually steam, passes through a nozzle in which it acquires a high velocity and some vacuum whilst expanding down to evaporator pressure. This steam, known as the motive steam, shares its momentum with vapor from the evaporator so that the