中国文化通览资料

1、Tran slati on of Useful Expressi onsChin ese expressi onsEn glish Tran slati on黄河流域Yellow River Valley文化融合，政治统Cultural fusi on and political un ity游牧部落no madic tribesme n疆域Territory; realm; fron tier小农经济The small-scale peasa nt economy封建主经济Suzera in / la ndlord / own er-peasa nt economy自然经济形态The n a

2、tural econo mic patter n农、林、牧、畐Agriculture,forestati on,herdi ng, fish ing and third渔in dustry cooperati on中原The Cen tral pla ins重农轻商Encourage farming, limit commerce24节气The 24 Solar Terms战国时期The Warri ng States period男耕女织The mancultivatingthe land and the womarweaving athome自给自足的自然经济Self-sufficie n

3、t n atural economy一盘散沙A sheet of loose sand草根阶层The grass-roots level人头税The poll tax水能载舟，亦能覆舟The water that carries the boat can also overturn it.多元一体In tegrated pluralism吐故纳新Discard the old and embrace the new炎黄子孙the desce ndants of Yandi and Huan gdi礼仪之邦The land of cerem ony and propriety大一统观念The c

4、on cepti on of great n ati onal un ity甲骨文The in scripti ons on tortoise shells or ani mal bones铭文The in scripti ons on bronze or copper wares象形、指事、会Pictographs, self-expla natory, associative compo un ds, pictoph on etic method意、形声(examples)四书五经The Four Books and The Five Classics书同文、行同伦The sta ndar

5、dized writte n Ian guage and behaviors儒、道、佛、法家Con fucia ni sm, Classical Taoist thinking, Buddhism, the Legalist School焚书坑儒Bur n books and bury Con fucia n scholars alive无为而治To gover n by doing no thi ng独尊儒术、罢黜百Pay supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all家other schools of thoughts四大发明Four G

6、reat Inven ti ons of An cie nt China:1) the inven tio n of paper making tech no logy2) the art of printing3) the making of the gun powder4) the compass守内虚外Internal defe nse and exter nal slacke ning重文轻武Lay stress on the cultural achievement while make light of the military exploits清明上河图The scroll of

7、 pain ti ng: the festival of PureBright ness on the RiverChin ese expressi onsEn glish Tran slati on求和谐，主平衡Seek for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium消灾祈福Avert calamities and pray for bless ings临时抱佛脚Clasp Buddha s feet whenin trouble seek help at the last mome nt六合The six realms of Heave n and Eart

8、h, East and West,North and South内圣外王Internalized as cultivation and externalized as gover nance of virtue真诚、正心、修身Sincerity, integrity and intellectual cultivation齐家治国平天下Keep your family in order, govern the state effectively and bring peace to the world中庸The golde n mean天人合一Onen ess of man and n atu

9、re大一统Great Natio nal Unity集体利益Values of Collectivism/ Collective in terest人伦Huma n relati ons普天之下莫非王All the land un der the sun bel ongs to the king; all土，率土之滨莫非the people within this country are the king s王臣subjects.史记The Historical Records宗族关系The patriarchal relatio ns赴汤蹈火Go through fire and water

10、中华民族的脊梁The spiritual tower of Chin ese n atio n否极泰来Out of depth of misfort une comes bliss以柔克刚Conq uer the rigid with the gen tle一张一弛Alter nate tension with relaxati on仁者爱人The ben evole nt love others仁政Ben evole nt gover nment以民为本People are the foun dati on of the state民为贵，社稷次People comefirst, the s

11、tate comessecond and the king之，君为轻third性善论The theory of origi nal good ness of huma n n ature小国寡民A small state with a small populati on无为而治The rule of in acti on汉代经学Imperial Confucianism in the Han Dynasty、ter ,、s1课堂重点1) The Four Books (The Great Learning , The Doctrine of the Mean , The Confucian A

12、nalects , and The Works of Mencius ) and The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry , The Book of History , The Book of Rites , The Book of Changes , and The Spring andAutumn Annals ) cover a wide range of subjects and are the most important textbooks for the Con fucia n scholars to dissem in ate the edu

13、catio nal thoughts of the Con fucia n School and a must for ancient scholars who had to pass the imperial competitive exam in ati on to become gover nment officials.2) The Great Learning is about the cultivation of one s moral character and thewisdoms of governing a country during the“ daxue” (or gr

14、eat learning or highereducati on) period of ancient China.3) The Con fucia n An alects or The An alects embodies the Con fucia n con cept of ren or huma nity or ben evole nee, and ano ther con cept of yi or righteous ness.4) The Works of Mencius embodies the philosophical and political thinking of M

15、encius. He developed and enriched the “ren and yi theory ” of Confucius and supposed that every man is good by nature, and called for a benevolent government.5) The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China.It is an invaluable reference for the study of the primitiv

16、e and feudal societiesin ancient China and is the source of narrative writing in China as well. This book consists of three parts:the exhortations, oaths or declarations by the lords to their subjects; the advice or suggestions of the subjects to their lord; folklores or other materials6) The Spring

17、 and AutumnAnnals is a canonical book of history. It consists of three Commentaries: the Commentary of Zuo focuses on history; the Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on comments on historical events.7) Beijing Opera emerged in Qing Dynasty, when Kun opera was gradually on the wane beca

18、use it was only enjoyed by the nobles in the royal court, not the general public.It is a treasure of the Chinese nation as well as a cultural symbol of China, andis enjoyed by a large Chinese audience.8) Classification of Beijing Opera9) Figure painting is the earliest kind of traditional Chinese pa

19、inting; It reflects to a great degree aesthetic and artistic thinking of Confucian scholars, with the aim to rectify one s mind and makepeople abstain from their desires. It is divided into five major categories: gongbi (detailed brushwork), jianbi (sketchy brushwork), xieyi (free hand brushwork), b

20、aimiao (outline drawing), and pomo (splash-ink).10) Traditional Chinese landscape painting embodies the Chinese people s conception of nature, their aesthetic awareness, and their wisdom and sentiment.It is a unique tradition of Chinese landscape painting to create artistic conception( viz. to seek

21、a unity of form and spirit, of humanfeelings and natural settings, with an emphasis on the expression of the painters own thoughts andfeelings).11) Calligraphy is native to China; it is a traditional art with a long history and national characteristic features. It has five major scripts, namely the Seal Character, Official Script, Regular Script, Running Script, and Cursive Script12) Fou