医学免疫学名解英文综述

1、免疫Immune resp on se:the resp onse made by the host to defe nd itself aga inst the in troduct ionof foreig n substa nces.An tige n: An an tige n is any age nt capable of binding specifically to comp onents of immune system, such as BCR and soluble an tibodiesImmunogen- A substa nee that in duces a sp

2、ecific immune resp on se.(All immunogens are an tige ns, but not all an tige ns are immunogens)Antigenicity:The ability of a compound to bind with antibodies or cells of the immunesystem. This binding is highly specific.ImmunogenicityImmunogenicity is the ability of a particular substanee, such as a

3、n antigen or epitope, to provoke a specific immune response in the body of a huma n or ani mal.|Hapten 半抗原： A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune resp onse

4、by itself.EpitopeEpitope is the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an an tibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.TI-AgThymus -independentantigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells toproduce an tibody without the requireme nt for T cell help in ge

5、n eral.TD-AgThymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of an tibody without the help of T cellsSuper an tige nAn an tige n which polycl on ally activates some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%).Adjuvants : A substanee that when mixed with an immunogen, enhanc

6、es the immune resp onse aga inst the immunogen.Immuno globuli nThe Immuno globuli ns are globuli n which function as an tibodies or similar to an tibodies in chemical structure.Compleme ntarity determ ining regi on (CDR)互补决定区：A complementarity determiningregion (CDR) is a short amino acid sequenee f

7、ound in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular an tige n.Complement : A group of serum proteins involved in the control of inflammation, the a

8、ctivati on of phagocytes and the lytic attack on cell membra nes. It bel ongs to the inn ate immune system, and can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive immune system.Common receptor sub unitThere is same receptor sub un it for cytok ine sig nali ng among the differe nt cytok ine rec

9、eptors.e.g. com mon 丫 cha inCytok ine (CK) :Small soluble prote ins that mediate immune and in flammatory reacti onsand are resp on sible for com muni cati ons betwee n leukocytes and other cells.Soluble cytok ine receptorSoluble cytok ine receptor is the extracellular part of the receptor, which ca

10、n competitively bind to cytok ineCytokinestorm : Under certaincircumstances (e.g. septic shock), large amounts of CKs(such as TNF) are produced, they may be active dista nt from their site of secreti on.Leukocyte differentiationantigen 白纟田胞分化抗原：The cell surface markers whichexpress or disappear on t

11、he different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activati on.Cluster of differentiation (CD): Cell surface moleculesof leucocytes that aredist in guishable with monoclonal an tibodies as an immuno logic marker.Cell adhesi on molecules, CAM:A group of protei ns in volved in adhesi o

12、n of cell to cell orcell to extracellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc.In tegri nIn tegri ns are tran smembra ne receptors that mediate the attachme nt betwee n a cell and the tissues that surround it, such as other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM)Selecti

13、 nsSelect ins (CD62 ) are a family of cell adhesi on molecules.MHC 主要组织相容性复合物： The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large geno mic regi on or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gen e-de nse regi on of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system

14、, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.PolymorphismThe phe nomenon of havi ng multiple alleles at give n gen etic locus in the populati onSomatic hypermutati on体纟田胞高度突变： Somatic hypermutati on (or SHM) is a mecha nismin side cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreig

15、n eleme nts which confront it (for example, microbes).ITAMAn immuno receptor tyros in e-based activati on motif(ITAM) is a con served seque nee offour amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certa in cell surface prote ins of the immune system.Negative selection负选择： The death

16、of autoimmunelymphocytes shortly after theydevelop. Also known as clonal deletio n.Positive selecti on:Double positive cells that bi nd, with moderate affini ty, to MHC-Ag onthymic stroma cells survive. DP cell acquire MHC restrictio n though positive selectio nFoxp3A member of the FOX protein famil

17、y, FOXP3 appears to function as a master tran scripti on factor in the development and function of regulatory T cells.APC : A variety of cell types specialized in the presentation ofpeptide-MHC to lymphocytes,caus ing either tolera nee or immu ni ty.Cross-prese ntati on+Class I MHC molecules prese n

18、t exoge nous Ags to CD8T cells.Immuno logical syn apseWhen the TCR complex recog ni zes MHC-associated peptides on an APC, several T cell surface protei ns and in tracellular sig nali ng molecules are rapidly mobilized to the site of T cell-APC con tact. This regi on of physical con tact betwee n th

19、e T cell and the APC has bee n called the immuno logical syn apseAn ergy 无反应性：An ergy is a term in immuno biology that describes a lack of reaction by the bodys defe nse mecha ni sms to foreig n substa nces, and con sists of a direct in duct ion of peripheral lymphocyte tolera nee.Regulatory T cell

20、调节性 T 纟田胞： Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and toleranee to self-a ntige ns.AICD 激活诱导的细胞死亡：activatio n-in duced cell death (AICD)

21、recog nition and deletionof T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediatedactivation,preve nti ng their overgrowth.Class switch ingClassswitchingis a biological mechanism that changes a B cells productionof an tibody from one class to ano therCen tral tolera neeis the mecha

22、 nism by which n ewly develop ing T cells and B cells are ren dered non-reactive to self duri ng their developme nt in thymus and bone marrow.Secon dary An tibody:An an tibody that binds to primary an tibodies or an tibody fragme nts.They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for d

23、etection, purification or cell sorting applicati ons.Affin ity(亲和力)Stren gth of the reacti on betwee n a sin gle an tige nic determ inant and a sin gle Ab comb ining siteAvidity (亲合力)The overall stre ngth of binding betwee n an Ag with many determ inants and multivale nt AbsELISA (En zyme lin ked im

24、muno-sorbe nt assay)An immuno logical test, using an en zymeas a label to determ ine prese nee of target prote in.ELISPOT (En zyme-li nkedimmuno-sorbe ntspot) A com mon method for mon itori ngimmune resp on ses in huma ns and ani mals. At appropriate con diti ons the ELISPOT assay allows visualizati

25、o n of the secretary product of in dividual activated or resp onding cells.Immuno-labeli ng tech niq uesSpecific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluoresce in,en zymes or radioisotopes are used asprobes for the detecti on of Ags (or Abs).Artificial active immunization:Administrationof an antigen for acti

26、ve production ofimmuni ty. Active immuni zatio nresults in the product ion of an tibodies directed aga inst thein fect ing age nt or its toxic products; it may also in itiate cellular immun ity.Artificial passiveimmunization:Immunizationmay be accomplished passively byadm ini steri ng either perform

27、ed immun oreactive serum (Abs, CKs) or cells.Vacc ine : Admi nistratio n of an an tige n for active product ion of immun ity is called artificial active immuni zati on. The age nt used for artificial active immuni zati on is called vacci ne.Planned immunization:A rational program of childhood immuni

28、zation against infectiousdisease, whe n many of the most damag ing and preve ntable in fecti ons no rmally appear.Immuno therapyImmuno therapy is the approach to bala nee or in terve ne the immuno logic fun cti on in order to fight aga inst the disease by the prin ciple of immuno logy.Patter n recog

29、 niti on receptors (PRRs)Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a primitive part of the immune system. They are protei ns expressed by cells of the inn ateimmune system to ide ntifypathoge n-associatedmolecular patter ns (PAMPs), which are associated withmicrobial pathoge ns or cellular stress, as

30、 well as damage-associated molecular patter ns (DAMPs), which are associated with cell comp onents released duri ng cell damage.an tige n,Ag抗原immunogeni city免疫原性immuno reactivity免疫反应性complete an tige n完全抗原in complete an tige n,hapte n不完全抗原，半抗原an tige nic specificity抗原特异性epitope,a ntige nic determ in

31、ant抗原表位，抗原决定基an tige nic vale nee抗原结合价seque ntial epitope, lin ear epitope顺序表位，线性表位con formati onal apitope构象表位com mon apitope共同抗原表位cross-react ion交叉反应cross an tige n交叉抗原con formati on分子构象accessibility易接近性thymus depe ndent an tige n, TD-Ag胸腺依赖性抗原thymus in depe ndent an tige n, TI-Ag非胸腺依赖性抗原heterophi

32、lic an tige n异嗜性抗原xenogenic an tige n异种抗原alloge nic an tige n同种异型抗原autoa ntige n自身抗原idiotypic an tige n独特型抗原en doge nous an tige n内源性抗原exoge nous an tige n外源性抗原allerge n变应原toleroge n耐受原stimulator免疫刺激剂supera ntige n超抗原adjuva nt佐剂mitogen丝裂原antibody抗体immunoglobilin免疫球蛋白class类type型variable region可变区 ,V

33、区constant region恒定区， C 区hypervariable region,HVR高变区complementarity determining region,CDR互补决定区antigen-binding site抗原结合部位framework region,FR骨架区hinge region铰链区joining chainJ链secretory piece,SP,secretory component,S C分泌片，分泌成分papain木瓜蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶fragment of antigen binding,Fab抗原结合片段fragment crystalliza

34、ble,Fc可结晶片段isotype同种型allotype同种异型idiotype,Id独特型idiotope独特位anti-idiotype antibody,AId独特性抗体opsonization调理作用antibody-dependent cell-mediated抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒cytotoxicity,ADCC作用macroglobulin巨球蛋白polyclonal antibody,pAb多克隆抗体monoclonal antibody,mAb单克隆抗体complement,C补体complement regulatory protein补体调节蛋白complemen

35、t receptor,CR补体受体classical pathway经典途径C5 convertaseC5 转化酶membrane attack complex,MAC攻膜复合物alternative pathway旁路途径，替代激活途径lectin pathway,MBL pathway凝集素途径mannose-binding lectin,MBL甘露糖结合凝集素ficolin ,FCN纤维胶原素MBL-associated serine protease,MASPMBL 相关丝氨酸蛋白酶C1 inhibitor,C1INHC1 抑制物C4 binding protein,C4bpC4 结合

36、蛋白decay-accelerating factor ,DAF衰变加速因子免疫黏附immune adherencecytokine细胞因子autocrine自分泌paracrine旁分泌endocrine内分泌pleiotropism多效性redundancy重叠性synergy协同性antagonoism拮抗性interleukin,IL白细胞介素colony-stimulating factor,CSF集落刺激因子interferon,IFN干扰素tumor necrosis factor,TNF肿瘤坏死因子growth factor,GF生长因子chemokine趋化因子class1

37、cytokine receptor family1 类细胞因子受体家族class 2 cytokine receptor family2 类细胞因子受体家族tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily,TNFRSF肿瘤坏死因子受体家族Ig superfamily receptor,Ig SFR免疫球蛋白超家族受体chemokine receptor family趋化因子受体家族cytokine storm细胞因子风暴cell surface marker细胞表面标记human leukocyte differentiation antigen,HLDA人

38、白细胞分化抗原lineage谱系cluster of differentiation,CD分化cell adhension molecule,CAM细胞黏附分子extracellular matrix,ECM细胞外基质immunoglobulin superfamily,IgSF免疫球蛋白超家族integrin family整合素家族selectin family选择素家族lymphocyte homing receptor,LHR淋巴细胞归巢受体HEV高内皮微静脉major histocompatibility complex主要组织相容性复合体human leukocyte antigen

39、人类白细胞抗原B2 microglobulin,b2m微球蛋白polymorphism多态性HLA genotypingHLA 基因分型haplotype单体型linkage disequilibrium连锁不平衡anchor position锚定位anchor residue锚定残基MHC restriction cross-matchingMHC 限制性 交叉配合B lymphocyteB 淋巴细胞bursa of Fabricius禽类法氏囊B cell receptor,BCRB 细胞受体gene rearrengement基因重排gene segment基因片段recombinase

40、重组酶recombination activating gene,RAG重组激活酶基因recombination signal sequence,RSS重组信号序列terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase,TdT末端脱氧核苷酸序列allelic exclusion等位排斥isotype exclusion同型排斥combinational diversity组合多样性junctional diversity连接多样性receptor editing受体编辑somatic hypermutation体细胞高频突变pro-BCR前B细胞受体pro-B cell祖B

41、细胞pre-B cell前B细胞immature B cell未成熟 B 细胞mature B cell成熟 B 细胞clone deletion克隆清除anergy失能immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif,ITAM免疫受体酪氨酸激活基序coreceptor共受体co-stimulatory molecule共刺激分子self-renewal自我更新polyreactivity多反应性natural antibody天然抗体plasma cell浆细胞memory B cell记忆 B 细胞regulatory B cell调节性 B 细

42、胞T lymphocyteT 淋巴细胞thymus胸腺hematopoietic,HSC骨髓多能造血干细胞lymphoid progenitor cell淋巴样祖细胞double negative cell,DN cell双阴性细胞double positive cell,DP cell双阳性细胞sigle positive cell,SP cell单阳性细胞positive selection阳性选择negative selection immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif,ITIMphytohemagglutinin,PHA naive T cell memory T cell,Tm effector T cell helper T cell,Th cytotoxic T lymphoc