备考年职称英语考试 理工真题阅读理解中英文对照

1、理工真题阅读理解中英文对照 Some People Do Not Taste Salt like Others咸度味感因人而异Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the l

2、evels of salt we like to eat.宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出遗传因素导致我们对咸度有不同喜好。Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized（大力宣传的）efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept food that simply does not taste as good to them as it d

3、oes to others, pointed out John Hayes, lead investigator on the study.该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on way

4、s to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.含盐最高的饮食会增加髙血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力，通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled

5、salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of

6、any kind.该研究的87名参与者经过了仔细筛选，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学比例来区别咸度，分为“最轻微味感到“最强烈味感”等级别。“Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is ne

7、eded to block other unpleasant tastes in food,” said Hayes. “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more. ”海斯

8、说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. “For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy

9、 flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt,” he said. “A supertaster finds lowsalt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced.”海斯还提到，口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如，奶酪是发酵牛 奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明显。Hayes cited research d

10、one more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity（敏锐）exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and

11、 hair color.海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝 特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。海斯说，“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反应是确定食物偏好生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking? 手机：挂断还是继续聊？Millions of people are using cell phones

12、today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected. The explosions around the world in

13、 mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity

14、of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health. 如今数以百万的人在使用手机。在很多地方，如果不用手机会被认为不正常。在很多国家，手机在年轻人中很流行。他们认为手机不仅是一种联系方式有一个手机表明他们很酷，和外界有关联。On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs o

15、f change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning（扫描）equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldnt remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk

16、on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employers doctor didnt agree. 手机使用在全世界范围内的爆炸式的增长让有些健康专家很着急。有些医生担心未来很多人会因为使用手机遭到健康问题。在英国，关于这个问题有个很严肃的辩论。手机公司担心这种思想的宣传会产生负面影响。他们认为没有证据证明使用手机有害健康。W

17、hat is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about. 另一方面，为什么一些医学研究表明使用手机的部分人群

18、的脑细胞发生改变。大脑以及头部组织的变化迹象能通过现代的扫描设备检测出来。有个例子就是一个旅行推销员很年轻就因为严重的失忆而退休了。他甚至连一些简单的任务都记不住。他经常忘记自己儿子的名字。这个人在几年时间内，每周的每个工作日都要使用电话长达六个小时。他的家庭医生责怪他不该过多使用手机，但是老板的医生不这么认为。As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that its best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to

19、 talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, its wise not to use your mobile phone too o

20、ften.是什么让手机存在潜在的危害呢？答案是辐射。高科技机器能够检测到手机里的极少量辐射。手机公司承认是有辐射，但是他们说辐射量很小，不足以引起担心。 随着手机安全性讨论的继续，似乎最好的办法是不那么经常使用手机。需要打长时间的电话时，使用你的座机。仅在你真的需要使用手机的时候再用。手机很有用，也很方便，尤其是在紧急情况下。未来，手机可能会有一个警告标志，提醒你手机有害健康。因此现在明智的做法是不要经常使用手机。 The Magic of Sound声音的魔力Music is one of the most beautiful forms of artistic expressions ev

21、er invented. In movies and plays, music has an added function1: it not only moves people but also can shock people. Is it true that an ordinary musical instrument can be so powerful?音乐是最美好的艺术表达形式之一。在电影和戏剧中，音乐有一种额外的功能：它不仅能使人感动，也能使人震撼。一件普通的乐器真的能有如此的威力吗？Our eardrums can withstand sound within 20 to 80

22、decibels. Once sound exceeds this limit2, even beautiful music will become ear-splitting noise3 and harm health. A strong blast of high sound can twist and break a solid iron sheet. High sound of 150 decibels can kill a healthy rat.我们的耳膜能够接受20-80分贝的声音。一旦超过这个限制，再美的音乐也只是噪音，而且会危害健康。强烈的高音能使坚固的铁板扭曲和破碎。15

23、0分贝的高音能杀死一只健康的蝙蝠。The noise from a planes engine is over 140 decibels. However, the sound of a flute is at most a few decibels. Therefore, the sound of ordinary musical instruments cannot harm your health. It has been proven that people who have worked in an environment with a high sound intensity fo

24、r a long time suffer varying degrees of heart disease or altered brain waves.飞机发动机的噪音超过140分贝，而长笛的声音最多几分贝。因此，普通乐器的声音并不会危害你的健康。有证据表明，在高声音强度环境中长时间工作的人会有不同程度的心脏疾病或者脑波改变。In movies, sometimes the hero can produce a sound that ordinary people cant hear and only those who have the same ability can feel. In

25、nature, there is actually sound that is beyond our hearing. In physics, the sound that exceeds 20,000 Hz is called ultrasonic. Dolphins, whales and bats can make such high-frequency sound. It does no harm to health.在电影里，有时候超级英雄会发出一种普通人无法听到的声音，只有那些和他有相同能力的人才能感知。在自然界中确实有这种超出我们听力感知的声音。物理学中把频率超过20000HZ的

26、声音成为超声波。海豚、鲸鱼和蝙蝠能发出这种高频声音。这种声音对健康无害。Sound less than 20 Hz is called infrasonic waves. When we move, the air will vibrate. The vibration of air can produce infrasonic waves. As the frequency of infrasonic waves is close to that of peoples internal organs, infrasonic wave may cause resonance in human

27、bodies. As a result, peoples vision may weaken and internal organs4 may rupture. However, whether an infrasonic wave can be used as a weapon depends on its intensity5. If its intensity is very low, it wont damage internal organs or a persons health. If the intensity of infrasonic wave exceeds 160 de

28、cibels, it is extremely harmful. When wind blows at a force of 3 or 4 over the sea6, it will produce infrasonic waves of several decibels. Only typhoons can produce infrasonic waves of over 100 decibels. At present, scientists can only produce infrasonic weapons in the lab with the help of advanced

29、scientific tools and powerful electric power.频率低于20HZ的被称为次声波。当我们移动的时候，空气会发生振动。振动的空气会产生次声波。由于次声波的频率接近内脏的振动频率，它能够引发身体的共振。这样的结果就是人的视力会下降，内脏会破裂。然而，次声波能否作为武器取决于它的强度。如果强度比较低，那么就不会伤害内脏和人们的健康。如果次声波强度超过160分贝，它将极端具有杀伤力。海面上刮3到4级风的时候会产生几分贝的次声波。只有台风能产生超过100分贝的次声波。目前科学家仅能通过高科技工具和大量电能在实验室制造出次声波武器。经历过2014年职称英语考试的朋友

30、们，一定已经知道了2015年的职称英语，要早准备从基本功练起。2015年第一次参加职称英语考试的朋友，从现在开始就要重视职称英语，争取一次就通过职称英语的考试，顺利评上职称。 任何英语考试，重视真题是备考第一步。职称英语也不例外。因此，不管你是职称英语考场老手还是新手，在2015年职称英语新教材没出来之前，从历年职称英语真题开始入手，了解出题形式和历年真题难度变动，是不可少的步骤。 职称英语本身的特点是，教材会出题，虽然2014年的职称英语真题是跨题型出题，但熟悉文章对拿分的作用也不可小觑，因此，在研究了一两套职称英语真题之后，我们就要仔细研读教材了。从今天开始，我们学派网的英语团队，将会陆续

31、发历年职称英语真题文章的全文翻译奉献给大家，希望为大家研读历年职称英语真题助一臂之力。 在发送完毕历年职称英语真题的全文翻译之后，我们还会仔细分析历年职称英语真题出 题的难易度、出题特点及考场拿分技巧，这些内容，文字版会部分发往论坛，视频详细解析版，会发往学派网课程中心的题库系统，欢迎各界朋友观摩。期望学派网做精品课程的认真和负责让大家获益，也期望大家因为感受到了学派网治学严谨且对学员负责的理念，踊跃报名参加学派网2015年的职称英语培训。 “Life Form Found” on SaturnsTitan(出处：2012年职称英语教材理工类阅读理解第三篇“Life Form Found” o

32、n SaturnsTitan)土卫六上发现了生命形式Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life on the Saturns moon. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency, NASA, analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini, which pointed to the existence of methane-based form of life on

33、Saturns biggest moon.科学家说，他们在土星的卫星上已经发现了外星生命。这个生命的发现是由美国宇航局的研究人员宣布的，美国航空航天分析了来自飞船卡西尼的数据，指出，在土卫六上有以甲烷为基础的生命存在形式。Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are “breathing” in Titans dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.据报道，科学家们发现的线索显示，原始外星生命正在“呼吸”土卫六的含有氢气的浓密大气。They arg

34、ue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titans planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers.This, they say, points to the existence of some “bugs” consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.他们认为，氢气击中覆盖着甲烷湖泊和河流类似土星卫星的表面之前就被吸收了。这一点说明以前存在的一

35、些错误的认识：氢气在不到地球大小的一般的月亮表面就消失殆尽。“We suggested hydrogen consumption because its the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan, similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,” says NASA scientist Chris McKay. “If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would be doubly exciting because it would r

36、epresent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”“我们认为土卫六上的氢气是由生命消耗的，类似于我们消耗了地球上氧气，”美国宇航局的科学家克里斯Chris McKay说。“如果这些迹象证明是一个生命的迹象，这将是更加令人激动，因为它代表着第二种生命形式，除了地球上基于水的生命形式。”To date, scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere, though there are liquid-water-based mi

37、croorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan,where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin (minus 290 degrees Fahrenheit), a methane-based organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is

38、frozen solid onTitans surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.到目前为止，科学家还没有探测到这种生命形态，虽然地球上有液态水的微生物，它们作为废物产品靠甲烷生长。在土卫六上，那里的温度是约90开尔文（零下290华氏度），甲烷的微生物会使用一种液态物质作为生长过程的媒介，而不是水本身。在土卫六表面水冻结为固体，正如我们所知，严寒维持着生命。Scientists had expected the Suns interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to p

39、roduce a coating of acetylene on Titans surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.科学家们曾预计太阳与大气层中的化学物质的反应会产生土卫六表面的乙炔涂层。但Cassini没有探测到乙炔涂层。The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titans surface can very well have a non-biological explanation, said Mark Allen, a principal investigator

40、 of the NASA Titan team.在土卫六表面没有可探测的乙炔可以有一个很好的非生物解释，美国国家航空航天局的泰坦队首席研究员马克艾伦说。“Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed.” Allen said. “We have a lot of work to do to ruleout possible non-biological expl

41、anations. It is more likely that a chemical process, without biology, can explain these results.”“科学保守主义者认为生物学解释应该在所有的非生物学解释之后的最后的选择。”艾伦说。“我们有很多工作要做来排除可能的非生物解释。更有可能的是，一个没有生物的化学过程可以解释这些结果。” Gross National Happiness(出处：2012年职称英语教材理工类阅读理解第二篇Gross National Happiness)国民幸福总值In the last century, new techno

42、logy improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist（佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years.Bhutan, however, was a poor co

43、untry. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world.Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions.在上个世纪，新的技术提高了很多国家的人民的生活。然而，一个国家抵制这些变化。在亚洲巍峨

44、的喜马拉雅山，不丹王国仍然是独立的。它的人民和佛教文化几乎一千年没受到影响。然而，不丹是一个贫穷的国家。人在年轻时就死了。大多数人不会阅读，不知道外面的世界。然后，在1972，一个新的叫旺Jigme Singye Wangchuck国王统治者决定帮助不丹变的现代化，但又不失传统。King Wangchuck looked atother countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross Natonal Product（GNP）. The GNP measures prod

45、ucts and money. When the number of products sold increases people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his countrys progress by peoples happiness. Ifthe peoples happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress

46、. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness（GNH）.Wangchuck国王看着其他国家的思想。他看到大多数国家用国民生产总值来衡量发展。国民生产总值测量的是产品和货币。当销售产品增加时，说明国家发展了。Wangchuck国王有不同的想法。他想通过人们的幸福来衡量他的国家进步。如果人们的幸福感增加，国王可以说不丹正在进步。为了决定人们是否快乐，他创造了国民幸福总值（GNH）。GNH is based on certain principles that crea

47、te happiness. People are happier if they have health care,education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government.国民幸福总值依据

48、可以创造幸福原则。如果他们有医疗保健，教育和工作的，人会更幸福。如果他们生活在一个健康、环保的环境中，他们将更幸福。他们可以保持他们的传统文化和习俗，他们将更快乐。最后，他们有一个良好的、稳定的政府，人们将更快乐。Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national par

49、ks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic

50、 elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the restof the world through television and internet.现在有一些证据证明不丹的国民幸福指数在增加。人们更健康，寿命更长。越来越多的人受教育和工作。%25的土地已成为国家公园，这个国家几乎没有污染。不丹继续穿传统服装和遵循他们古老的佛教习俗。不丹也已成为一个民主国家。在2008年，Wangc

51、huck国王把权力移交给儿子。虽然国家仍有一个国王，那年举行了第一次民主选举。不丹第一次有政党和候选人。最后，不丹已通过电视和互联网与世界联系和沟通。Bhutan is a symbol forsocial progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutans GNH. Thesecountries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want tocreate new policies that take care of their people, cu

52、ltures, and land.不丹是社会进步的标志。现在许多国家对不丹的国民幸福指数感兴趣。这些国家正在研究他们自己的衡量幸福方式。他们想创造新的政策，它们可以关注人民、文化和土地。Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles ofGNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as

53、a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.巴西可能是下一个使用国民幸福指数的国家。巴西领导人认为国民幸福指数理论是灵感的来源。巴西是一个大的人口复杂的国家。如果在巴西幸福感可以用来衡量进步，也许全世界都会跟随。 Active Gallery: The best of Bionics（仿生学）档案馆：最好的仿生学（出处：2012年职称英语教材理工类阅读理解第一篇Active Gallery: The best ofBionics（仿生学）)Humans might be the most

54、highly-evolved species on the planet, but most animals possess skills we can only dream of having. Imagine how much electricity we could save if we could see in the dark the way cats do. Imagine leaping from tree to tree like a monkey. Giraffes（长颈鹿）, which are otherwise calm and good-natured, sleep

55、only 4.6 hours a day.人类可能是地球上进化水平最高的，但是很多动物却拥有我们梦想拥有的技能。想象一下，如果我们像猫一样在黑暗中能看见，那得能节省多少电；像猴子一样爬树；长颈鹿一天只睡4.6小时，并且性情平静温顺。We realized a long,long time ago that nature provides the best blueprint（蓝图）for invention. Weve borrowed canals from beavers（河狸）and reflectors from cats eyes. Although the words“bionic

56、s” became popular only after the 1960s, history shows that nature has always provided ideas on solving everyday problems. Our archives（档案）dont go back to the time of Leonardo da Vinci and his bird-like flying machines, but we can take you to the late 19th century,where we applied those same principl

57、es for building our first practical airplanes.很久以前我们就认识到大自然为发明创造提供了最好的蓝图。我们从河狸那里学会了如何开挖运河，从猫的眼睛知道了反射。尽管“仿生学”20世纪60年代后才流行，但是历史表明大自然总是在解决生活中的难题时给我们启示。我们的档案不是回到达芬奇和他的象鸟一样的飞行器时代，而是回到19世纪，那时我们用相同的理论发明了第一架实用飞机。To prepare for their flight at Kitty Hawk, the Wright brothers studied the movements of pigeons

58、tofigure out how they stayed high up when they were heavier than air. Their success inspired scores of successors to improve on the airplane by studying various aspects of nature. One of Orville Wrights pupils caught and stuffed seagulls to examine their wingspan. Meanwhile, two French inventors examined spinning sycamore（梧桐）seeds in an effort to apply those same motions, reversed, to a helicopter.在基蒂霍克为了准备飞行，莱特兄弟研究了鸽子的运动，想明白当他们比空气重时怎样保持在高空。他们的成功激励了几十个后来者继续通过研究自然界的各个方面来改善飞机的性能。莱特的一个学生研究海鸥的翅展。同时，两个法国发明家努力地研究旋转的梧桐子，想把这种运动形式应用到直