《英语语法大全(完全版)(总54页)

1、语法15种类型的谓语1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。第一类包含一个不及物动词（）：He cameMy wife cried第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TVO）：John likes meHis uncle wrote letters第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：They teach me EnglishI bought Mary sugar第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LVC）：He is a teacherShe looks sad第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FVOC）：We made hi

2、m kingShe left the house dirty 1基本成分1302 根据其结构，句子可以分为5类：a主语 不及物动词John came（S） （IV）b主语 及物动词 宾语John likes oranges（S） （TV） （O）c主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语John gave Mary books（S） （DV） （IO） （DO）d主语 系动词 主语补语John is happy（S） （LV） （SC）e主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语John makes Mary angry（S） （FV） （O） （OC）主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾

3、语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病句。从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。 2附属成分1303 基本成分可以加修饰语：1）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）或2）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下面例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：1）Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyJohn likes oranges imported from the USJohn gave Mary many books，which are ful

4、l of illustrations2）John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。 3独立成分1304 句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome

5、here，John（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on 4省略成分1305 此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs 5连接成分1306 最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。1307 ，一个完整的句子（从句或分句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。1解析That指示形容词，修饰单数名

6、词boy。boy普通名词，阳性，单数，主格，为动词shook的主语。shook及物动词，过去式。his物主代词，阳性，单数，第三人称，所有格，修饰名词head。head普通名词，中性，单数，宾格，shook的宾语。2分析3图解ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6004T1.bmp解析对词的分类处理过多，不甚有用。分析说明了句中词之间的关系，但有时显得很复杂。图解最有用，因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关系，这种关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。14个基本成分的图解办法1309 5类基本句及4种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F600

7、4T2.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T1.bmp一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边竖线把主语S（在左面）和动词V（在右面）分开。斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语O。2附属成分的图解办法1310 主语、动词。宾语及补语这4种基本成分都放在横线的上方，附属成分，如形容词、副词及起相同作用的其他词语，都放在横线的下方，紧挨在它们所修饰词的下面：My father left yesterdayewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T2.bmpSome people write commercial l

8、etters skillfullyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T3.bmpSome naughty little children broke his expensive spectacles purposelyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6005T4.bmpA downright bad man is very often a wonderfully successful manewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T1.bmpThe old man opposite the street visited his childr

9、en in Francein 1968ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T2.bmp 3成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法1311 应当记住，一个空位通常只容一个词（类），但成语由几个词构成却起一个词（类）的作用。因此有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中，因为成语表示一个单一的意思，不宜分割成几个词（类）：The Minister of Economics paid attention to the inflationewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T3.bmp助动词应和主要动词放在一起：She has been raising her child

10、ren for the last ten yearsewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6006T4.bmp介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句，在用作主语、宾语或补语时，可用一个 来进行图解，不仅表示其内在结构，还表示它作为一个词和其他词的关系：He is in a bad temperewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6007T1.bmp注意，这个句子有3个基本成分：主语+系动词+补语。第三部分in a bad temper的图解，不仅说明了这 4个词之间的关系，还通过使用 说明它作为一个单一词类和其他词之间的关系，即起形容词的作用，作为系动词is的补语。在

11、下面图解中，这个短语占了2个空位，这样容易引起误会，因为人们会以为这个句子包含4个基本成分：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6007T2.bmpTo tell lies is not always successfulewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6007T3.bmp上面图解中to tell lies这个不定式短语，一方面表明了to tell 是一个及物动词，lies是它的宾语，另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用，只占一个空，作为句子的主语。如果用下面图解，就会引起误会：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T1.bmpHe likes play

12、ing tennis in the morningewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T2.bmp注意上面动名词playing tennis in the morning的图解，一方面说明playing为及物动词，tennis为其宾语，而in the morning为其修饰语，另一方面说明这个短语起名词作用，用作及物动词（谓语动词）like的宾语。He washes before taking dinnerewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T3.bmp注意，talking dinner这个动名词短语，通过使用 ，表明为一个单一词类，起名词作用，用作介词

13、before的宾语。如作下面图解则会引起误会：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T4.bmpknow that you speak English wellewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6008T5.bmp注意that引起的从句的图解，一方面表明了这5个词之间的关系（that为连词，主语为you，speak为及物动词，宾语为english，well为speak的修饰语），另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的作用，用作及物动词，know的宾语。that上下的两条模线表明它是一个连词。 4其他规则1312 在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出：He has w

14、alked fifty milesewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T1.bmpCome hereewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T2.bmpWhat（=The thing which）I know is unimportantewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T3.bmp问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾，在图解中大写字母保持不变：Can he come？What a trip we have had！ ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6009T4.bmp只要句子的意思保持不变，词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。H

15、e left for France yesterday和Yesterday he left for France图解的方式一样：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T1.bmp同样，I sing this song specially for you和Specially for you I sing this song图解的方式一样：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T2.bmpMy happy days are gone！和 Gone are my happy days！也如此：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T3.bmp某个

16、特殊的句子，根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在 He is out of temper中，out of temper可看作是成语，是一个整体，这时图解方式如下：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T4.bmp如果把它看作介词短语，包含2个成分，则可作如下图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6010T5.bmp在Walking along the street，John met Mary这个句子中，Walking along the street可以看作定语，这时可以按下面方式图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T1.bmp如

17、果把它看作状语，图解会是下面这个方式：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T2.bmp还有一些其他规则，说明如下：在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词和全句有关，可以是一个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词：Luckily，I found the lost ringewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T3.bmpIn at word，I can do no moreewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T4.bmpI study music and my wife does houseworkewc MV

18、IMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6011T5.bmpHe is a great politician；besides，he is an artistewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6012T1.bmpHe worked very hard；on the other hand，his children played all dayewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6012T2.bmpIndeed he knows his fault，but he refuses to own itewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6012T3.bmp最后，注意以后

19、各节中，凡有星号的例句，都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。名词（或代词） 1314 Books are good companionsLondon is populous如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一个代词代替，本身则移到句子末尾：He is a nice fellow，your uncleIt is truly long，that bridge across the Yellow RiverThey have gone away，those rascalsThere it stood a monument of all agesIt is funny the way（t

20、hat）he teaches his children（主语可以跟一定语从句）It astonishes me the number of the wives he hasIt is inscrutable the rumour that is spreadingewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6014T1.bmp表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。名词成语 1315 “Crocodile tears”means pretended sorrowThe dog star is the largest fixed starA“field piece”means a c

21、annonThe river bed is muddyI wore a sun hatHe is a paper tiger and who is afraid of him？（名词+名词）His maiden speech is wonderfulA leap year comes every fourth yearHis untimely end is beyond beliefA wet blanket and a queer fish are coming toward usIs a heavy hand enough to suppress the revolt？（形容词+名词）To

22、day is All FoolsDayA cats paw may be a scapegoatThis printers ink is poor“Mans estate”means the age of manhood（名词所有格+名词）An apple of discord was thrown among themA Jack of all trades may be a good-fornothingA fish out of water will die soonHere is a case in pointA friend at court will help me（名词+介词+名

23、词）The ins and outs of this scandal interested usThe long and short of the story is thisThe ups and downs of life are familiar to my uncle（名词+and +名词）Guangdong Province is in the south of ChinaStratford-on- Avon is the birthplace of ShakespeareThe Ministry of Education has issued an important ordinan

24、ce（专有名词短语）其他例子：A curtain lecture，elbow room，an insect bite，fairy tales The Almighty Dollar，the Dark Continent，the black market，a dark room，a golden wedding，an aching void，a low diet The bulls eye，a sheeps eye，a fools cap，a sailors home，Achilles heel，Adams apple，the lions share，the kings evilThe age

25、of machinery，the art of God，the man in the street，a bed of roses，a woman of the world，a man of family，a letter of credit，a word of honour，castles in the air，a friend in need，a man about town All beer and skittle，the alpha and beta，the why and where fore the sum and substance，Darby and Joan，David and

26、 Jonathanewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6015T1.bmp代词 1316 We shall start tomorrowShe likes itMine（= My family）is an unhappy familyHis（=His fate） has been the fate of an unusual artistHers is a car made in Germany（名词性物主代词+系动词+名词）We（= Our class）are full upWe（= Our office）close on Saturday afternoonHe（= His w

27、atch）is too fastWe（ Our things）have been packed（人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西）My uncle he（名词+多余的代词）wants it donePeople in town they have never seen cows（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）She is a nice girl，MaryThey are very selfish，those people（代词在前，指同一人或东西的名词在后，参阅1314节）It is hot（or cloudy，snowing，raining）（It指天气）It is spring（or

28、 morning，Sunday，my birthday）；struck three，is growing towards evening（It指时间）It is ten miles（or a long way）（It指距离）It is I（or me）（It指一个身份尚不清楚的人）It is all over with himHow is it with him？How goes it？（It 泛指一般情况）It is my sister（主语受到强调）that（or who） studied English at AAASchool when she was seventeen（用It is

29、that这种结构可以对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。My sister studied at AAASchool when she was seventeen是原来的句子，对主语加以强调时可改为上面形式。）It is English（宾语受到强调）that（or which） my sister studied，etcIt is at AAASchool（状语短语受到强调）that（or where）my sister studied English，etcIt is when she was seventeen（状语从句受到强调）that my sister studied Eng

30、lish at AAASchoolIt is I that said soIt is waiting for a chance that will not doIt is here（or then，for this reason，with a lightning speed）that he married herIt was after seeing her that he became crazyWho is it that you want？What is it that he is looking for？ It is only arithmetic that he is afraid

31、ofIt is only her idols that she pays attention toIt is not his children that he cares about，but his businessIt is a good horse that never stumbles（= No horse is so good as to never stumble）（这类常在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同，意思却不一样。）It is a silly fish that is caught twice（= no fish is so silly as to be caught

32、twice） It is an ill bird that fouls his own nest（= No bird is so ill as to foul his own nest）注：It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅13181322。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6017T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T1.bmpIt表示 the thing，that引起的从句可以看做定语，修饰主语It。that起从属连词和代词的作用，图解记号异于并列连词。the+形容词（或分词） 1317 The brave deserve the f

33、airThe young are to be educatedThere are the dying and the dead，the slain and the van guished（复数主语）The beautiful and the good is our idealThe middle or the thick of the forest has many animals in itThe accused（or The deceased）is a rich manThe French is different in character from the English（单数主语）ew

34、c MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T2.bmp不定式 1318 作主语的不定式常常由it代替，本身放到句末作为it的同位语：To live in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive to live in Tokyo To go out of town every weekend became our customIt became our custom to go out of town every weekendTo have broken his leg is his bad luckIt is hi

35、s bad luck to have broken his legTo be happy requires（or needs，wants）no great fortuneIt requires no great fortune to be happyTo be rich or to be poor makes a lot of differenceIt makes a lot of difference to be rich or to be poorTo raise the fund，to set up the building，to employ workers，all these tak

36、e timeThe story makes me sick to repeatTo repeat the story makes me sickIt makes me sick to repeat the story（这三句意思相同，却有不同的主语。）This theory takes much time to understandTo understand this theory takes much timeIt takes much time to understand this theoryTo answer the question you asked in your letter

37、is easyIt is easy to answer the question you asked in your letterThe question you asked in your letter，it is easy to answer（这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）To handle a wife who comes of a rich family seems difficultIt seems difficult to handle a wife who comes of a rich familyA wife who comes of a rich family，it se

38、ems difficult to handle不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive for John to live in TokyoFor a commoner to marry a noblemans daughter does not astonish meIt does not astonish me for a commoner to marry a noblemans daughterFor politicians to talk about

39、peace is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperanceIt is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperance，for politicians to talk about peace下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。 for you，of you等和 it is有关，起补语作用：It is for（or up to）you to say yes or no（To say yes or no is foror up to you）It is easier for you to s

40、peak to the boss than for me（=To speak to the boss is easier for you than for me） It is very kind of you to do so（=To do so is very kind of you）It is natural in Mary to love JohnIt is inconvenient to her to wait so longIt is up to you to apologizeewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6020T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE

41、, !4F6021T1.bmp注意意义上的主语 for John是如何图解的。动名词 1319 和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用it代替：Living in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive living in Tokyo Crying over spilt milk is no useIt is no use crying over spilt milkThere is no climbing up the cliff（= Climbing up the cliff is impossible）There is n

42、o denying the fact（=Denying the fact is impossible）Johns（or His）living in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive Johns（or his）living in Tokyo（动名词这里有意义上的主语）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6022T1.bmp注意动名词意义上主语Johns如何图解的。that引起的从句 1320 由 that引起的主语从句常可用 it代替，而本身则移到句尾，作为it的同位语：That he had succeede

43、d pleased me very muchIt pleased me very much that he had succeededThat he was killed is a serious matterIt is a serious matter that he was killedThat he has done his best is clearIt is clear（that）he has done his best（如果句子不长，that可以省略。）The fact（or The circumstance）that he was killed was a serious mat

44、ter（that引起的从句前面常可放 the fact或the circumstance）It is clear（or likely，certain）that he likes his jobIt would be better that he give up smoking（=He had better give up smoking）It is rumoured（or said，learned，denied）that the premier decides to resignIt is a pity that he should die so youngIt happened（or cha

45、nced，came about，developed，turned out）that the detective himself was the thief It came about that we had not enough money to pay the billIt seems（or appears，occurs） to me that she is a poetIt struck me that I could be a lawyerHe is poor，but it does not follow that he will cheat anyoneIt is not that A

46、 is an upright man，but that he has no chance to do evilIt may be that B is too hungry to do any good，but it cannot be that he is willing to do any evilIt is（high） time that we startedHow is it that you know so much？How comes it（about） that you know so much？How come（=why） you know so much？（It is）Some

47、（Little，No）wonder（that） he failed（在用 wonder作补语时，it is可以省略。）（It was）A wonder（that） he did not fallWhat wonder （was it） that he falled？（= It was natural that he failed）It is said（or denied，rumoured）that the Mayor fell in love with MaryThe Mayor，it is said（or denied，rumoured），fell in love with Mary（这两句

48、意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用 that。）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T1.bmp由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词that的图解方式。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T2.bmp疑问词引起的从句 1321 由疑问词引起的从句，和that引起的从句一样，可以由it代替：How he could do it seemed a mysteryIt seemed a mystery how he could do itWhere he had escaped puzzled meIt puzzled me where he had e

49、scapedWhat is it to me who he is？ It does not matter when you get married，butewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T1.bmp连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T2.bmp疑问词+不定式 1322 疑问词引起的不定式，和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以用it代替：How to escape seems to be a problemIt seems to be a problem，how to escapeWhat t

50、o say puzzles meIt puzzles me what to sayWhether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstancesIt depends upon circumstanceswhether or not to follow the policyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T3.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6026T1.bmp术语和引语 1323 On is a prepositionBuy means“get by paying a price”“Lo

51、ok before you leap is a famous proverb“Honesty is the best policy”is a saying often ridiculed by people介词短语 1324 From seven to seven is our store hoursFrom infancy to manhood is an important periodFrom here to there is a short distanceGood in the saddle is good for everything（这样的短语用作主语时很少）省略 1325 （Y

52、ou）Sit down，please（You）Wait a minute（Do you） Like it？ （You had）Better say no（Are you）Feeling any better？（It）Seems to be impossible（作主语时，有些代词有时省略。）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6027T1.bmp15种类型的谓语1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。第一类包含一个不及物动词（）：He cameMy wife cried第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TVO）：John likes meHis un

53、cle wrote letters第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：They teach me EnglishI bought Mary sugar第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LVC）：He is a teacherShe looks sad第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FVOC）：We made him kingShe left the house dirty 2动词的短语形式1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词

54、”可以看作是一种不及物动词：He lost heart（他灰心了。）This habit has struck root（这种习惯已根深蒂固）下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：I looked for my lost dictionary（我在找我弄失的字典。）He paid attention to his lesson（他很注意他的功课。）He gave up drinking（他戒酒了。）He is afraid of blood（他怕血。）He cant get along with anyone（他和谁都处不好。）下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：I waited for him to come（我等他来。）详见 11821206节。 3宾语的9种形式1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词