语法专题-过去分词与被动语态

1、.语法专题过去分词与被动语态过去式用来表达动词的“过了”、“完了”等意思，汉语里表达动作的时间时采用的是前后加字法，即在动词的前面或后面加字，表达做了，只要在动词的后面加上“了”就行了，如吃了、看了。而英语采用的是变形法，即不加字，而是让动词本身发生变化，如eat变成ate，see变成saw，ate、saw就是表达“吃过了”、“看过”的过去式。“过去分词”则完全是另一回事，它的写法和过去式有时一样，有时不一样（简单词多不一样，长词多一样），但用法完全不一样，它有时表达“被”，有时表达“完成”。表达“被”即被动语态，表达“完成”即用于完成时态。另外，过去分词不仅可以做动词，还可以做形容词。一、过

2、去分词构成规则过去分词与过去式都是由动词变化而来，存在规则与不规则2种变化。过去分词的规则变化由动词+ed构成，具体构成方法与过去式一样。不规则变化见下表：1. AAA型（原形原形原形）序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01cutcutcut切，割02costcostcost花费03hithithit撞击04hurthurthurt伤害05letletlet让06putputput放07readreadread读08setsetset安排，设置2. ABA型（原形过去式原形）序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01becomebecamebecome成为02comecamecome来03runranru

3、n跑3. ABC型（1）原形ewown序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01blowblewblown吹02flyflewflown飞03growgrewgrown生长04knowknewknown知道（2）iau序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01beginbeganbegun开始02drinkdrankdrunk喝03ringrangrung打电话04singsangsung唱05swimswamswum游泳（3）原形过去式过去式+（e）n序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01choosechosechosen选择02forgetforgotforgotten忘记03freezefrozefroze

4、n冻04speakspokespoken说，讲05breakbrokebroken破坏（4）原形过去式原形+（e）n序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01eatateeaten吃02fallfellfallen落下03givegavegiven给04seesawseen看见05writewrotewritten写06rideroderidden骑07drawdrewdrawn画08taketooktaken拿09hidehidhidden躲藏（5）原形过去式过去分词序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01bewas/werebeen是02gowent gone去03dodiddone做4. ABB型序号

5、原形过去式过去分词中文备注01bringbroughtbrought带来02buyboughtbought买03fightfoughtfought打架，争吵04thinkthoughtthought思考，认为05catchcaughtcaught捉，抓06teachtaughttaught教07fellfeltfelt感到08keepkeptkept保持09leaveleftleft离开10sleepsleptslept睡觉11sweepsweptswept打扫12dealdealtdealt处理13meanmeantmeant意思是14buildbuiltbuilt建造15hearheard

6、heard听见16makemademade制造17sendsentsent送，寄18spendspentspent花费；度过19havehadhad有20laylaidlaid放21loselostlost丢失22paypaidpaid付钱23saysaidsaid说24sellsoldsold卖25standstoodstood站26understandunderstoodunderstood明白，理解27telltoldtold告诉28feedfedfed喂29findfoundfound发现；找到30getgotgot得到31holdheldheld握，拥有32meetmetmet遇见3

7、3sitsatsat坐34winwonwon赢5. 具有2种变化序号原形过去式过去分词中文备注01burnburnedburned烧burntburnt02dreamdreameddreamed做梦dreamtdreamt03hanghangedhanged（被）绞死hunghung挂04learnlearnedlearned学learntlearnt05lieliedlied说谎laylain躺，放平06smellsmelledsmelled闻smeltsmelt07wakewakedwaked醒wokewoken08beatbeatbeat打beatbeaten二、被动语态及其用法1. 什

8、么是被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的“及物动词”才有被动语态。如果一个动词后面必须跟宾语，这个动词就是及物动词（用vt.表示），如give, say, eat等；不跟宾语的动词则称为不及物动词（用vi.表示），如walk, come, arrive等。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”、“由”等词来表示被动意义。eg.（1）He opened the door. 他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）（2）The

9、door was opened. 这扇门被打开了。（被动语态） （3）The door was opened by him. 这扇门被他打开了。（被动语态） 第（3）句话用by引出了open的执行者him。by是介词，后须跟he的宾格。当然，当不想说出动作的执行者时，可表达第（2）句话。2. 被动语态的构成 被动语态的结构是：be动词+及物动词的过去分词被动语态的时态、主语单复数等变化只需改变be动词的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。 eg.（1）Her room is swept.（一般现在时，主语是单数）（2）Their rooms are swept. （一般现在时，

10、主语是复数）（3）Her room was swept yesterday. （一般过去时）（4）Her room is being swept now. （现在进行时S be V-ing）（5）Her room was being swept at this time yesterday. （过去进行时，S be V-ing）（6）Her room is going to be swept tomorrow. （一般将来时）（7）Her room should be swept. （含有情态动词，情态动词后跟动词原形）我们发现，无论是什么时态、主语是单数还是复数，被动语态的be动词都不能弄丢

11、，但需要随着时态、主语的单复数的变化而变化，“情态动词后跟动词原形”的语法规则不能变。3、被动语态的用法（1）不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。eg.The bridge was built last year. 这座桥是去年建造的。He was elected chairman. 他被选为主席。 （2）当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。eg.The room hasnt been cleaned yet. 房间还没有打扫。The tiger was killed by him. 老虎被他杀死了。 （3）当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被

12、动语态。eg.The window was blown by wind. 窗户被风吹开了。The whole village has been washed away by the flood. 整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。 （4）表示客观的说明常用“It be（随时态选择be动词）+ 过去分词 + that 从句”句型。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。eg.It is said that Lucy has gone abroad. 据说露茜已经出国了。It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.) 大家相信

13、他是个间谍。其它常见的“It is + 过去分词+ that”句型还有：It is reported that 据报道It is said that 据说It is believed that 大家相信It is suggested that 有人建议4、主动语态变为被动语态（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语 Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom. （2）将动词改为“be+过去分词”They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday.他们昨天开会了。 （3）主动语态变为被动语态的注

14、意事项主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去“by”，但原主语被强调者除外。eg.They set up this hospital in 1975. This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年。Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作。The job can be finished only by him. 这项工作只能由他来完成。 含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即

15、其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。eg. Jack told us the truth. 杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack.在主动语态中，make, let, see, hear, notice, feel ,watch等后常跟复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，当宾语补足语由动词不定式（短语）来充当时，动词不定式的to被省略。但在被动语态中，这个to不能省略。eg.I often hear her sing this popular song. She is ofte

16、n heard to sing this popular song.上句是主动语态，sing this popular song是省略to的动词不定式短语，在句中作宾语补足语，即句型：hear sb. do sth.；下句是对应的被动语态，to sing this popular song 中的to不能省略。动词的主动形式表示被动之意以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等。动词happen, cost, take, have没有被动语态。eg.An accident was happened yesterday.（）An accident happe

17、ned yesterday.（）昨天发生了一起事故。The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来很香。The watch looks good. 这表看起来很好。This book sells well. 这本书畅销。有时部分“be + 过去分词”的结构并不表达“被动”含义，这样的过去分词有lost（lose的过去分词），broken（break的过去分词）等，它们其实是形容词，意思分别是“丢失的；失落的”、“损坏的，破碎的”。eg. My eraser was lost. I feel so lost. 我的橡皮丢了，我很失落。 Her heart is broken. 我的

18、心碎了。三、各种时态的被动语态举例1一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。 2一般过去时(was/ were +done)The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。He was saved at last

19、. 他最终获救了。My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。 3一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。 4现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were

20、being +done)The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。 5现在完成时(have/ has been + done)Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。The book has been read many times

21、 by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。 6过去完成时(had been + done)They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。He had been tortured by the illness for many years be

22、fore he died.他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。四、被动语态专项练习. 单项选择 1. Good books _ again and again.A. should be readedB. should be readC. must readD. ought to read 2. The children _ by the nurse.A. were lookedB. looked afterC. were looked after D. looked 3. He _ some pieces of advice, but he _ to them.A. gave, didnt li

23、stenB. was given, wasnt listenedC. give, wasnt listenedD. was given, didnt listen 4. When_ the accident _ ?A. was, happenB. did, happenC. is, happenD. was, happened 5. The question _ by us soon.A. is going to discussB. will discussC. is going to be discussedD. has been discussed 6. The lab _ about f

24、ive years ago.A. was builded B. was built C. buildsD. has been built 7. A lot of tall buildings _ in his hometown in the last three years.A. have set upB. have been set upC. were set upD. set up 8. They _ printing 500 copies by the end of last month.A. had finishedB. have finishedC. had been finishe

25、dD. have been finished 9. Rice _ also _ in their hometown.A. isgrownB. isgrew C. wasgrewD. wasgrown 10. He _ by the teachers.A. is always praisedB. praisesC. have been praisedD. always is praised 11. Great changes _ place. Many new schools_ .A. have taken, have been openedB. take, are openC. are tak

26、en, openD. have been taken, are opened 12. The picture_ in October, 1996.A. was takingB. had been takenC. was takenD. had taken 13. We cant use the bridge now, because it_ .A. has been repairedB. is repairingC. is repairedD. is being repaired 14. I _the way to the railway station by a policeman.A. w

27、as shownB. showedC. have shownD. was showing 15. The war_ in 1941.A. broke outB. had been broken outC. was broken outD. had broken out 16. When water_ , it will be changed into vapor.A. is heatedB. heatingC. has heatedD. heats 17. We cant enter the room because its door_ .A. lockedB. locksC. is lock

28、ed D. is locking 18. They _day and night.A. are made workB. are made to workC. made to be workedD. are making to work 19. Changan Road is _of people.A. filledB. fillC. fullD. fulled 20. Man-made satellites _into space by many countries.A. was sent upB. is sent upC. have been sent upD. has been sent

29、up 21. This English song _ often _ by the children.A. is, singingB. is, sungC. will, singD. was, sung 22.The windows of our house _once a week.A. must cleanB. have cleanedC. is cleanedD. are cleaned 23. When _ the Peoples Republic of China_ ?A. was, foundB. was, foundedC. did, foundD. does, found 24

30、. Marys radio _ by my brother just now.A. will be mendedB. has mendedC. was mendedD. mended 25. Your exercise books _ after class.A. will hand inB. must hand inC. handed inD. must be handed in 26. Some trees may _ at other times of the year.A. be plantedB. plantC. are plantedD. will be planted 27. T

31、he sun _ at night as usual.A. can be seenB. cant seeC. cant be seenD. doesnt see 28. A new English play _ there next week.A. will put onB. will be put onC. is going to put onD. will be putted on 29. A strange thing _ in our school yesterday.A. was happenedB. has been happenedC. happenedD. was going to happen 30. The glass _ . It _ by little Tom this morning.A. broke, is brokenB. is broken, was brokenC. was broken, brokeD. has been broken, broken . 把下列句子改为被动语态 1. I saw th