英语词汇学PPT（经典实用）

1、英语词汇学PPT lLexicology is the study of form, meaning and behavior of words. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English ) lMorphology(形态学), semantics(语义 学), etymology（词源学） lVocabulary（口语化）, lexis（两者 之间）, lexicon（学术味） (词汇) 英语词汇学PPT l1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型学年第二学期词汇学试题类型 lI. Explain the following terms. (20 points)

2、lII. Complete the following statements or passages with lproper expressions according to the text. (10 points) lIII. Fill in each blank with a word contrary in meaning to the word given in the bracket. (10 points) lIV. Complete the following idioms. (10 points) 英语词汇学PPT lV. Fill in the blanks with t

3、he following verbal phrases in their suitable forms. (20 points) lVI. Express the following in one compound word. (10 points) lVII. Answer the following questions. (20 points) lI. Explain the following terms. l homonym compounding connotative meaning lMorpheme blending initialism antonymy synonym de

4、notative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation 英语词汇学PPT lVII. Answer the following questions. l1. How do you define antonyms? l2. What is the difference between conversion and suffixation? l3. What do we mean by literary and common words? l4. What is the

5、difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning? l5. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affix? 英语词汇学PPT l6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? l7. Why should we give primary importance to denotative meaning of words? l8. What is the dif

6、ference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms? l9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning. l10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features? 英语词汇学PPT lA General Survey of English Vocabulary 英语词汇学PPT l1.The Development of the English vocabulary l2

7、. Classification of English words according to different criteria l3. Varieties of English l4. Classification of languages 英语词汇学PPT lDefinition of Word Bloomfield: some linguistic forms, which we call bound forms are never used as sentences. -ess; -ish;-s Free form: two or more lesser free forms Poo

8、r John lFrench linguist, Antoine Meillet A word is defined by the association of a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use. 英语词汇学PPT llexicon (词汇): lthe vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge, leg. the size of the English lexicon 英语词汇学PPT lEntry (词条): lan item writte

9、n or printed in a diary, list, account book, or reference book. 英语词汇学PPT l a basic lexical unit of a language consisting of one word or several words, the elements of which do not separately convey the meaning of the whole. 英语词汇学PPT lIn brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech an

10、d a minimum free form, with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.词是语言组织中的基本 单位，能独立运用的，具有声音 、意义 和语法功能。 英语词汇学PPT l1.1. English vocabulary as viewed in the historical perspective 1.1.1Old English (449/450 1100) Anglo-Saxon

11、 (古英语)(50,000-60,000 words) 1.1.2Middle English (1100 - 1500) strong influence of French (中古英语) 1.1.3Early Modern English (1500 - 1700 ) (早期现代英语) Renaissance Latin Greek 1.1.4Late Modern English (1700 Pres.) (后期现代英语) 英语词汇学PPT l(“the Anglo-Saxon Period”) l1.1.1.1Background l1.1.1.2 Characteristics of

12、 OE 英语词汇学PPT lPaleolithic Man l3000 BC, Iberians - Neolithic l500 BC, Celts l55BC 410 AD, the Roman occupation l55BC: Julius Caesar l43AD: Emperor Claudius l - The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服 l410 AD, the fall of the Roman Empire 英语词汇学PPT l449AD, Invasion of Angles, Saxons abbot, alter, candle, disciple, h

13、ymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc. 英语词汇学PPT l1.1.2.1 Background l1.1.2.2 Characteristics of ME 英语词汇学PPT lThe Norman Conquest: l 1066.1 King Edward

14、1066.9.28 William 1066.10 Hastings William I, William the Conqueror William I (1066-1100) l -House of Normandy (诺曼底王朝) 英语词汇学PPT lHenry I (1100-1135) Henry II (1154-1189) l - House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝) John (1199-1216) Henry III (1216-1272) Edward III (1327-1377) - Black Death l1337-1454: The Hundre

15、d Years War Richard II (1377-1400) Henry IV (1399-1413) l - House of Lancaste（兰加斯特王朝） 英语词汇学PPT l1455-1485: The Wars of the Roses Edward IV (1461-1483) l - House of York （约克王朝） Edward V (1483-1483) Richard III (1483-1485) Henry VII (1485-1509) l - House of Tudor （都铎王朝） lCoexistence of three languages

16、 French + English + Latin lEnglish: 1204， 1399， 1404 Chaucer, the Bible 英语词汇学PPT l1) Dialects l2) Spelling and Pronunciation l3) Grammar l4) Loan Words 英语词汇学PPT lNorthern Dialect East Midland Dialect West Midland Dialect Southern Dialect 英语词汇学PPT le.g. ,th, a, ou (hshous), l hwwh, cwqu, scsh/sch -e

17、not pronounced letter j from French, lclear l,r; -gh-, -gn-, -kn-. “knight” lFormation of Standard Pronunciation: lend of 14th C- 15th C lBased on East Midland Dialect (esp. London dialect) 英语词汇学PPT lNouns, Adjectives, Articles(s,se,t) (OE) e (Later written as the); t(OE) that; “a/an” appeared Verbs

18、(Most verbs turned to be regular. ) Significance: (a) Importance of Word Order (b) Nature of English : from synthetic language to analytic language 英语词汇学PPT l(a）Fr. French lThe Romanization of English Loss of a large part of the OE word- stock l(b) Fr. Latin l Two ways: directly into English l into

19、English via French. (c) Affixes of French and Latin. 英语词汇学PPT l(d) Significance: l -modification of meaning le.g. beef, mutton, pork : l牛、羊、猪(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、猪肉(E.) l-synonyms le.g. l W. fr. OE W. fr. Fr. W. fr. Latin fire flame conflagration l ask inquire interrogate 英语词汇学PPT l1.1.3.1Background l1.1.3.2

20、Characteristics of Early Modern E 英语词汇学PPT l1) 1492, Christopher Columbus, 90 sailors/3 sails 1519-1522, Ferdinand Magellan London as the world trade centre 2) Enclosure Movement 3) The Renaissance 英语词汇学PPT l4) Brief History 1603, Death of Elizabeth I, l James VI of Scotland James I(1603-1625) - Hou

21、se of l Stuart(斯图亚特王朝) 1653, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protect (1653-1658) - the Commonwealth（共和政体） 1660, Charles II(1660-1685)- Restoration of the House of Stuart （斯图亚特王朝复辟） James II (1685-1688) William III and Mary II(1689-1702) 英语词汇学PPT l1) Spelling and Pronunciation l2) Vocabulary and Grammar l3) In

22、fluence of Renaissance on l English 英语词汇学PPT l(a) Spelling tended to be uniformed(mid 17th C) and take the present form. Edward Phillips: The New World of English Words(1658) (b) Change of Short Vowels. a: (letter a) (cat , thank, flax) u (mostly letter u) (cut, sun, us, love) 英语词汇学PPT l(c) Change o

23、f Long Vowels - the Great Vowel shift l (元音大变动 1500-1750） l ME EModE l e: i: l i: eiai l a: ei l : ou l o: u: l u: uau 英语词汇学PPT l(d) Change of Consonants Change of h; Loss of w l in consonant clusters Introduction of (e) Discordance between Spelling and Pronunciation e.g. i: ea(leaf), ee (sheep), e(

24、fever), ie(thief), ei(either), ey(key), ay(quay) 英语词汇学PPT l(a) Interchange of features of speech. l adj. adv./n./v. n. v. eg. l(fr. Antony and Clepoatra by Shakespeare) l- He words me, girls, he words me - a hand that kings have lippd, and trembled kissing. 英语词汇学PPT l(b) Continuous loss of inflectio

25、ns. n. : plural: -(e)s (Some n) possessive: s l - the writer of the books ambition - the king of Englands nose adj.: -er, -est or more, most pron.: thou, thy, theeye, your, you l you, your, you “its”, “who” came into existence. v.: third sing.： eth -s 英语词汇学PPT l(c) Establishment of Word Order 词序位置的固

26、定是 中古英语过渡到 现代英语的一个重要标志。 主语+动词+宾语 定语 名词 e.g. “是我。” lOE: ic hit eom (I it am.) lME: Hit am I (It am I ) l Chaucers time: It am I. lEModE: It is me. 英语词汇学PPT l(d) Difference in vocabulary e.g. l climate : country circumstance: ado, fuss, ceremony address: to prepare , to get ready enlarge: release 英语词汇

27、学PPT l(a) On formality of the English Language l(b) On Literature. Drama, Shakespeare. e.g. Shylock, pound of flesh, the salt of youth, Cordelias gift. l(c) On vocabulary. (Borrowed words) 英语词汇学PPT l(c) On vocabulary. (Borrowed words) lLatin and Greek: arbiter, genius, ignoramus, census, maximum; -i

28、sm, -ist, -ize, anti-,co- ,de-, ex-,inter-,pre-,pro-. From French: alloy, bizarre, comrade, detail, duel, vogue, surpass. From other languages: armada, banana, cocoa, hurricane(fr. Spanish) balcony, design, portico, colcano (fr. Italian) 英语词汇学PPT 1.1.4.1Background 1.1.4.2 Characteristics of Late Mod

29、ernE 1.1.4.3 The rapid growth of present day English 英语词汇学PPT l1) The 18th C Society 1688 Enlighttment, the Age of Reason Novelists: Defoe, Swift, Fielding l Poets: Blake, Burns. 2) The 19th C to Date Industrialization l Technological development 英语词汇学PPT l1) Prescription of English l2) Grammar Stud

30、y l3) Vocabulary l4) Pronunciation 英语词汇学PPT lLearned thinkers and authors who wrote in Latin. 1729, Thomas Cooke： Proposals for Perfecting the English Language. 1755, Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language. 英语词汇学PPT lVariety of grammar books. From the viewpoint of prescriptivism. e.g.

31、Id rather: I had rather I would rather It is me It is I. I/we shall, you/he/she/they will. 英语词汇学PPT l2nd influx of Fr. Vocabulary: effect of the Restoration of the House of Stuart. lLoan words from colonies and other countries. Varieties of Ways of Enlarging Vocabulary -In form: affixation, compound

32、ing, conversion, blending, backformation. -In meaning: extension, narrowing, transference, elevation, degradation. 英语词汇学PPT lPetty modification of some phonemes in standard pronunciation. e.g. unstressed i, e in ei ,o in ou. Word stress: l ally ally, l laboratory laboratory 英语词汇学PPT l1.2.1 Marked pr

33、ogress of science and technology eg unclear bomb computer science l1.2.2 Socio-economic, political and cultural change eg social habits living condition l1.2.3 The influence of other cultures and languages 英语词汇学PPT l2.1 by origin: native words and loan words fundamental features of the basic word st

34、ock lNational character lStability lWord-forming ability (1)Ability to form collocations 英语词汇学PPT l2.2.1 common words l2.2.2 literary words l2.2.3 colloquial words l2.2.4 slang words l2.2.5 technical words 英语词汇学PPT l2.3.1 function words determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so fo

35、rth 2.3.2 content words 英语词汇学PPT lDeterminer(限定词 ) Pronoun代词 Preposition介词 Conjunction连接词 Auxiliary verb助动词 Interjection感叹词 英语词汇学PPT lNoun名词 Verb动词 Adjective形容词 Adverb副词 英语词汇学PPT l3.1 General View （概述） 3.2 American English（美国英语） 3.3 Difference between Br.E and Am.E l (英国英语和美国英语的差别) 英语词汇学PPT lBritish

36、 English American English Scottish English Canadian English Australian English New Zealand English 英语词汇学PPT l3.2.1 lBackground l3.2.2 lCharacteristics of American English 英语词汇学PPT lEngland, The Queen of the Seas l1607, the first colony, Jamestown l1620, the first pilgrims. Plymouth l1607-1733, 13 co

37、lonies 英语词汇学PPT l1607-1733, 13 colonies: l Virginia (1607), Massachusetts (1630), lMaryland (1632), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1638), North Carolina (1663), lNew York (1664), New Jersey (1664), lSouth Carolina (1670), lNew Hampshire (1679), lPennsylvania (1682)， lDelaware (1703), lGeorgia（173

38、3） 英语词汇学PPT l1765. 10 1773 1774.9 1776.7.4. 英语词汇学PPT l1) Archaism l2) Heterogeneity l3) Creativeness 英语词汇学PPT l17th C British English le.g. In grammar: gotten, In pronunciation: r, 英语词汇学PPT lFrom Indian: raccoon, squash. (anglicize) From French: prairie, pumpkin, caribou, rapids. From German: noodle, sauerkraut. From Dutch: Santa Claus, boss, bedspread, dumb, sleigh. From Spanish: cockroach, patio, plaza, ranch. 英语词汇学PPT lTo name new things: lground hog, bullfrog, sweet potato, lynch. 英语词汇学PPT l3.3.1 In Pronunciation 3.3.2 In Grammar l3.3