2015职称英语阅读理解文章及译文小抄版

1、第一篇 纳米保健技术走向贫困国家 纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。 在上周于华盛顿woodrow wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。 来自多伦多大学的peter singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。 由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药

2、性的产生。所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。 纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。国立卫生研究所的piotr grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。andrew maynard是woodrow wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。与此同时他指出，与较大分

3、子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poornanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. the

4、se include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. but one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.last week, speakers at a program in washington discussed using .nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. the program took

5、place at the woodrow wilson international center for scholars. peter singer at the university of toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm eases of malaria. he says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a persons blood under a micros

6、cope.in poor countries, this process is often not followed. as a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. researchers are studying ways to program

7、 them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 4experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. piotr grodzinski of the national institutes of health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effec

8、tive. he talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. he says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects. 6andrew maynard is chief scientist for the project on emerging nanotechnologies at the woodrow

9、 wilson center. he noted that brazil, india, china and south africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. but he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. he says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment comp

10、ared to larger particles7. experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.练习：1.which of the following uses of nanotechnology is not mentioned in the passage?以下选项未提及纳米技术的用途的是？ ba to make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.,b to produce better and lighter b

11、uilding materials. 好的农产品和发光的建筑材料c to help more accurately diagnose diseases. d to help more effectively treat diseases.2.how can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases? 怎样能使量子点被应用于确认疾病？ ca by traditionally looking at a persons blood under a microscope. b by letting a person take some kind of medic

12、ine. c by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 当靶分子存在的时候就能通过发光来诊断疾病d by subjecting a person to an x-ray examination.3.how can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective? 纳米技术如何被用于提高疗效？a by making a drug target the focus of a disease. 使药物对准疾病的病灶b by changing the structure of

13、the body cells. c by lowering the side effects caused by a drug. d by letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.4.the following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology exceptc下述发展中国家在纳米技术方面没有做很好的科学研究的是a chinab brazilc iran伊朗d india5.which of the follow

14、ing is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage? d在利用纳米原料可能存在的危险下面提到的一句是a they may cause some damage to the body cells. b they are harmful materials themselves. c they may store in the body.d they may behave differently in the body and the environment. 纳米材料的颗粒在体内和在体外环境中作用可能

15、不太一样第二篇 医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他卫生专业人员提供医学信息的出版物。在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。少数的医学杂志，如美国医学协会杂志，被看作是普通医学杂志，因为他们涵盖了医学的许多领域。大部分医学杂志都是针对特定医疗领域的专业杂志。医学杂志登载很多类型的文章。科研论文报告从基础疾病机理到比较不同疗法产生的结果的临床试验的研究结果。综述文章基于仔细的医学文献阅读，总结和分析某个特定话题所能得到的信息。由于个体研究之结果可能受很多因素的影响，因此将有关同一题目的不同研究之结果汇总起来，可能有助于得出有关预防、诊断或是治疗

16、某一疾病所需的科学证据的结论。病例会诊和病理报告可能会登载在医学杂志上，告知医生特定的疾病和如何治疗。医学杂志上的社论是表达作者观点的短文章，它们经常是针对同一期杂志上登载的一个科研论文或综述文章的。社论提供了一个整体看法，阐述这篇文章是怎样和同一话题的其他信息联系在一起的。读者来信为医学杂志的读者提供了发表评论、提问或批评杂志上登载的文章的途径。medical journalsmedical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professional

17、s.in the past, these journals were available only in print. with the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have web sites on the internet, and some journals publish only online. a few medical journals, like the journal of the american medical association, are considered gen

18、eral medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.medical journals publish many types of articles. research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the b

19、asic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. because the results of individual research studies can be affected by

20、 many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians abo

21、ut particular illnesses and how to treat them. editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the

22、 same topic. letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.练习：1.the main readers of medical journals are医学杂志的主要读者是_b_。a the general public.b health professionals. 卫生专业人士 c medical critics.

23、d news reporters.2.which of the following statements is not true? _c_是错误的。a many medical journals also publish online.b a few medical journals are general medical journals. c most medical journals publish only online. 大多数医学杂志只在网上出版d most medical journals are specialty journals.3.how many major types

24、 of articles are mentioned in the passage? 文章类型有_a_种。a five.b seven.c four.d six.4.an article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called讲述同一话题的不同研究结果的文章属于_b_。a a research article.b a review article. 综述性文章c a case report.d an editorial.5.letters to the editor enable reade

25、rs of a medical journal to express comments on读者来信就_c_发表评论。a any medical event. b articles published in the same issue.c articles published in that journal 杂志上发表的文章 d medical development.厨房油烟可致癌医学专家们经过5年的研究调研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸烟，而女性患此绝症的罪魁祸首是厨房油烟。医生们昨天宣布这一结果，并对肺癌患病的一些新趋势做出分析。他们认为病人越来越年轻化，尤其是女性。据上

26、海肿瘤研究所统计显示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成为继乳腺癌之后的第二大高发病率肿瘤。上海民生中医肿瘤诊疗中心何裕民医生指出：“不健康的生活习惯是致癌的一个重要原因。” 他对2,276名肺癌患者进行了长达5年的追踪调研。这些患者中有1,483名师男性。报告显示，案例中男性患者中70%是由吸烟诱发癌症的，而直邮18%的女性患者是由于吸烟或被迫吸入二手烟才诱发癌症的。然而， 60%以上患肺癌的女性都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受。大约32%的女性在滚开的油里煎炸食物而厨房却密不透风。而大约25%的女性居住的卧室紧邻厨房。但是，妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶。其中一

27、些人表示要改变准备饮食的方式。“我每天都得下厨做饭，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45岁的妇女说，“我知道油烟对皮肤不好，但是还是第一次听说油烟竟能致癌、我以后要少煎炸食物。”医生们认为，女性患肺癌和个人健康及身体状况联系极少，但和肿瘤家族病史、不健康的饮食习惯和脆弱的免疫系统联系紧密。其它专家同意何医生的意见。“吸烟已经成为诱发男性肺癌最最大的因素，”上海复旦大学医学院呼吸道疾病研究所名誉主席谭彬用指出，“二手烟和厨房油烟的确是诱发女性肺癌的主要原因。”他的研究同时也警告人们不要站在卖油炸食品的摊点旁，因为他们使用的油都是劣质的。专家称，如果长时间接受油烟，患肺癌的几率有常人的3倍那

28、么高。cooking oil fumes cause tumorthe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tenden

29、cies in lung cancer. they said patients are younger, especially women.according to the shanghai tumor research institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.an unhealthy lifestyle is a very importa

30、nt reason for lung cancer, said dr he yumin from shanghai minshen traditional chinese medicine tumor diagnosis and treatment center.he followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. among them, 1,433 were male.smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients

31、 developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.however, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.about 32 percent of women fried foods in boili

32、ng oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of womens bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.however, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. some claimed they may change food preparation methods.unless my family and i dont eat at home every day, i must s

33、tay in the kitchen to cook, said xu li, a 45-year-old local woman. i know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time i heard that it can result in lung cancer. i have already started frying less.doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, bu

34、twas closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.other experts agreed with he.3smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men, said dr tan binyong, honorary president of the respiratory disease institute at fudan universitys medical college

35、. its true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. hes research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.the chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time,6

36、 experts said.练习：1what a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? 科学家指出癌症的趋势是_ a men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women b women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men c patients with lung cancer become older, especially males d patients with lung cancer be

37、come younger, especially females _病人越来越年轻，尤其是女性。2which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in shanghai? 在上海的居民中，最普遍的疾病是 a heart disease b breast cancer肺癌 c infectious diseasesd lung cancer3what symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long

38、 term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? 长期和油烟接触的女性主诉_症状？ a irritated eyes and throat眼睛和喉咙 b severe pain in both lungs c continuous cough and headached difficulty in breathin94what was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?当他们知道了厨房油烟能够导致癌症的时候，当地女

39、性的反应是_a happy b surprised惊讶c angry d careless5which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer? _和女性的癌症没有关系 a family cancer history b unhealthy dietary habits c weak immune systems d personal health and physical condition个人健康和身体状况第三篇 孕期妇女宜多补充多维制剂 近日，来自坦桑尼亚的研究显示，孕期妇女若每日

40、补充适量多种维生素制剂，则新生儿体重过轻(即少于25kg)的几率将明显减少。专家指出，体重过轻的新生儿死亡的风险要大大高于正常体重的新生儿，且即使幸存下来，其成年后患很多疾病如心脏病和糖尿病的几率也会高于常人。世界卫生组织估算，每年全世界有2000万体重过轻的婴儿诞生，其中有90出生在发展中国家。 此次研究试验在坦桑尼亚首都达累斯萨拉姆举行，共有4200名怀孕妇女参加了实验。她们服用的多维制剂包括所有b族维生素、维生素c和维生素e，同时还包括剂量超出发达国家给妇女的建议服用量数倍的铁和叶酸盐。因为孕期妇女较常人更容易发生维生素和矿物质摄人不足的现象，尤其是在发展中国家。 作为对照组，研究者给另

41、外4000名孕妇服用了不含有维生素的安慰剂。来自美国和坦桑尼亚的科学家们共同撰写了实验报告，并刊登在新英格兰医学杂志上，其中来自哈佛大学公共卫生学院的wafaie fawzi为此次研究的组织者。参加实验的所有怀孕妇女均非艾滋病病毒携带者。而在更早的来自坦桑尼亚的研究报告中科学家曾指出，每日补充多维制剂对于已感染艾滋病的孕妇来说是一种减少胎儿死亡几率的成本较低的方式。研究同时检测到，孕妇在服用多维制剂后其血液中的淋巴细胞水平将会上升，而淋巴细胞可以增强人体免疫系统抵御传染病的功能。此次新的研究试验表明，补充多维制剂可以显著降低新生儿体重过轻的概率。服用维生素的孕妇组中，过轻婴儿的比重为总数的8，

42、而服用安慰剂的对照组中，过轻婴儿的比重接近95。虽然对于降低孕妇早产率和死胎率方面，维生素的作用并不明显。最后，科学家呼吁，发展中国家应努力为所有孕期妇女及时补充多种维生素。multivitamins urged for all pregnant womena recent study in tanzania found that when pregnant women took vitamins every day, fewer babies were born too small. babies that weigh less than two and one-half kilograms

43、 at birth have a greater risk of dying. those that survive are more likely to experience problems with their development. and experts say that as adults they have a higher risk of diseases including heart disease and diabetes. the world health organization1 estimates that every year twenty million b

44、abies are born with low birth weight. nine out of ten of them are born in developing countries.the new study took place in dar es salaam. 4, 200 pregnant women received multivitamins. the pills contained all of the vitamins in the b group along with2 vitamins c and e. they also contained several tim

45、es more iron and folate than the levels advised for women in developed nations. pregnant women especially in poor countries may find it difficult to get enough vitamins and minerals from the foods in their diet.the scientists compared the findings with results from a group of 4,000 women who did not

46、 receive the vitamins. a report by the scientists, from the united states and tanzania, appeared in the new england journal of medicine.3 wafaie fawzi of the harvard university school of public health4 led the study. none of the women in the study had hiv, the virus that causes aids. the scientists

47、reported earlier that daily multivitamins were a low-cost way to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with5 hiv. the earlier work in tanzania also found improvement in the mothers in their number of blood cells known as lymphocytes. lymphocytes increase the bodys immunity against infection

48、.the new study in pregnant women who were not infected with the aids virus found that multivitamins reduced the risk of low birth weight. just under eight percent of the babies born to women who took the multivitamins weighed less than 2,500 grams. the rate was almost nine and one-half percent in th

49、e group of women who received a placebo, an inactive pill, instead of the vitamins. but the vitamins did not do much to reduce the rates of babies being born too early or dying while still a fetus. still, the researchers say multivitamins should be considered for all pregnant women in developing cou

50、ntries.练习：1.how many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to who? 依照who估计在发达国家每年有_婴儿出生体重过低？。a 20,000,000.b 18,000,000.c 2,000,000.d 38,000,000.2.a pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances except下列_不是一片多维可以包含的物质。a all vitamins

51、in the b group . b vitamins c and e.c much iron and folate. d antiviral substances. 抗病毒物质3.which of the following is not one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage? 有关多种维生素的作用下面没提到的是_a to reduce the rate of babies born too early. 可以降低婴儿早产比例b to reduce the risk of low birth weight.

52、c to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with hiv. d -to increase the number of lymphocytes in mothers blood.4.what a role do lymphocytes play in the human body? 淋巴细胞在身体中的作用是_a to reduce the rate of dying while still a fetus.b to raise the bodys immunity against infection. 提高免疫性，抗击感染c to

53、help prevent the development of heart disease. d to help prevent the development of diabetes.5.how many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the aids virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?在新的研究中，被没有感染艾滋病病毒且服用多维的妇女所生低体重婴儿占百分之a less

54、than 8% . b about 9.5%. c 1.5%.d 17.5%.第6篇 自行车的危险儿童骑慢车跌倒时，如果撞在车把两端，会受重伤甚至会丧命。因此，一些工程师正在重新设计这种欠合理的车把，以使其更安全。宾夕法尼亚州费城的儿童医院的生物工程师kristy arbogast和她的同事开始做这个项目实在一项研究有了结果以后，这项研究的结果表明在过去的30年里，超过1/3的儿童腹部受伤的情况是起因于自行车事故。她说：“要做的工作就是找出受伤的原因及其对策。”通过访问这些孩子和他们的家长，arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的许多事故，并且确认一个共同的机械装置造成了这些严重伤害。他们发现

55、大部分伤害发生在孩子慢速撞向某种使他们跌倒的障碍物的时候。为了保持平衡，他们把车把转过90度但是他们的冲力使他们压进车把一端中。然后车子摔倒，车把的另一头撞到地面，把它压入他们的腹部。这个团队得出解决的办法是装有弹簧和减幅系统的手柄。在撞击的过程中，握柄上的弹簧会吸收掉50%沿车把传递的冲撞力。这个团队希望能够把这种装置商业化，这只需要自行车的价格提高几美元。arbogast说：“但是我们的任务是教育，因为迄今为止，自行车制造商还没有意识到这个问题。”这个团队还通过美国消费产品安全委员会努力说服制造商采纳新设计。今年晚些时候有望有所决定。pushbike perillow speed bicy

56、cle crashes can badly injureor even killchildren if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars.so a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer. kristy arbogast, a bioengineer at the childrens hospital of philadelphia in pennsylvania,began the project with her coll

57、eagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed hat more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents.“the task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures,”she says.by interviewing th e children and their parents,arbogast and her team wre able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanismresponsible for serious injuries.they discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed,causing them to tapple over.to maintain their balance they turn