细节理解题的解题步骤和方法

1、细节理解题的解题步骤和方法细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解最重要的一类题型。根据分类，所有的阅读理解题型按照答案在文中出现的位置和形式不通，可以分为细节理解和主旨大意两大类，而前一类在整个题量当中大概会占到80%甚至以上的比例。二、细节理解题的分类细节理解题的答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复，而是根据文中的细节经过合理的推理 或转化得出的。1. 同样，按照答案在原文中出现的位置，细节理解题可以分为集中型细节理解题和分散型细节理解题。(1) 集中型：就文章的单个细节提问，答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单句话或几句话中。 因为具体细节不同，出题形式千变万化，因题而异。如：【2010 江苏】

2、 57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably【2010 上海】70. As is mentioned in the card, the limitationof the research paper mainlylies in that (2) 分散型：题目涉及到文章某一段或几段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中的 多个细节。请注意，分散型细节理解题并不意味着题目的正确答案出现在文章的不同位置，正确答案 往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细节。只是说文章的干扰选项是关于不同的

3、细节，需要我们在定位 的时候阅读某一个区域。分散型细节理解题常见的出题方式有：Which of the followi ng is not true?We can lear n/infer from the passage thatWhich of the following isNOT mentioned about ？也有因题而异的，有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中，需要考生仔细定位。如：【2010 江苏】 61. Some people are against killing wolves because .原文所陈述的原因有很多段，而并不是单个的句子。2. 就题目形式而言，细节理解题的表

4、现形式是多种多样的，最常见的有：(1) 文章细节：针对文中细节直接提问(2) 指代判断：判断文中某个代词或特定词组的指代关系(3) 图表数据：对题目中的图标和数据进行简单的计算(4) 词义猜测：推测文中某个词或词组的含义(5) 顺序排列：选择文中细节出现的正确的时间顺序或逻辑顺序(6) 态度目的：作者在文中引入某个细节的目的，或对某个细节或细节人物的态度三、细节理解解题方法三大法宝：顺序原则、定位词、排除法1. 把握解题的顺序原则。一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的，这能帮助我们缩小寻找范围，大大提高效率。我们做题时可以采用采用步步为营法，看一题做一题。【2010广东】CFood

5、sometimes gets pois oned with harmful thin gs. A pers on who eats such food can get anillness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly, The symptoms of food pois oning usually begi n with in hours of eati ng the pois oned food. Feveris one of the most c

6、om mon symptoms.Certain microorganisms (微生物 )cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and othermicroorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny livi ng things release (释放)pois ons that make people sick.Some chemicals can also cause food

7、pois oning. They are ofte n added to food while it isbeing grow n, processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to killweeds and in sects.Somepeople may have a bad reacti on to those chemicals when they eat the crops.Some pla nts and ani mals con tain n atural pois ons t

8、hat are harmful to people. These in clude certa in kinds of seafood, grains, nu ts, seeds, bea ns, and mushrooms.When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoningis very small Microorganismsmultiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touc

9、h food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorga nisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eat ing it. Fin ally, people shoul

10、d not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be pois ono us.Most people recover from food pois oning after a few days of rest ing and drinking extra water. If people

11、eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.51. Which of the followi ng stateme nts isNOTtrue?A. Food whe n pois oned can make people sick.B. Food pois oning means death.C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.D. Food pois oning can be serious.52. We know

12、 from the passage that the symptoms of food pois oning.A. are always accompa nied by a feverB. are too com mon to be no tedC. can be no ticed withi n hoursD. can be ignored53. Food poi soning can be caused by all the followi ng EXCEPT .A. some chemicals B. low temperturesC. some tiny living things D

13、. certain natural materials54. From Paragraph 5, we can lear n thatA. mushrooms should not be eate nB. vegetables are safer tha n meat and seafoodC. n atural pois ons are more dan gerous tha n chemicalsD. differe nt types of food should be han dled differe ntly55. It can be in ferred from the passag

14、e thatA. n atural materials are safe in food process ingB. chemicals are n eeded in food process ingC. food pois oning can be kept un der con trolD. food pois oning is out of con trol该篇文章除了最后一题是主旨大意题外，其他都是细节理解题，而且答案位置的先后顺序与题号顺序 是基本一致的。2. 通过定位词寻找出题点定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者用 于解答主旨大意

15、题。通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词或词 组划记出来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。（1）什么词才算是定位词呢？我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字、百分数等的数词，以及题干中 出现的大写的名词。女口【2010 辽宁】 64. According toCaliforniastudy, the low-scoring group might【2010 全国卷 II 】51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in theEurope ?【2010 辽宁】61. What does the

16、 writer dislike most about dinner parties inNew York?【2010 全国 I 】61. How did Christy McKi nley kn ow Ms. Schatzma n s op inion of the chi tea?【2010 山东】57. was created for . 【2010 湖南】62, We can know that before 1995 Mary .【2010 四川】46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communitie

17、s Standards ? 在上面的例子当中，表示地名的California, NewYork, Europe ;表示人名的 ChristyMcKinley, Ms.Schatzman，表示时间的1995以及大写的特殊专有名词，Green Communities Standards等都是定位词，在原文当中都有出现，能帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点。可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等，在没有上面这些类词的时候我们需要留意一些表示实体意义，指代一件具体事物的具象的名词。如：【2010 广东】48. When your colleague brings about a problem, you s

18、hould.【2010 江苏】56. Which of the following do thesurnames in the passage NOT cover?【2010 全国 I 】56. Where is the nearestparking place to Shakespeares Birthplace ?【2010 全国 I 】66. Why do hoatz ins collect together in smaller groups whe n therainy seas oncomes?如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢？这时我们还可以关注题干中词义鲜明

19、的动词、形容词、副词等。但是因为动词、形容词、副词的同义表达太多，题干中这些词往往是原文中的同义表达或转化，需要引起我们的注意。这个我们在下文中还会专门提到。请看下面一个用形容词、副 词作定位词的例子：【2010 上海】 67. Indian elephants are gettingincreasingly angry and they revenge because在原文中我们可以找至U对应的句子： Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry : for many years,illegal hunters have attacked it and

20、 its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of Iand. It is now fighting back.在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点：(1)文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。如：【2010全国II】A篇(文章略)41. What wouldBrow nie do whe n some one was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly. B. Ke

21、ep them compa ny.C. Play games with them. D. Touch them gen tly.42. We can infer from Paragraph 2 thatBrow nie.A. world eat anything whe n hungry B. felt sorry for her mistakeC. loved playing hide-and-seekD. disliked the author s daddoes the author say thatBrownie was more than just a family pet?A.

22、She was treated as a member of the family.B. She played games with anyone she liked.C. She was loved by everybody she met.D. She went everywhere with the family.44. Some people got frightened byBrownie when she.A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funnyof the following best describes

23、Brownie ?A. Shy B. Polite C. Brave D. Cari ng我们发现，这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有Brownie,因此Brownie不是定位词。这也是在上面讲第一类首选定位词的时候给出例子里全国卷I的56、66两题不把hoatzinsShakespeare s Birthplace当做定位词的原因。他们虽然是特殊名词或专有名词，但是在文中反复出现,没有定位价值。(2) 大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词，因为名词的可替代性相对较低，容易找到唯一出处。但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词，也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词。一般来说，下面两类名词都不可取。a. 扌由象

24、词。女口 opinion, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory等等。b. 言语词。女口 statement, argument, comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer, reason等等。如：【2010 江苏】60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killingwolvesfor all the followi ng reaso ns EXCEPT that .文章所叙述的地区正

25、是North America ,因此在这个题干中 North America不能算是定位词。那么reason算不算呢，它是一个言语词，在文章当中通常也是不出现的，不能算是定位词。(3) 并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文中出现的只是题干定位词的转换形式。在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅 速发现文中定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。一般来说，定位词的转换有下面几种形式：a.同义改写。题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组，词性和结构不变，意义相近。如：【2010全国II】A篇When I was six, Da

26、d brou ght home a dog one day, who was called“ Brow nie ”，My brothers andI all loved Brow nie and did differe nt things with her. One of us would walk her, ano ther would feed her ,the n there were baths, playi ng catch and many other games .Brow ni e, in return, lovedeach and every one of us. One t

27、hing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better whe n she was around.41. What would Brow nie do whe n some one was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly.B. Keep them compa ny.C. Play games with them.D. Touch them gen tly.这里原文中的

28、sick被转换成了题干中的ill 。【2010广东】A篇When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mother s Chinese English. Becauseof her En glish, she was ofte ntreated un fairly . People in departme nt stores, at ban ks, and atrestaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to

29、 understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.41. Why was the author s mother poorly served ?A. She was un able to speak good En glish.B. She was ofte n misun derstood.C. She was not clearly heard.D. She was not very polite.我们发现原文中的treated unfairly与题干中的poorly served意义相近，因此在浏览文章的时候就能够注意到

30、treated un fairly，并在这个定位词附近寻找正确答案。【2010江苏】D篇But the key issue is really money . China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expa nsion68. According to the passage , the greatest challengeto the new high-speed railway planis .A. technical issues BC. financial problems D

31、safety of the system maintenance of railway tracks这里文章中的名词词组key issue转换成了题干中的 greatest challenge,意义相近.【2010陕西】B篇Tuesday s Daily News said 29-year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday.51. What did Duret do shortly after the ambula nee came?A. He was in terviewed by a n ewspaperB.

32、He asked his girlfrie nd for his dry clothesC. He went to the hospital in the ambula neeD. He disappeared from the spot quickly这里文章中的quickly 转化成了题干中的 shortlyb.转变词性与结构：题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一致，而是做了一定的概 括与总结。如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词、形容词等等。【2010江西】CCon fucius suggested Rule as a prin ciple for the con duct o

33、f life:“ Do not do to others whatyou would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, thoughsome pote ntial tha n others, are that it was kno wledge thatset men apart . Socrates focused onin dividual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. H

34、e believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior（下层的）classes.66. What made some peopledifferentfrom others according toConfucius ?A. FamilyB. Pote ntialC. KnowledgeD. Commu nity我们发现文章中的 set m

35、en apart 即有题干中的 differe nt 之意。这里将一个动词词组转化成为一 个形容词。因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词differe nt （ Co nfucius在文中反复出现）就容易让我们定位至U set men apart 这里来。我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词，现在让我们用高考真题来演练一下定位词是如 何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的。【2010江苏】D篇It 11 be a win-win project . For other countries , the railway network willdefinitelycreatemore opport

36、un itiesfor bus in ess , tourism and so on, not to men ti on the better com muni cati on amongthose coun tries.For China , such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources , but would also help develop China s far west . We foresee that in the comin

37、g decades, millionsof people will migrate to the western regions , where the land is emptyand resources unu sed. With high-speed trains , people will set up factories and bus in ess cen ters in the west once and for a11. And they 11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries .67. China

38、s new high-speed railway plan will be awin-win project because.A. China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regionsB. China and the coun tries in volved will ben efit from the project in various waysC. Chi na will develop its railway system and com muni cati on with other coun tri

39、esD. the foreig n coun triesin volved will develop their railway tran sportati on, bus in ess andtourism我们发现题干中的引号处的wi n-win project”是一个特色比较鲜明的名词，对应到文章中马上找到原词。根据后面的for other coun tries和for Chi na我们可以发现，中国的高速铁路计划应该是对外国和中国双方都是十分有利的。因此本题的正确选项应该为B选项。【2010湖南】A篇HOW TO TAKE LIPITORDOTake Lipitor as prescri

40、bed by your doctorTry to eat heart-healthy foods while you take Lipitor.Take Lipitor at any time of day, with or without food.If you miss a dose（ 一剂）,take it as soon as you remember . But if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose , wait . Take the next dose at your regular time.Don t

41、:Do not cha nge or stop your dose before talk ing to your doctor.Do not start new medici nes before talk ing to your doctor.58. If it has bee n over12 hours since you missed a dose, you should.A. cha nge the amount of your n ext doseB, eat more whe n tak ing your next doseC. have a dose as soon as y

42、ou rememberD. take the n ext dose at your regular time这是一篇药品说明书，我们在58题的题干中发现了一个很典型的表示时间的定位词12 hours, 对应到文中我们知道如果漏服了一剂药超过十二个小时以后应该在下一次正常服药的时候服一次药即可。因此 这里应该选择 D选项。【2010全国II】A篇Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop and ask if they could pe

43、t her. Of course she d let anyone pet her. She was just themost lovable dog. Th ere were many times when we d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair. she n ever barked（吠）or tried to get away. Funny thing is she wouldsmile. This frightened people because they thought sh

44、e was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she lovely every one.44. Some people got frighte ned by Brow nie whe n she.A. smiled B. barked C. rushed to them D. tried to be funny这个题目的题干中我们只能找到动词frighte ned 有可能充当定位词。在文中我们浏览frighte ned 所在的前一句和后一句发现，Brownie是因为“微笑”的时候露出牙齿才吓到别人的，所以本题应该选择A选项。请注意：离散型细节理解题的

45、解题步骤和技巧基本上与集中型是一致的，但是离散型细节理解题在题干中除了告知特定的目标段落之外，往往找不到定位词。这就需要我们在题干找不到定位词时，迅速的浏 览一下选项，在选项中找到定位词。例如：【2010山东】C篇Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the Universityof CaliforniaSan Diego（UCSD）for two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book,“ V

46、ersed ”.“ I m delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that thePulitzer brings, ascompared to eve n the Nati onal Book Critics Award, which I was alsosurprised and delighted towin, ” said Armantrout.“ For a long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of

47、 attention, suddenly, with my10th book, is really surprising. ”Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelor s degree at UC Ber keley, whereshe studied with no ted poet DeniseLevertov, and her master s in creative writ ing from SanFran cisco State Uni versity. She is a founding memberof La

48、n guage Poets, a group in America n poetry that an alyzes the way Ian guage is used and raises questio ns to make the reader think.In March, she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for“Versed. ”“This book has gotten more attention,” Armantrout said, “but I don t feel as if it sbetter.The firs

49、t half of“Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United Statesas it fought the war aga inst Iraq. The sec ond half looks at the dark forces casti ng a shadow over her own life after Arma ntrout was diag no sed with can cer in 2006.Arma ntrout was shocked to lear n she had won the Puli

50、tzer but many of her colleagues were not.“Rae Armantrout is a unique voice in American poetry,” said Seth Lerer, head of Arts andHuma nities at UCSD.“Versed” , published by the Wesleyan University Press, did appear in a larger printing than her earlier works, which is about 2,700 copies. The new edi

51、ti on is scheduled to appear in May.66. Accord ing to Rae Arma ntrout,.A. her 10th book is much betterB. her winning the Pulitzer is un expectedC. the media is surprised at her worksD. she likes beingrecog ni zed by her readers我们发现，这是一个离散型细节理解题，题干中没有明显的定位词（文章主人公是Rae Armantrout ,全文贯穿她的话，所以Rae Armantr

52、out不是定位词）。所以我们这个时候需要快速地浏览一下选项看看有没有我们需要的定位词。快速浏览之后，我们分别标记了10th， Pulitzer ，surprised ， recognized作为定位词。根据出题顺序原则，我们然后带着这些词语浏览文章的开头，很快就发现了这些定位词在文中出 现的位置。A选项属于过度推测，Rae Armantrout只是说她的第十部作品获奖让她感到十分意外，这并不 意味着这部作品就更优秀。C选项说媒体惊叹于她的作品，而实际上原文说 I was also surprised anddelighted to win,”这说明是 Rae Armantrout自己为她的获奖

53、感到惊讶，所以C选项是断章取义地对文章作了错误的理解。D选项recognized我们在原文中并没有找到，我们也不能推测出她喜欢受到读者的认 同，因此D选项也是过度推测。3.排除法排除法是解答阅读理解题的另一个重要的方法。因为有的时候如果是给填空题让我们做，我们也许不 能填出正确答案，但是如果给出四个选项让我们选的话，我们可以通过对比排除错误选项。那么怎样通过 排除法做题呢？(1 )正确选项的特征正确选项虽然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改写，意思不变。如换一个同义词，把否定改 为肯定，把肯定改为否定等。【2010 江苏】68. According to the passage, the g

54、reatest challenge to the new high-speed railwaypla n is .A. tech nical issuesC. finan cial problemsB. safety of the systemD. maintenance of railway tracks我们在原文中发现了定位词greatest challenge 的转化形式key issue 。原文是这样的 But the keyissue is mon ey.我们知道遇到转折连词时我们重点要看的是转折连词的后半部分，本题的正确答案实际上是money的转换形式。所以我们可以选择本题的正确答

55、案C。光了解了正确选项特点还不够，我们更需要知道错误选项为什么是错误的，这样才能够洞察出题者的 出题意图，规避有意给我们设置的陷阱。那么干扰项究竟有哪些特点呢？(2 )错误选项的特征a 张冠李戴：把 A事物的特点说成是 B事物的，企图混淆视听。【2010江苏】A篇Other early surn ames came from people s occupati ons. The most com mon occupati onal n ame is Smith, which mea ns a pers on who makes things with iron or other metals.

56、 In the past, smithswere very important workers in every town and village. Someother occupational names are: Carter a person who owned or drove a cart;Potter a person who made pots and pans.57. According to the passage, the ancestors of thePotter family most probably .A. owned or drove a cart B. mad

57、e things with metalsC. made kitchen tools or contains D. built houses and furnitureB 选项是指 Smith 这个姓氏而不是 Potter ，根据定位词所指示的句子，我们发现 Potter 是指生产壶 和罐等厨房用具的职业，所以选择C选项。虽然这些器具都是金属的，但是以生产金属制品为特点更确切的是 Smith 。b. 断章取义：抓住一个字眼或细节做文章，对作者本意歪曲的理解。c. 过度猜测：文中并没有出现和选项一致的直接信息，选项对文意进行了不切实际的过度猜测。【 2010 全国卷 II 】 B 篇Whenyoure lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses （ 压力） of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation-you have to fi