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1、一、毕业设计(论文)内容及研究意义(价值)1.论文的主要研究内容永磁同步电机具有结构简单、体积小、转矩电流比高、易于散热及维护等优点,特别是随着永磁材料价格的下降、材料的磁性能的提高、以及新型的永磁材料的出现,在中小功率、高精度、宽调速范围的伺服控制系统中,永磁同步电动机引起了众多研究与开发人员的青睐,其应用领域逐步推广,尤其在航空航天、数控机床、机器人等场合获得广泛的应用。本文针对永磁同步电机基于转子磁链定向矢量控制数学模型,分析矢量控制原理,确立基于=0的转子磁场定向的矢量控制方案。矢量控制是基于转子坐标系的,经过一系列的坐标变换,将电机的转子磁链和转矩解耦,分别对定子电流的励磁分量和转矩

2、分量进行控制,并经过pi调节、电压空间矢量pwm控制实现双闭环控制系统。针对永磁同步电机伺服系统,给出电流、速度、位置等调节器的设计方法,对伺服控制需解决的一些主要问题,给出相应的解决办法。建立伺服系统的仿真模型,运用matlab中的simulink进行仿真研究给出部分结果,分析相应的结果,得到结论。2.论文研究意义及价值近年来,随着电力电子技术、微电子技术、微型计算机技术、传感器技术、稀土永磁材料与电动机控制理论的发展,交流伺服控制技术有了进步,交流伺服系统将逐步取代直流伺服系统,借助于计算机技术、现代控制理论的发展,人们可以构成高精度、快速响应的交流伺服驱动系统。因此,近年来,世界各国在高

3、精度速度和位置控制场合,己经由交流电力传动取代液压和直流传动1。二十世纪八十年代以来,随着价格低廉的钕铁硼(refeb)永磁材料的出现,使永磁同步电机得到了很大的发展,世界各国(以德国和日本为首)掀起了一股研制和生产永磁同步电机及其伺服控制器的热潮,在数控机床、工业机器人等小功率应用场合,永磁同步电机伺服系统是主要的发展趋势。永磁同步电机的控制技术将逐渐走向成熟并日趋完善。可以毫不夸张地说,永磁同步电机已在从小到大,从一般控制驱动到高精度的伺服驱动,从人们日常生活到各种高精尖的科技领域作为最主要的驱动电机出现,而且前景会越来越明显9,10。尽管永磁同步电动机的控制技术得到了很大的发展,各种控制

4、技术的应用也在逐步成熟,比如svpwm、dtc、svm、dtc自适应方法等都在实际中得到应用。然而,在实际应用中,各种控制策略都存在着一定的不足,如低速特性不够理想,过分依赖于电机的参数等等。因此,对控制策略中存在的问题进行研究就有着十分重大的意义。基于上述情况,对永磁同步电机伺服系统的仿真研究就有了重要的意义。二、毕业设计(论文)研究现状和发展趋势(文献综述)1.永磁同步电机的研究现状早期对永磁同步电机的研究主要为固定频率供电的永磁同步电机运行特性的研究,特别是稳态特性和直接起动性能的研究。永磁同步电动机的直接起动是依靠阻尼绕组提供的异步转矩将电机加速到接近同步转速,然后由磁阻转矩和同步转矩

5、将电机牵入同步13。上个世纪八十年代国外开始对逆变器供电的永磁同步电动机进行深入的研究。逆变器供电的永磁同步电机与直接起动的永磁同步电机的结构基本相同,但在大多数情况下无阻尼绕组。1980年后发表了大量的论文研究永磁同步电动机的数学模型、稳态特性、动态特性。a.v.gumaste等研究了电压型逆变器供电的永磁同步电动机稳态特性及电流型逆变器供电的永磁同步电动机稳态特性。随着对永磁同步电机调速系统性能要求的不断提高,需要设计出高效率、高力矩惯量比、高能量密度的永磁同步电机,g.r.slemon等人针对调速系统快速动态性能和高效率的要求,提出了现代永磁同步电机的设计方法13。随着微型计算机技术的发

6、展,永磁同步电动机矢量控制系统的全数字控制也取得了很大的发展。d.naunin等研制了一种永磁同步电机矢量控制系统,采用了十六位单片机8097作为控制计算机,实现了高精度、高动态响应的全数字控制。八十年代末,九十年代初b.k.bose等发表了大量关于永磁同步电动机矢量控制系统全数字控制的论文。永磁同步电动机矢量控制系统转速控制器大多采用比例积分(pi)控制。pi控制器具有结构简单,性能良好,对被控制对象参数变化不敏感等优点14。1991年,r.b.sepe首次在转速控制器中采用自校正控制。早期自适应控制主要应用于直流电机调速系统。电机在运行过程中,模型和参数是不断变化的,参数和模型的变化将引起

7、控制系统性能的降低。现代控制理论中的各种鲁棒控制技术能够使控制系统在模型和参数变化时保持良好的控制性能。因此,将各种鲁棒控制技术运用于电机调速领域,可以大大提高调速系统的性能。在这方面,运用的较为成功的控制技术主要有:自适应控制、变结构控制、参数辨识技术等8。目前,国内外永磁交流伺服系统产品的厂家很多,如日本安川电机公司、fanuc公司、三菱公司、松下公司,德国西门子公司、rexroth公司、bosch公司,美国gettys公司、kollmorgen公司等。其中美国kollmorgen公司i.d.(industrial drives)工业驱动部分的goldline系列代表了当代永磁交流伺服技术

8、的最新水平3。国内由于资金和技术的限制,研究和产品多集中在低价位、性能较差的直流无刷电机上。一些院校和研究所的永磁同步电机多为特殊设计,应用于航天、国防等的特殊场合的特种电动机。北京四通、上海开通、西安微电机研究所和华中数控等少数单位研制出部分产品,但都未成规模,不具有与国外产品竞争的能力7。2.永磁同步电机伺服系统的发展趋势永磁同步电机伺服系统的发展与微处理器技术11、电力电子技术、传感器技术、pwm控制技术6、控制理论等密切相关,以下从上述几个方面把握一下永磁同步电机伺服系统的发展脉络。2.1微处理器随着微电子技术的发展,数字信号处理(dsp)以其快速的运算能力、高可靠性和丰富灵活的指令系

9、统成为伺服控制领域的主流控制芯片。作为伺服系统控制核心的dsp除了有中央处理单元,还有片内程序存储器、数据存储器以及片内外设。电机专用dsp芯片具备:(1)用于定时中断的通用定时器;(2)位置检测用正交编码脉冲电路和计数器;(3)用于过流保护、智能功率模块(ipm)保护、z脉冲等的外部用户中断,以及事件管理器中断和系统中断;(4)电压、电流检测用adc模块;(5)内嵌的pwm产生电路和死区设置电路;(6)正反转、启停等用数字io端口;(7)用于变量显示和参数修改的通讯接口;(8)防止程序“跑飞”或“死机”的看门狗电路;(9)系统保护用复位电路。2.2电力电子器件15在电机控制中,电力电子器件及

10、其装置时实现弱电控制的关键所在,随着新型可关断器件的实用化,使得高频化pwm技术成为可能。目前,主要采用的功率器件是igbt和ipm,igbt的应用使控制系统的性能有了很大提高:(1)igbt具有高输入阻抗和低通道压降的优点,驱动电路功率减少,开关器件发热减少;(2)高载波控制,在脉宽调制中利于逆变器输出调制波波形;(3)安全工作区宽、开关时间短,开关频率高,电机控制中可以达到20khz,使之超过人耳的听觉范围,实现了电机运行的静音;(4)驱动电路简单,保护容易。2.3传感器永磁电机伺服系统为了进行闭环控制,需要有位置、速度和电流传感器等。通常位置传感器要完成系统的转子位置控制检测,而且同时实

11、现电机速度测量,常用的位置传感器有光电编码器和旋转变压器等。光电编码器的优点是数据处理简单、信号噪声容限大、容易实现高分辨率、检测精度高,缺点是不耐冲击及振动、容易受温度变化影响、适应环境能力较差。按脉冲与对应位置关系,分为增光式光电编码器和绝对式光电编码器,前者输出两路正交的方波信号,脉冲对应角位移增量,角位移的基准点由每转输出一个的z脉冲确定,后者在旋转码盘上制成8-12个码道,用不同的数码指示转子磁极位置4,5。2.4 pwm控制技术电压源型pwm技术利用功率开关器件的开通和关断把直流电压变成一系列宽度不等的矩形电压脉冲序列,通过改变脉冲宽度和输出周期实现变压和变频。pwm控制技术大体上

12、课分为三大类:正弦波形pwm、优化pwm和随机pwm。正弦波形pwm按照追求正弦波形的物理量不同,分为电压正弦(即通常的spwm)、电流正弦pwm(即通常的电流值环控制)和 磁通正弦pwm(即通常的svpwm)。svpwm即空间矢量pwm,它从电机的角度出发,着眼于如何使电机获得幅值恒定的圆形磁场,即正弦磁通。由于该控制方法把逆变器和电机看成一个整体来处理,所得模型简单、便于微处理器实时控制,并具有转矩脉动小、噪声低,直流电压利用率高的优点,因此,成为近年来最受欢迎的调制方法4,17。三、毕业设计(论文)研究方案及工作计划(含工作重点与难点及拟采用的途径)1.毕业设计(论文)研究方案论文首先建

13、立要交流永磁同步电机系统的数学模型,并对转子磁链定向矢量控制、空间矢量pwm波形的产生、电流回路和速度回路的调节等控制方法进行了matlab仿真研究12,验证了这些实现方法的可行性,为实际系统的实现和调试提供了理论依据。其次,要分析并改正原设计硬件电路上存在的一些问题,使驱动电路能正常工作。在此基础上,采用矢量控制、电压空间矢量pwm控制、pi调节等方法实现具有位置、速度、电流三个回路的交流永磁同步电机伺服系统的控制。本文要对这些方法进行较详细的论述2。最后要对系统进行实验研究并得出结论。2毕业设计(论文)工作计划2.1工作重点、难点(1) 永磁同步电机伺服系统模型的建立;(2)各种控制器的设

14、计方法,例如永磁同步电机的位置闭环反馈控制设计方法,给出实验结果;(3)矢量控制系统的结构、实现及仿真;(4) 矢量控制系统调制方法(svpwm方法分析、比较及实现);(5)永磁同步电机电流环、速度环、位置环的控制方法;(6)matlab中simulink的操作及实验结果的分析。2.2具体工作计划第一周 了解课题研究内容,查阅相关资料第二周 收集整理与课题相关的资料,进行开题报告的撰写第三周 完成外文翻译,修改并完成开题报告第四周 根据开题报告的内容,计划并列写论文目录第五周 掌握永磁同步电机的工作原理及结构特点第六周 学习永磁同步电机的矢量控制原理第七周 学习并建立永磁同步电机的矢量控制的数

15、学模型第八周 掌握spvwm(电压空间矢量pwm技术)的原理第九周 掌握伺服系统的电流环、速度环、位置环的原理及设计第十周 熟悉matlab中simulink的操作并建立坐标变换模块第十一周 利用matlab对永磁同步电机控制矢量进行仿真第十二周 利用matlab对永磁同步电机伺服系统电流环、速度环、位置环进行仿真第十三周 对所做的仿真系统进行反复调试第十四周 对仿真结果进行比较分析、总结第十五周 撰写论文第十六周 撰写论文第十七周 对论文格式进行修改,完成论文第十八周 对论文进行演示并毕业答辩(四)主要参考文献(不少于10篇,期刊类文献不少于7篇,应有一定数量的外文文献,至少附一篇引用的外文

16、文献(3个页面以上)及其译文)1唐亚苏.电动车及其电机的发展概况j.电动汽车.1996(2):15-17.2赵艳花,李春娟. 基于模糊pid的机器人视觉伺服控制j.工业控制与应用,2009.28(03):22-27.3黄伟忠, 宋春华. 永磁交流伺服电机国内外市场概况j.微特电机. 2009 (1): 35-37.4孙环阳,黄筱调,洪荣晶,裴亮. 永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的仿真研究j. 机械设计与制造,2010,(03):88-93.5赵辉,鲁超,岳友军.基于三电平逆变器的永磁同步电机控制策略研究j.电气自动化,2010,32(03):05-07.6孙环阳,黄筱调,洪荣晶,裴亮. 全数字永磁同

17、步电机运动控制系统的设计j.微电机,2010,43(07):104-107.7暨绵浩. 永磁同步电动机及其调速系统综述和展望j. 微特电机,2007,(03):55-59.8邓干铭. 永磁同步电机控制系统仿真j.龙岩学院学报,2010,28(05):33-37.9林河成. 稀土永磁材料的生产应用及市场(j). 四川有色金属.2010(10):67-69.10唐任远. 钕铁硼电机应用产品开发成果简介(j).材料导报.2001, 15(2)18-21.11guo ji-feng ,gao cun-chen .design of variable structure controller for u

18、ncertain time-delay singular systemj.journal of harbin institute of technology(new series), 2009,3(16):35-38.12andrzej bartoszewicz.discrete-time quasi-sliding-mode control strategiesj. ieee transactions on industrial electronics, 1998,4(45):78-81.13cai guo ping,huang jin-zhi. discrete variable stru

19、cture control of liner time-invariant systems with time delay j. journal of shanghai jiaotong university, 2002,1(07):12-16.14 cheng-zhi fan, ming-xing huang. permanent magnet synchronousnous motor direct torque control system(j). journal of zhejiang university science a. 2009, 10(4):22-26.15 王兆安,刘进军

20、.电力电子技术m.北京:机械工业出版社,2012.16 林瑞光.电机与拖动基础m.浙江:浙江大学出版社,2010.17 陈伯时,阮毅.电力拖动自动控制系统m.北京:机械工业出版社,2012附:引用的外文文献及翻译permanent magnet synchronousnous motor direct torque control systemcheng-zhi fan, ming-xing huangabstractthere are many advantages about synchronousnous motor ,so it is extensively been applied

21、to industrial production aim.this thesis mainly recommend the reason why synchronous motor unable starts after be energized、synchronous motor incapability leads long into synchronousnization fault and brush and compress tightly spring and gather to give or get an electric shock ring fault.then it ha

22、s put forward the ways how to solve these problems.keywords:synchronousnous motor breakdown solutionbecause of synchronousnous motor have the advantage of higher power factor, higher run - timeefficiency , stability good, it is extensively been applied to industrial production aim. acquainting with

23、the startingfault of synchronous motor, and debugging in time, it has very important meaning to the motor itself and the production system.in order to getting rid of and dealing with the breakdown timely ang accurately,we have to analyse familiar breakdown about synchronousnous motor in detail.famil

24、iar fault1.the synchronous motor unable starts after be energizedthere several reasons about this as follow:(1)power supply voltage over low.because at the square of voltage, the startingtorque direct of synchronous motor is direct ratio the square of voltage, the low power supply of voltage make th

25、e starting torque of synchronous motor drooping significantly,which is lower than load troque, thus it can not start therefore raise this power supply voltage to enlarge the starting torque of motor.(2)the fault of motor itself.check if motor settle, the rotor winding had no short circuit, open circ

26、tui, open soldering and link bad etc or not. these faults will make the motor can not start to create starting of rating of intensity of magnetic field, make thus the motor can not start.checking the motor bearing has already been destoryed, the port cap has have no loose, if bearing failure port sh

27、roud loose, result in bearings down sinking, mutually rub with stator iron core, result in thus motors canning not start, settling the rotor fault can be shaken table with the low tension, gradually click to check to seek a fault condition and adopt homologous treatment.the countersgaft accepts and

28、carries to shroud a loose condition and all wants a pan car before driving each time and sees motor rotor whether slewing is vivid, if bearing or shaft kiowatt damage and replace in time.(3)the control device breaks down.this kind of faults are mostly like the dc output voltage of the windings of ma

29、gnetic belt to adjust not appropriate or dont output, resulting in the stator current of motor over big, cause the motor conduct electricity the run make or the losing of motor magnetic belt run - time.should check whether output voltage current and its waveform that the li magnetic belt equips is n

30、ormal at this time, the rong breaks whether the machine long breaks, the contact is bad.whether circuit board plug-in puts prison or alignment;check loop resistance, put out whether crystal gate tube of magnet burns out or brokes through.(4)mechanical trouble.for example, be dragged along a dynamic

31、machinery to block, result in motor incapabilitys starting, the rotor that moves motor in response to the pan at this time sees whether the slewing is vivid, machinery burden whether existence fault.2.the synchronous motor incapability leads long into synchronousnization. synchronous motor in common

32、 use law of nonsynchronousnous starting, throw in li magnetic belt when the motor rotor revolving speed hits synchronousnous revolving speed of 95%, make it leads long into synchronousnization.the synchronous motor incapability leads long into synchronousnous reason as follows:(1) the li magnetic be

33、lt winding short circuit.because the winding ofli magnetic belt, existence short circuit breaks down, as a result makes motor able to stabilize run - time but incapability and lead long into synchronousnization while being lower than synchronousnous revolving speed.check to seek the li magnetic belt

34、 winding short circuit, can open into low - tension(about the 30 vs) in the rotor derivation on - line, put on the magnetic poles surface with a hand work steel saw, pursue inspection magnetic poles, if vibrating is violent, explain the magnetic poles to have no short circuit on steel saw of the mag

35、netic poles surface, if the vibrating of saw blade micro or dont flap, explain the magnetic poles short circuit.after unloading the magnetic poles, check the fault to click, is short-circuit degree, adopt local to mend or re- round to make.(2) power supply voltage over low.power supply voltage over

36、low, resultin the strong li link of the device of li magnetic belt incapability working, make the motor incapability lead long into synchronousnization thus, the concrete way is to raise power supply voltage appropriately.(3)the fault of li magnetic belt device.such as throw li over speedy(namely th

37、row in li magnetic belt, motor rotor revolving speed over low), will make the motor can not lead long into synchronization, should check to throw if the li link exists fault at this time.if li magnetic belt device fault, the outputs current is lower than a rating value, cause the electricity magneti

38、c troque of motor over small but can not lead long into synchronization, at this time in response to scrutiny li magnetic belt device of throw li link and phase - shifting link, waveform use oscillograph to check to throw li link and phase - shifting link, should also check and put out magnetic belt

39、 link and put out crystal gate of magnetic belt whether tube discovers a question as usual, handle in time, if the incapability handles in time, by way of the energy quickly restore capacity, should replace to provide for use circuit board.3. brush and compress tightly spring and gather to give or g

40、et an electric shock ring fault.the brush leads short and compresses tightly spring press scarcity and make brush and gather to give or get an electric shock ring of indirectly touch badly, thus generate spark or arc electric, arc electric or spark to on the other hand and easily spark short circuit

41、, will make arc electric burn on the other hand shorter, spark open circtui thus, result in li magnetic belt device only the li magnetoelectricity press but have no li magnetoelectricity streaming; compress tightly spring ageing lapse, make brush and gather to give or get an electric shock ring of i

42、ndirectly touch badly, effect the starting of motor thus; gather to give or get an electric shock a ring surface to there is grease stain and scar or slot scar, will make brush and gather to give or get an electric shock ring of indirectly touch badly, generate spark, spark further burn gather to gi

43、ve or get an electric shock ring, will also make and short-circuit, the spark effects the starting of motor thus. for gather to give or get an electric shock ring superficial grease stain, can wipe to clean with the acetone; for thin trace, use many fettle shagging rings of sandpapers surface, is ri

44、ng surface roughness to hit r1.6 ums, if the slot scar obviously needs to get on the car bed transform, turning, enter amount of knife to take every time 1 mm as proper, in the 1-1.5 ms/s, the turning speed controls roughness hits of the ums of r1.5-1.8 and becomes bad anti to finally polish with th

45、e sandpaper 2-3 times over the 0.05 mms.4. the damper winding breaks down.the damper winding of synchro motor rotor is provided for synchro motor starting to use and wipe - out run - time at the same time amid spark because of loading to change of out of step osc.start the damper winding in the proc

46、ess to incise the magnetic field of stator revolution but induced very big starting current in the synchro motor, so the big current by all means will result in damping hair thermal expansion, under the normal condition because of starting time short, the damper winding starting is behind soon will

47、cool off, but block up revolution in the motor, lack phase, start the super - in time to lengthways wait a condition down, if dont shut down in time, will result in the damping take off soldering to split etc. condition.the damper winding is weaker link in the synchro motor parts, the damper winding

48、 familiar fault has:the damping takes off soldering and split, the damping ring discharges wildfire, damping ring the strain is serious.these faults will effect the starting of synchro motor. the damping takes off soldering and chooses silver actinium welding rod and adopts oxyacetylene welding to w

49、eld, the dynamo after taking out the core heats into rotor 200 celsius degrees set rotor vertical in the oven, after taking out and adopt 750 celsius degrees to or soly weld temperature, damping and the blind side of of damping ring complete solderings are full, clear a soldering dirt again, ;for sp

50、lit of the damping , after dismantling original damping, choose the material of material homology and adopt the above-mentioned method to weld after packing good damping.damping ring the wildfire is mainly what damping ring indirectly touches bad or get in touch with area isnt enough to result in. d

51、amping ring the strain seriously is mainly a damping to fix anticoincidence in the slot, the damping plugs into damping ring while welding hole falsely, appear additional stress after welding, at plus damping ring intensity not enough to, treatment is loose open all connectivity bolts of damping rin

52、gs, vs strain anti big of damping ring, after oxyacetylene welding heating adjust with the exclusive use fixture even, vs strain serious replace a new damping of ring.conclusionwhen the synchronousny motor appears fault, cautiously analytical possible reason, gradually expel, look into related data

53、when its necessary, absorb experience, propose corrective actions. analytical the motor fault not only need to have firm theory knowledge and experience of prolific maintenance repairs, but also need to aim at concrete fault, deep consideration, brave creative, the motor after ensuring to break down

54、 removal can stabilize run - time over a long period of time.永磁同步电动机直接转矩控制系统范成志 黄明星摘要同步电机具有诸多优点,广泛应用于工业生产中。本文主要分析并介绍了永磁同步电机的常见启动故障,如同步电动机通电后不能起动、同步电动机不能牵入同步的故障及电刷和压紧弹簧、集电环故障,并提出了及时排除故障的方法。关键字 同步电机 故障 解决方法同步电动机由于具有功率因数高,运行效率高,稳定性好,被广泛应用于工业生产中。熟悉同步电动机的起动故障,并及时排除故障,对电动机本身及生产系统都有重要的意义。为了能及时、准确的排除故障和处理故障,必须对同步电动机的常见故障进行详细分析。常见故障1同步电动机通电后不能起动同步电动机起动后不能运行一般有以下几个方面的原因:(1)电源电压过低。由于同步电动机的起动转矩正比于电压的平方,电源的电压过低使同步电动机的起动转矩大幅下降,低于负载转矩,从而无法起动,对此要提高电源电压,以增大电机的起动转矩。(2)电动机本身的故障。检查电动机定、转子绕组有无短路、断路,开焊和连接不良等故障,这些故障都会使电机无法建立起起动的额定的磁场强度,从而使电机无法起动;检查电动机轴承有无损坏,端盖有无松动,若轴承损坏端盖松动,造成轴承下沉,与定子铁心相摩

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