语法讲义第七讲虚拟语气

1、语法讲义虚拟语气第七讲第一 虚拟语气应用范围概述虚拟语气用来表示一种假设的情况或主观的愿望，是一种表示非真实 情况或主观设想的动词形式。按照不同的时间，主从句中动词的形式 发生变化。以动词do或be为例。虚拟语气在带有条件从句的复合句中的构成和用法时间从句主句现在did/werewould/should/could/might do过去had donewould/should/could/might have done将来did/were to do/ should dowould/should/could/might do第二.几种从句中的虚拟语气用法2.1. 主语从句中的虚拟语气当虚拟语气

2、用在主语从句中时，用于该句型主语谓语的动词主要是表示 说话人的态度或愿望的词。常用于这类形容词或分词有：esse ntial,importa nt, natural,preferable,required,suggested,dema nded,desired ,n ecessary,urge nt,advisable,desirable,imperative,proper, man datory,obligatory,vital,compulsory, crucial,fitt in g,better,best,appropriate,recommended, requested等。该类虚拟

3、语气的句型为:It is/was+esse ntialUrgent +that + 茫语 +(should)+ 动词原形suggestedIt is urge nt that a new law (should)be en acted to protect childre n.目前迫切需要制定一项法律来保护儿童。un til all the preparati ons have bee n例lt is recomme nded that the project made.a not be startedbwill not be startedcis not starteddis not to

4、be started例It is most desirable that he the conference.aatte ndsbis to atte ndcwill atte ndd should atte nd22同位语从句及表语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的表语从句和 同位语从句中，谓语要用虚拟语气，即“ should+动词原形”。这类名 词常见的有suggest on, proposal,moti on,o rder,pray,request,recomme ndati on, requireme nt, idea,aim,wish,pla n,dema

5、nd,decision,preferenee,necessarity,resolution,desire 等。Any proposals that Joh n should be dismissed must be resisted.必须抵制任何开除约翰的提议。Our suggesti on is that we (should)put on a play at the En glish eve ning.我们建议在英语晚会上演一个剧。例John Wagner most enduring contribution to the study of AfroAmerican poetry is h

6、is insistenee that itin a religious, as well as worldly, frame ofrefere nee.a is to be an alyzedb be an alyzedc has bee n an alyzedd should have bee n an alyzed例The final recommendation was that the employee on probation a specialni ght class for one semester.a has atte ndedbatte ndedcatte ndsdatte

7、nd2.3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气用在表示愿望、请求、建议、命令等动词的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。英语中有些表示“提议、主张、要求、命令、需要”等概念的词语， 本身隐含说话者主观的意见，认为某事“该(如何)”或“不该(如 何)。因此，这些词语后面的that从句应采用“虚拟语气”，而且“ that 从句”中以should表示这种语气。但在实际应用中(尤其是美国英语中)，“that 从句” should常被省略，因此从句中的动词短语可能只出现原形动词。其句型 为：主语 +suggest(ed)/insist(ed)+that+ 主语+(should)+ 动词原形.I suggest that we (s

8、hould) adopt a differe nt policy.常用于该句型主句谓语的动词主要有：表示“提议” 的动词 suggest, propose, recommend, move 等表示“主张” 的动词 insist, maintain, hold, urge 等表示“要求” 的动词 ask,request,require, dema nd, desire 等表示“命令”的动词 order, comma nd等表示“忧虑”的动词或短词：dread, fear, tremble, be afraid 等注:该句型中的主句的谓语动词无论采用“现在式”或“过去式”，其后的“that从句”固

9、定以“ should+动词原形”例We desire that the tour leader us immediately of any cha nge in pla ns.a informbi nformsci nformeddhas in formed例He asked hean opport unity to explai n his case.abe give n b givesc is give nd should give2.3.1. 动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。在这种句型中，宾语从句表示与主句谓语动 词同时存在或先于主句谓语动词存在的与事实

10、相反的情况，或将来不太可能实现 的愿望。其句型为：S+wish+that +S+过去式（be动词用were）同时的情况that +S+had+过去分词先于的情况that+S+would+动词原形将来的愿望shouldcouldmightI wish that he weren so lazy.I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.但愿那时他对这件事不那么大惊小怪。I wish that the rain would stop.要是雨能停下来就好了。注在“It is wished that句型以及wish做名词所引导的表语和同位语从句

11、也 要求虚拟语气，形式同以上句型。例I wish I Ion ger this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.a have slept bsleptcmight have slept d could have slept 例I wish youlike that .adon talkbwon talkc wouldn talkdnot to talk例I wish you with us tomorrow.a would gob did goc had gonedwill go23.2.would rather, had rath

12、er, would(just) as soon, would sooner,would prefer,等后宾语从句中的虚拟语气would rather, had rather, would(just) as soon, would sooner, would prefer 等后 宾语从句中的虚拟语气.该句型中的虚拟语气实质上是“ had,would rather ”等词 代替了 wish.该宾语从句往往省略that，从句的主语和主句的主语不是同一个(些)人时，该句型表示希望或婉转的责备，从句动词用过去式表示 当时或将来的情况；用过去完成时表示过去的情况，意味“宁愿某人做某事”I rather

13、you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立即寄出。I would prefer he didn stay there too long. 我倒希望他不要在那儿待得太久。I would just as soon you had retur ned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。此外，该句型还用于以下情况:1. 接动词原形时，表示现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择 I rather do it today.我宁愿今天做这件事。Liu Hula n would sooner die tha n surre nde

14、r. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。2. 接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当。Id rather not have told her the n ews. She is such a gossip. 我宁愿没有告诉他那消息，她真是长舌妇。例I much rather that you tomorrow than today.acame bwill comechad come dis coming24状语从句中的虚拟语气241.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气在 for fear that , in order that , so that, lest, in case (that)弓丨导的目的状语从 句中，谓

15、语动词一般用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用 should(could, might)+动词原 形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用“ (should)+动词原形”。I remin ded her twice of it lest she should forget.我提醒她两次，怕她忘了。I will not make a no ise for fear that I should disturb him.我不会做声的，以免打扰他。He put his coat over his son in case he should catch cold.他把大衣盖在儿子身上以免他着凉。注:如果in or

16、der that和so that前的主句是现在时，其后的从句有时亦可用 can, may+动词原形.Ask him to hurry up with the letters so that I can sig n them.让他带着信赶快来以便我签字。注:在以lest, in case引导的目的状语从句中的谓语动词若属于过去时，一般要 用虚拟语气：“(should)+动词原形”；若谓语动词不是过去时，也可以用陈述语 气。Take warm clothes in case the weather is cold.带上厚衣服以防天变凉。例Give me your teleph one nu mbe

17、r I n eed your help.a whetherb uni esscso thatdi n case例I did this so that I a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.amay havebmight havecca n havedhad had2.4.2以as though和as if引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中的虚拟语气。(1)as though与as if意义相同，都表示“似乎，” “好像”之意，但 以as if较为常用。它们引导的从句表示一种想象的状态，因此，从句的谓语大 多用过去式，是一种虚拟式，并不限于实际时间。从句表示

18、与现在事实相反，谓语动词用“一般过去式”；如果要表示与 过去事实相反，则用“ had+过去分词”；当表示将来的可能 性不大时，则用 would / might /could +动词原形。有时主句的谓语也用seem, look等感觉动词，仍旧表示一种弱式的 判断。I feel as if I were ten years younger.我觉得仿佛年轻了十岁。He talks about pyramids as though he had see n them himself.他谈起金字塔来，就好象亲眼见过似的。I feel (felt) as if we had known each othe

19、r for years.It looks as if it might rain.看上去好象要下雨。(2)在as if后面可以直接跟不定式，这是一种简缩用法。He opened his lips as if to say something. ”此外，在现代英语中，如果主句使用seem, look, sou nd, taste, feel, smell 等感觉动词时，as if后面的谓语动词也可以用现在时。“ looks as if our side is going to win. ”It looks as if it going to rain.2.5.定语从句中的虚拟语气“It is (

20、about, high) time+that ”句型中的虚拟语气。在“ It is (about, high) time ” that引导的定语从句中，也可以根据需要使用虚 拟语语气，用以表示早该做而未做的事情，含有建议的意味，其动词形式通常 用过去式或should+动词原形(用should时，不能将其省略)，意思则指现在或 将来，that可以省略。It time you turned in for the night.你该去睡觉了。It time that she gave up her girlish mannerism.她不该再装模作样地装小姑娘了。It high time (that)

21、 we began to work.咱们该开始工作了。It time I should leave.我该走了。例It timeabout the traffic problem downtown.a somethi ng was doneb a ny thi ng will be donec everythi ng is doned nothing to be done例It high time that we off.aareb will bechad bee ndwere第三.特殊虚拟语气精讲3.1. 错综时间条件句中的混合式虚拟语气ff+主语+had+ved2+,主语+would+动词原

22、形”shouldmightcould注1：该句型属于混合式的虚拟语气，条件从句表示与过去事实相反，主句则 表示与现在事实相反。注2:该句型表明：我们可以根据“现在事件”对“过去事件”进行假设或推 断。If it had not rained last night, the ground would not be so muddy this morni ng.如果昨天晚上没下雨，今天早上地就不会这么泥泞。If we had left a little earlier, we would n be walk ing in the rain now.如果我们早一点出发的话，我们现在就不会冒雨行进了。

23、例If you Jerry Brow n un til rece ntly, you thi nk the photographon the right was stra nge.ashould n tc on tactbwere n to contactcdid n tc on tactd had n tc on tacted例You able to speak English so well if you hadnbeen practicinghard.aare notbca n not becwouldn be dwould have been3.2. 含蓄的虚拟条件虚拟的条件，不一定是

24、if直接引导，有时可以用以下的表达法1）介词 with , without , under, but for, but （that）, in the past（ 要 是在以往）等引导的介词短语：With his aid, you would succeed.如果有他的帮助，你就会成功。Pla nts would die without water on the earth.地球没有水，植物就都会死。But for the fog we would have reached our desti nati on long ago.要是不下雾的话，我们很早就到达目的地了。Un der more fa

25、vorable con diti ons we could have fini shed the task.如果条件对我们更有利些，我们就会把工作完成的更好。2）不定式短语作状语。To hear him speak English, one would take him for an Englishman.听他说英语，真以为他是个英国人呢。He would be stupid not to accept that offer.如果他不接受那项建议，那真是太蠢了。It would be a mistake not to help him.不帮助他将是一个错误。3）分词短语。This same t

26、hing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.如果同样的事情发生在战时，就等于一场灾难。4）定语从句和状语从句。Anyone who had married such a girl as she would have bee n regretful. 谁娶了象她这样的姑娘都会后悔的。Help was promised where it should become n ecessary.要是需要的话，就答应给予帮助。例We did n k now his teleph one nu mber; otherwise we him.a ha

27、d teleph onedb would telepho nec must have telepho nedd would have teleph oned例talk, one would take him for a fool.a On heari ngbBe ing heard tocHeard todTo hear him3.3. but或but that表达的含蓄条件的特殊含义。but或but that作“如果不、”解，语义相当于“ if not ”，其后面不可接虚拟式，应接陈述式的现在时动词或过去时动词，即“but that+主语+现在时动词/过去式动词”，而主句要用虚拟式。But

28、that you help him, he would fail.如果没有你的帮助，他会失败的。But that you helped him, he would have failed.如果没有你的帮助，他早就失败了。例But I fully occupied the whole of last week, I would have gone to visit him in the hospital.a werebhad bee nchave bee nd was3.4.if only 后的从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意为“但愿”，相当于wish。注1:用“过去时或would+动词原形”表示与现在或