江苏省自学考试《英语语言学概论》(27037)判断题题库及中文翻译10页

1、江苏省自学考试英语语言学概论（27037）正确判断题题库及中文翻译1. Language is primarily speech ,and not the written form.语言主要是口语形式而不是书面形式。2. The relationship between the sounds and their meanings is arbitrary .声音和他们的意义之间的关系是任意的。3. Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs .语言符号是通过人类语言器官形成的。4. English linguistics is

2、a kind of descriptive linguistics .英语语言学是一种描述性语言学。5. Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable .语言比言语更加抽象，因此是不能直接观察的。（2009年10月考题）6. General linguistics deals with the whole human language .普遍语言学研究的是所有的人类语言。7. All the English words are not symbolic .不是所有的英语单词都是有符号的。

3、8. Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language .描述性语言学研究的是一种具体的语言。9. The spelling of words is not a reliable means of describing the English sounds .单词的拼写不是描述英语语音的一种可靠方式。10. In terms of tension of the muscles at pharynx ,vowels are grouped into tense vowels and lax vowels .根据咽喉肌肉的松弛状态，元音可以

4、分成紧元音和松元音。11. A phoneme is an abstract element in the sound system of a language while allophones are variants of a single abstract element.音位是语言的语音系统中一种抽象的成分，而音位变体是一种抽象成分的变体。12. The sounds that are in contrastive distribution are different phonemes .处于对比分布的语音是不同的音位。13. Two plosives（爆破音） cant go tog

5、ether at the beginning of words .在单词的开头两个爆破音不能搭配在一起。14. Short vowels do not occur finally .短元音不发生在词尾。15. All vowels can occur initially except u and u .所有的元音都发生在开头除了u和u.16. The sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme. 处于互补性分布并且语音

6、上相似的两个音是同一个音位的音位变体。17. All languages have sequential constraints .所有的语言都有序列限制。18. If the initial sound is an affricate ,the next sound must be a vowel.如果开头的音是一个塞擦音或者破擦音，那么下一个音一定是一个元音。19. Phonetic transcriptions（语音音标） include all the linguistically relevant features of sounds ; phonemic transcription

7、s （音位音标）only record distinctive qualities of sounds which can differentiate the meanings of words .语音音标包括了声音的所有相关语言特征。而音位音标只记录了能够区分单词意思的声音的区别性特质。20. The two words “bit ” and “bought ” form a minimal pair.Bit 和bought 两个单词构成一对最小对立体。21. A palatal plosive appears before or after a front vowel.一个硬腭爆破音出现在

8、一个前元音前面或后面。22. A morpheme is not equated with a syllable .一个词素并不等同于一个音节。23. All free morphemes are roots .所有的自由词素都是词根。24. All roots are not free morphemes .不是所有的词根都是自由词素。25. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are identical in both form and meaning ,then they are regarded as one

9、morph.如果一个或者更多音位的最小的有意义的序列在形式和意思上都一样，那么它们被视为一个形素。26. Inflectional affixes never cause a change in grammatical class.屈折词缀不会导致语法等级的变化。27. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in meaning but different in forms, then there are as many morphs as there are forms .如果两个或者更多音位

10、的最小的有意义的序列在意思上一样，但是形式不同的话，那么形素和形式一样多。28. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are different both in form and in meaning ,then there are as many morphs as there are different forms and meanings .如果两个或者更多音位的最小的有意义的序列在形式和意思上都不一样，那么有许多形素有不同的形式和意义。29. If both inflectional and derivatio

11、nal affixes occur in the same word ,derivational affixes always appear before inflectional affixes .如果屈折性词缀和派生词缀同时发生在一个单词上，那么派生词缀总是出现在屈折性词缀之前。30. Phonemes are said to be minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language .音位是语言的语音系统中最小的有甄别性特征的单位。31. Morphemes are defined as minimal meaningf

12、ul units in the grammatical system of a language .语素或词素是语言的语法系统中最小的有意义的单位。32. Morphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.语子是某一个特定词素的体现。33. The word SARS is formed by the process of acronymy .单词SARS是通过首字母缩写法形成的。34. Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change

13、in the meaning and in the part of speech . 略写法或者截短法指的是不改变意思和词性而将一个单词加以简略的构词过程。35. Acronymy is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together . 首字母缩略法是指通过把许多单词的首字母合并而构成新词的过程。36. Rearrangement of the words of a sentence yields either an ungrammatical sen

14、tence or a different sentence.一个句子单词的重新排列要么产生一个不合乎语法的句子要么是一个不同的句子。37. The paradigmatic relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.纵聚合关系是句子中语言形式和句子外语言形式之间的一种关系。38. The hierarchical relation shows us the inner layering of sentence.等级

15、关系或层次关系为我们表明了句子的内部层次。39. The dynamic study of sentences deals with two levels of structure :both surface structure and deep structure .句子的动态研究涉及两种结构层次：表层结构和深层结构。（2010年1月考题）40. A surface structure is pronounceable .表层结构是读得出的。41. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement o

16、f words as they are pronounced . 表层结构最符合单词的线性排列。42. A deep structure is not pronounceable .深层结构是读不出的。43. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words. 深层结构最符合单词有意义的组合。 （2009年10月考题）44. A surface structure is relatively concrete.表层结构相对而言是具体的。45. A surface structure giv

17、es the form of a sentence as it is used in communication . 表层结构给出了在交流中一个句子的形式。46. A deep structure is abstract .深层结构是抽象的。47. A deep structure gives the meaning of a sentence.深层结构解释句子的意思。48. The basic order of T-rules for Wh-word questions is :the Wh-word insertion rule T-Yes/No question T-Do inserti

18、on the Wh-word switching rule T-Affix.对于WH问句的转换规则的基本顺序是：T-Yes/No question T-Do insertion the Wh-word switching rule T-Affix.49. Some words do not have negative connotations when they are used generally .Nevertheless , in some contexts , they may take on additional meaning .一些单词一般没有负面的隐涵意义，但是，在一些情境中，

19、它们可能会表现出额外的意思。50. The connotation of a word is language-specific .一个单词的隐涵意义是跟语言相关的。51. The word “boy” is neutral in general without any negative sense. However , when a twenty-year-old white man calls a forty-year-old black man “boy”, it obviously has a negative connotation reflecting the racist att

20、itude of the speaker.单词“男孩”一般而言是中性的，没有任何的负面意义。但是，当一个二十岁的白人称呼一个四十岁的黑人“男孩”的时候，很明显反映了说话者具有种族歧视态度的负面隐涵意义。52. Some words or phrases always have negative associations . For example , the English word thirteen is always associated with bad luck.一些单词或者短语总是有负面的联想。比如，英语单词13总是联想到坏运气。53. An English word and a C

21、hinese equivalent may have the same denotative meaning （外延意义）but different connotations .一个英语单词和对应的中文汉字也许外延意义一样，但是隐涵意义不同。54. Sometimes a word can be used as a general term as well as a specific term.有时候一个单词可以作为一个概括意义的词使用也可以作为一个具体意义的词使用。55. Some words form a hierarchical structure of a hyponymic rela

22、tion , which moves from general to specific .At the top of the hierarchical structure is the most general term and at the bottom are the most specific terms .The terms “general ” and “specific ” are relative terms .一些单词形成了具有上下义关系的等级结构，从概括意义到具体意义。在等级结构最上面是概括意义的词，而最底部的是具体意义的词。术语“概括”和“具体”是相对的术语。56. The

23、re is variability across languages as to the exact nature of particular hyponymic relationships .关于某种特定的上下义关系的具体性质，不同语言之间是不一样的。57. If two words A and B show part/whole relationship , and if A is a whole and B is a part ,then B is “a part of ”A ,but not B is “a kind of ” A.如果两个单词A和B,显示了部分/整体关系，而且A是一个

24、整体，B是一个部分，那么B是A的一部分，但不是A的一种。 （2009年10月考题）58. Some synonyms have the denotative meaning but show differences in connotative meaning .一些近义词有外延意义，但是在内涵意义上不同。59. When we concentrate on the denotative meaning of words , we may find that words that appear to be synonymous at first glance are used to refer

25、 to slightly different sets of concepts or occur in different situations of use.当我们关注一些单词的外延意义时，我们也许发现，第一眼看上去是同义词的单词，在概念上是稍有不同的或者使用在不同的情境里。60. Some synonyms have the same meaning but different collocations .一些同义词意思一样但是搭配不一样。61. Complementary pairs of words are mutually exclusive and complementary .互

26、补性反义词是非此即彼的，是互补的，62. The meaning of gradable pairs of antonyms is characterized by relativity .可分等级的反义词的意义特征在于相对性。63. In gradable pairs of antonyms , very often one is marked and the other unmarked . The unmarked member is more neutral than the marked one and is thus used in questions of degree.在可分等

27、级的反义词中，经常一个是有记号的，一个没有记号。没有记号的比有记号的更加中性，因此被使用于具有等级的问句中。64. The semantic ambiguity（词汇歧义） that is caused by ambiguous words rather than by ambiguous structures is called lexical ambiguity . 由有歧义的单词而不是由有歧义的结构所导致的语义歧义称为词汇歧义。65. The meaning of a sentence is much more than sum of the meanings of the indivi

28、dual words in a sentence.一个句子的意思并不总是句子中各个独立单词意义的综合。66. A recipient receives a physical object.间接宾语接收一个物质实体。67. Semantic roles and grammatical functions are quite different notions .语义角色和语法功能是完全不同的概念。68. The notion of grammatical functions is independent of the notion of semantic roles.语法功能的概念是独立于（不依

29、赖）语义角色概念的。69. Semantic roles do not appear to be constrained by grammatical functions .语义角色并不受到语法功能的限制。70. “John married a blond heiress ” entails “John married a blond ”.“约翰娶了了一个金发碧眼的女继承人”蕴涵了“约翰娶了一个金发碧眼的人”。江苏省自学考试英语语言学概论（27037）错误判断题题库及中文翻译1. Every language contains a finite number of sentences; how

30、ever, it has an infinite set of words and a large set of rules, so language is creative. 每种语言都包括无数的句子，而这些句子由有限的规则和有限的单词所构造的。因此将finite 改为infinite , infinite 改为finite ,同时将large 改为small.2. In theory , the length of sentences is limited .从理论上来讲，句子的长度是无限的，因此将limited 改为unlimited .3. Linguistic symbols are

31、 a kind of visual symbols , which include vocal symbols 。语言符号包括两种visual symbols （视觉符号）和auditory symbols （听觉符号），同时vocal symbols ,是由人类语音器官发出的，它属于auditory symbols 的一部分。不是visual symbols 的一部分。4. Every language has two levels :grammatically-meaningless and sound-meaningful. 语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。因此将

32、句子改成Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaningless level.5. Such features of language as being creative ,vocal ,and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.人类语言区别于动物交流系统的特征有创造性，任意性，但是vocal 却是两者都有的特征。6. General linguistics

33、aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of a particular language. 普遍语言学把语言作为一个整体进行研究，因此将a particular language 改成human languages in general . 7. Competence is more concrete than performance. 语言能力是抽象的，而语言运用是具体的，因此需要将more 改成less.8. Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory whi

34、ch accounts for the rules of language in general. 描写语言学关注一种特定的语言。因此将language in general 改为a particular language.9. All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols. 不是所有由人类语音器官发出的声音都是语言符号。因此需要在are 后面加上not 10. Language is arbitrary, which means that any individual speaker has the fre

35、edom to determine the pronunciation of a word. 语言是任意的，但不是指任何一个人都有自由决定一个单词的发音。而是指The relationship between the sounds and their meanings is arbitrary .声音和他们的意义之间的关系是任意的。11. Some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.不能简单地说某些语言是低级的，而某些语言是高级的。12. Morphological knowledge is a native spe

36、akers intuition about how a sentence is formed . 形态学知识是语言者关于单词是如何形成的知识。因此需要将sentence 改成word.13. Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system. 音位学是研究语音系统的科学。因此需要将phonetics 改为phonology .14. A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at a particular point of t

37、ime. 语言的共时性研究关注的是处于某一时间点的语言所做的描述。因此需要将整句改成The synchronic study of a language is concerned with a “state” of a language at a particular point of time.15. Phonology is the study of speech sounds of all human languages . 语音学是对所有人类语言的语音研究。因此需要将phonology 改成phonetics .16. Acoustic phonetics is concerned w

38、ith how a sound is produced by the vocal organs . 发音语音学研究声音是如何通过发音器官形成的。因此需要将整句改成Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.17. All consonants are produced with vocal-cord vibration .所有的元音都是通过声带振动产生的。所以要将consonants 改成vowels . （2010年1月考题）18. There are 72 symb

39、ols for consonants and 25 for vowels in English .国际音标中共有72个符号代表辅音，25个符号代表元音，并不是在英语中。所以要将English 改成IPA.19. Bilabials are different from alveolars in terms of manner of articulation .根据发音位置的不同，双唇音和齿龈音是不同的。而不是根据发音方法的不同。所以要将manner 改成place .20. When two articualtors are brought together to form a complet

40、e closure which is followed by a sudden release ,the sounds are called affricates.在发音器官形成完全彻底的阻碍的情况下，阻碍一下子被释放，同时气流有声地发出，这样产生的语音叫做爆破音。所以要将affricates 改成plosives .21. All the back vowels are rounded vowels .并不是所有的后元音都是圆唇元音，在英语中，除了a:之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。22. Triphthongs are produced by glide from one vowel to a

41、nother rapidly and continuously .对于三合元音的定义是这样的：Triphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one .23. The sounds that are in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme. 处于互补性分布并且语音上相似的两个音是同一个音位的音位变体。而不是处于自由变异的两个音。所以要将整句改成The

42、 sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme.。（2009年10月考题）24. Chinese is an intonation language. 中文是声调语言，而英语是语调语言，因此需要将intonation 改写成tone .或者将Chinese 改写成English . （2010年1月考题）25. A phoneme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in th

43、e sound system of a language. 音位被定义成在语言的发音系统中最小的具有甄别性特征的单位。因此需要将meaningful 改写成distinctive . （2009年10月考题）26. Allophones are the realizations of phonemes in general. 音子是整个音位的体现，因此需要将Allophones 改写成Phones . （2009年10月考题）27. Phones are the realizations of a specific phoneme. 音位变体是某一具体音位的体现。所以需要将Phones 改写成

44、Allophones . （2009年10月考题）28. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in free variation. 如果两个或者更多的音在同一种环境下能够发生，并且一个语音代替另一个语音会产生意义的改变，他们就是对比分布。因此需要将free variation 改写成contrastive distribution .29. I

45、f two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution. 如果两个或者更多的音从不会在同一种环境下发生，他们就是互补分布。因此需要将整句改写成If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,they are said to be in complementary distribution . （2009年10月考题）30. If two sounds can occu

46、r in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning ,then they are said to be in complementary distribution . 如果两个音能在同一环境下发生，并且一个语音代替另一个不会导致意义的改变，那么他们就是自由变异。因此需要将complementary distribution改写成free variation .31. In English, the suprasegmental f

47、eatures include stress, tone and juncture. 在英语中，超切分特征有三种：重音，语调和连音，因此需要将tone 改写成intonation .32. A morpheme is a minimal distinctive unit in the grammatical system of a language. 词素被定义为语言的语法体系中最小的意义单位。而不是区别性单位。因此需要将distinctive 改写成meaningful . （2009年10月考题）33. All bound morphemes are affixes .并不是所有的黏附词素

48、都是词缀。在英语中，就有一些黏附词素就是词根，而不是词缀。比如说tele 和vise.在比如ceive 在receive , deceive. perceive 中，都是黏附词素，因为ceive 不能在句子中独立使用，然而确是这三个单词的词根。（注意：All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes ,all affixes are bound morphemes ,but not all bound morphemes are affixes .所有的自由词素都是词根，但不是所有的词根都是自由词素。所有的词缀都

49、是黏附词素，但不是所有的黏附词素都是词缀。）34. Not all affixes are bound morphemes. 所有的词缀都是黏附词素，比如de, dis ,ir , ly tion ,able ,ible ,ful 等。（注意：All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes ,all affixes are bound morphemes ,but not all bound morphemes are affixes .所有的自由词素都是词根，但不是所有的词根都是自由词素。所有的词缀都是黏附词

50、素，但不是所有的黏附词素都是词缀。）35. Inflectional affixes serve to create new words. 屈折词缀或者屈折词素，表现的是语法关系，如数、性、时态、态、格和级。因此需要将create new words 改写成indicate grammatical relations , （2010年1月考题）36. Derivational affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations. 屈折词缀或者屈折词素，表现的是语法关系，如数、性、时态、态、格和级。因此需要将derivational affixes 改

51、写成inflectional affixes . 同时需要注意派生词缀是用来创造新的单词的。（2010年1月考题）37. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called affixation .Here the term base refers to both inflectional and derivational affix. 当一个新单词是通过添加一个词缀到词基上形成的，所涉及的过程被称为词缀法。（2010年1月考题）38. Derivational af

52、fixes cause a change in grammatical class.派生词缀经常改变单词的语法类型。因此需要将整句改写成：Derivational affixes often , but not always , change the grammatical class of words .39. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in form but different in meanings, then there are regarded as one morph .

53、如果两个或者更多音位的最小的有意义的序列在意思上一样，但是形式不同的话，那么形素和形式一样多。40. Phones are the realizations of a particular morpheme .词素变体是某一具体词素的体现。因此需要将Phones 改写成Allomorphs . （2009年10月考题）41. Allophones are the realizations of a specific phone .音位变体是某一具体音位的体现。所以需要将phone 改写成phoneme . （2009年10月考题）42. Some new words are created s

54、imply by changing their parts of speech .The process involved is called blending. 一些新单词只是通过改变他们的词性而创造的，这种过程被称为转类法。因此需要将blending 改成conversion .43. Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morph. 词素变体是某一具体词素的体现。因此需要将morph 改写成morpheme .44. Some new words are created simply by changing their part

55、s of speech .The process involved is called affixation. 一些新单词只是通过改变他们的词性而创造的，这种过程被称为转类法。因此需要将affixation 改成conversion .45. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as blending. 如果两个或者更多的独立单词合在一起形成可以被作为一个单独的单词而使用的形式，这种

56、合并的过程就是复合法。因此需要将blending 改成compounding 46. Compounding is a process in which a compound is made by blending parts of two words . 混合法是一种通过删除或者合并两个单词的部分而构成一个复合词的过程。因此需要将compounding 改成blending . （2009年10月考题）47. By prefixation, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffi

57、x. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation. 通过逆序造词法或者逆生法，我们删除掉一个复杂形式的后缀而不是添加后缀。它可以被认为是后缀法的反过程。因此需要将prefixation 改成back-formation .48. If the words or phrases in a sentence can be replaced by words and phrases outside the sentence and the resulting sentence is still grammatical then we

58、say the replacing forms and replaced forms have syntagmatic relations .如果一个句子中的单词或者短语可以被句子外的单词和短语所替代，并且产生的句子仍然合乎语法，那么我们可以说取代的成分和被取代的成分有纵聚合关系。因此需要将syntagmatic 改成paradigmatic （因为替代关系就是纵聚合关系。）49. Morphology is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences. 句法学关注单词是如何组合成短语以及短语是如何通过规则形成句子的。而形态学研究的是单词的构成和单词的内在结构。因此需要将Morphology 改写成Syntax.50. Dynamically, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among the