语言学-Major Sense Relations

1、major sense major sense relationsrelations xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx synonymypolysemy homonymy hyponymy antonymy 1. synonymy 同义关系同义关系 synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. words that are close in meaning are called synonymys. according to the lexical items, the differences of synon

2、ymy can be divided into the following groups 1）dialectal synonyms railway （bre） railroad （ame） lift（bre） elevator（ame） mother （bre） minny （scote） charm （bre） glamour （scote） ranch （ame） run （ause） job （stande） gig （blacke） dialectal synonyms are words which have more or less the same meaning and are

3、 used in different regional dialects such as petrol in british english and gasoline in american english. dialectal synonyms can also be found within british, or american english itself. for example, girl is called lass or lassie in scottish dialect, and liquor is called whiskeyin irish dialect. 2）st

4、ylistic synonyms stylistic synonyms are words which have the same meaning but differ in style, or degree of formality. some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal , others tend to be casual , and still others are neutral in example: old man, daddy, dad, father,male parent; kid, child, offs

5、pring; policeman（neutral） constable（neutral） bobby （colloquial） cop（slangy） ask （neutral）； beg （colloquial）； request （formal） they are words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. the emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is tal

6、king about. 3）synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning for example, the two words collaborator and accomplice are synonymous in that they share the meaning of “a person who helps another”, but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accom

7、plice helps another in a criminal act. little （attractiveness， pleasantness） small（not big） tiny（abnormal growth of the child） 4）collocational synonyms some synonyms differ in their collocation. that is, they go together with different word. for example: accuse of, charge with, rebuke for； a flock o

8、f sheep, a herd of cows, a school of whales, a pride of lions. another example is different adjectives are used for different words: rotten-tomatoes, addled-egg, sour-milk, rancid-bacon or butter; empty box/street/room （no one or nothing inside） ； vacant seat/chair/apartment（not occupied） they form

9、different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns: allow let allow sb to so sth. let sb. do sth; answer reply answer（transitive v.） the letter reply （intransitive v.） to the letter 5）semantically different synonyms they refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. they

10、 can differ in the range and intensity of meaning. range （some words have a wider range of meaning than others） timidtimorous timid is applied to the state of minds in which a person may happen to be at the moment , ant to the habitual disposition; timorous is only to the disposition. wealthrich the

11、 wealth person is to posses more money and property than a rich man. work toil work is a general term having no special implications as light or heavy， and mental or physical. toil suggests heavy and tiring work, associated with more with manual than mental labor. 2. polysemy 一词多义一词多义 while differen

12、t words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning, this is what we call polysymy. polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. when a words is first coined, it always monosemic, but within the course of development, the same word may have two or more different meanings. neck 1） that part of a man or animal jointing the h