第2章-音位学

1、精品好资料学习推荐第2章音位学本章要点：1. Speech organs发音器官2. Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and allophones音位和音位变体4. Phonological rule and distinctive features 音系规则和区别特征5. Syllable structure, stress and intonation音节结构、重音和语调本章考点：语音学：语音

2、学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记；严式标音法和宽式标音法。音系学：音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的区别；音素，音位，音位变体最小对立体，自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音，句子重音）；音高和音调。本章内容索引：1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics语音学 (1)The definition of phonetics (2)Three research fields(3)Or

3、gans of speech(4)Voiceless sounds(5)Voiced sounds(6)Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions(7)Classification of English speech sounds A: Definition B: Classification of English consonantsC: Classification of English vowels3. Phonology (1) Relationship between ph

4、onology and phonetics (2) Phone, phonme (3) Allophone (4) Some rules in phonology A: Sequential rules B: Assimilation rule C: Deletion rule (5) Supra-segmental features: stress, tone, intonation A: stress B: tone C: intonation1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics语音学 (1)The definition of phone

5、tics Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that occur in the world languages.(2)Three research fields三大研究领域考点名词解释 A: Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学: the study of the production of speech sounds. B:Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学: the study of

6、 physical properties (特征)of speech sounds. C:Perceptual phonetics 感知语音学: refers to the perception of speech sounds.(3)Organs of speech Vocal organs: lungs, trachea(气管), throat, nose, and mouth. (4) Voiceless sounds清音 The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords(声带).(5) Voiced

7、sounds浊音The sound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords(声带).(6) Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions语音正字表宽式和严式标音 A: Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only(一般用于词典和教学) B: Narrow transcriptions: transcription with lette

8、r-symbolstogether with the diacritics(变音符号). (语言学家在语言研究中使用) IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (国际音标) 产生于19世纪末。(7)Classification of English speech sounds语音的分类 A: Definition a: Consonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tractat some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the

9、 flow of air in the oral cavity. b: Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity.B: Classification of English consonants a: in terms of the manners of articulation(发音方式): Stops(爆破音): pb td kg6 Fricatives(摩擦音): /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / /

10、 h/ /r/8 Affricatives(塞擦音): /t/ /d/ Liquids(清音): /l/ /r/ Nasals(鼻音): /m,n,/ Glides(滑音): /w j/ b: in terms of place of articulation(发音部位) bilabials(双唇音): /p b m w/ labiodentals(唇齿音): /f v/ dentals(齿音): / alveolars(齿龈音): /t d nl r s/6 palatals(腭音): /j t d /5 velars(软腭音): /k g/ glottal(喉音): /h/C: Class

11、ification of English vowels a: the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back, b: the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open.c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short3. Phonology (1) Relationship betwee

12、n phonology and phonetics Similarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds. Differences: Approach and Focus. Phonetics: general nature, it is interested in all human languages. Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey meanings.(2) Phone, Phoneme 考点 Phone: It is a basic unit

13、of phonetic study, a minimal sound segment that human speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning.Phoneme: It is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. (3)Allophone: The different realizations of the s

14、ame phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophones.（同一个音位在不同的语音环境中的实现方式被称为音位的音位变体）（1）complementary distribution: when two or more allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementa

15、ry distribution.(当同一个音位的两个或两个以上的音位变体不区别意义，并且出现在不同的语音环境中，那么他们被称作处于互补分布)（2）Free variation: 如果两个音素出现在同一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，即用一个音素去替换另一个音素不产生新词，仅仅产生同一个词的不同读音。那么这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。（3）Phonemic contrast:语音相似的音如果是区别性音位，那么可以说他们形成了一个音位对立。如“k”和“g”在cut和gut是两个不同的音位，这两个词除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都一样，因此这两个词就构成了最小对立体minimalpair

16、s。音位对立指的是能够造成意义差别的语音差别，比如mate和late，每一个单词的第一个辅音都能造成音位差别，因此形成音位对立。最小对立体就是两个对立的音位只有一个语音特征不同，其他语音特征都相同。比如pate和bate中的p和b，都是辅音、都是爆破音、都是双唇音，但有一点不一样，前者是清辅音，后者是浊辅音。相反，m和p就不能形成最小对立体，因为它们虽然都是辅音、都是唇音，但至少有两个语音特征不同：除了清浊不同外，一个是鼻音，一个是爆破音。(4) Some rules in phonology 音位学的一些规则 A: the sequential rulesThere are rules to

17、 govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, and these rules are called sequential rules. 某一特定语言的语言模式是受规则支配的，这就叫做序列规则。例如：如果一个单词的以L 开头，那后面接的必须是元音。B: the assimilation rule同化规则同化指一个音具有了临近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化，齿化，鄂化。同化规则通过“拷贝”序列音位的一个特征来将一个音同化为另一个，从而使两个音相似。相邻近的同化多半是由发音或者生理过程引起的。我们说话时，倾向于增加

18、发音的舒适度，这种懒惰的倾向可能会被规律化，作为语言的规则。例如：I: 在bean green team单词中，I:会被鼻音化。C: deletion rule 省略规则省略规则告诉我们在什么时候省略一个语音，虽然这个音在正字法上是仍有体现。例如：g 在单词sign，design中是不发音的，但在完整的signature 和designation中的g是发音的。(5). supra-segmental features: stress, tone and intonation超切分特征：重音，音调，语调 A: 单词和句子的重音，重音可以区分意义。digest n. 摘要 digest v. 消化Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. B: 音调是由声带vocal cord的不同震动引起的。 C: 语调涉及出现的升降模式，每个模式都应用于相对一致的意义。注意点：1. Speech is more basic than writing的原因：A: linguistic evolutio