[专业英语考试复习资料]专业八级分类模拟375

1、专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟375专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟375专业八级分类模拟375PART LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTURESubfields of Linguistics The overlapping interests between the field of linguistics and other disciplines create several 1 of linguistics. . Sociolinguistics Focusing on patterns and 2 in language

2、within a society or community Examining the way people use language to 3 in society and to achieve 4 . 5 Studying language processing and its interaction with 6 mental processes, for instance, studies of childrens language acquisition and SLA . Computational Linguistics Using computers in analyzing

3、languages, stylistic studies and 7 , bringing forth machine translation systems and machines that 8 and produce speech and text . 8 Employing linguistic theory and methods to improve SLA 10 , especially focusing on motivation, 11 , learning style and personality . 12 Linguistics Examining the relati

4、onship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have 13 over time . Philosophical Linguistics Examining the philosophy of language, with one major concern to analyze the 14 of possible word order combinations . Neurolinguistics Studying how language is 15 and represented in

5、 the brain (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 1.答案:cross-disciplinary fields听力原文 Subfields of Linguistics Good morning, well continue our talk on linguistics. Last time we have got a general concept about linguistics. The scientific study of language is concerned with as well as the two main branches of linguisti

6、cs: descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics. With these as workout, todays focus is on the subfields of linguistics. As we know, the field of linguistics both borrows from and lends its own theories and methods to other disciplines. Many subfields of linguistics have expanded our underst

7、anding of languages. Linguistic theories and methods are also used in other fields of study. These overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields, namely sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguist

8、ics, philosophical linguistics and neurolinguistics. Lets start with sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and variations in language within a society or community. It focuses on the way people use language to express social class, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it loo

9、ks at how they make choices about the form of language they use. It also examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve positions of power. For example, sociolinguistic studies have found that the way a New Yorker pronounces the phoneme /r/ in an expression s

10、uch as fourth floor can indicate the persons social class. According to one study, people aspiring to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class attach prestige to pronouncing the /r/. Sometimes they even overcorrect their speech, pronouncing an /r/ where those whom they wish to copy

11、 may not. Some sociolinguists believe that analyzing such variables as the use of a particular phoneme can predict the direction of language change. Change, they say, moves toward the variable associated with power, prestige, or other quality having high social value. Other sociolinguists focus on w

12、hat happens when speakers of different languages interact. This approach to language change emphasizes the way languages mix rather than the direction of change within a community. The goal of sociolinguistics is to understand communicative competencewhat people need to know to use the appropriate l

13、anguage for a given social setting. Next comes psycholinguistics, which merges the fields of psychology and linguistics to study how people process language and how language use is related to underlying mental processes. Studies of childrens language acquisition and of second-language acquisition ar

14、e psycholinguistic in nature. Psycholinguists work to develop models for how language is processed and understood, using evidence from studies of what happens when these processes go awry. Thirdly, computational linguistics. Computational linguistics involves the use of computers to compile linguist

15、ic data, analyze languages, translate from one language to another, and develop and test models of language processing. Linguists use computers and large samples of actual language to analyze the relatedness and the structure of languages and to look for patterns and similarities. Computers also aid

16、 in stylistic studies, information retrieval, various forms of textual analysis, and the construction of dictionaries and concordances. Applying computers to language studies has resulted in machine translation systems and machines that recognize and produce speech and text. Such machines facilitate

17、 communication with humans, including those who are perceptually or linguistically impaired. The fourth subfield is called applied linguistics. Applied linguistics employs linguistic theory and methods to improve overall efficacy in teaching and learning a second language. Linguists look at the erro

18、rs people make as they learn another language and at their strategies for communicating in the new language at different degrees of competence. In seeking to understand what happens in the mind of the learner, applied linguists recognize that motivation, attitude, learning style, and personality aff

19、ect how well a person learns another language. The fifth is anthropological linguistics. It is also known as linguistic anthropology, which uses linguistic approaches to analyze culture. Anthropological linguists examine the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and langu

20、ages have changed over time, and how different cultures and languages are related to one another. For example, the present English use of family and given names arose in the late 13th and early 14th centuries when the laws concerning registration, tenure, and inheritance of property were changed. Co

21、ming up next is philosophical linguistics. Philosophical linguistics examines the philosophy of language. Philosophers of language search for the grammatical principles and tendencies that all human languages share. Among the concerns of linguistic philosophers is the range of possible word order co

22、mbinations throughout the world. One finding is that 95 percent of the worlds languages use a subject-verb-object (SVO) order as English does (She pushed the table.). Only 5 percent use a subject-object-verb (SOV) order or verb-subject-object (VSO) order. Finally, lets refer to the neurolinguistics.

23、 Neurolinguistics is the study of how language is processed and represented in the brain. Neurolinguists seek to identify the parts of the brain involved with the production and understanding of language and to determine where the components of language (phonemes, morphemes, and structure or syntax)

24、 are stored. In doing so, they make use of techniques for analyzing the structure of the brain and the effects of brain damage on language. With that, we come to the end of todays lecture. Hopefully you have all got a clear idea of these subfields of linguistics, including their different focuses an

25、d functions. Next time well specifically target at applied linguistics and find out how this branch benefits SLA learners. Thank you for your attention. 考点 本题考查重要细节。 根据听力原文These overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields.可知，多种学科的重叠部分造成了多种跨学科领域的出现，所以本题答案为cross

26、-disciplinary fields。 2.答案:variations考点 本题设题点在定义解释处。 演讲的主题是语言学的分支，演讲者首先谈论了社会语言学，根据听力原文可知，社会语言学研究某一社会或团体中语言的模式和变异，故空白处应填variations。 3.答案:negotiate their roles考点 本题考查重要细节。 根据听力原文It also examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society.可知，社会语言学研究人们如何运用语言来演绎他们在社会中的角色，因此本题答案为negot

27、iate their roles。 4.答案:positions of power考点 本题设题点在递进关系处。 根据听力原文可知，社会语言学研究人们如何运用语言来演绎他们在社会中的角色并实现他们的权力地位，故答案为positions of power。 5.答案:Psycholinguistics考点 本题考点设在分论点处。 根据听力原文Next comes psycholinguistics.可知，演讲者讨论的语言学的第二个分支是心理语言学，因此本题答案为Psycholinguistics，注意该空位于句首，首字母须大写。 6.答案:underlying考点 本题设题点在定义解释处。 演讲

28、者指出心理语言学将心理学和语言学结合在一起，根据听力原文可知，心理语言学研究个体如何运用语言以及语言的使用如何与潜在的心理过程联系起来，故答案为underlying。 7.答案:information retrieval考点 本题设题点在列举处。 根据听力原文可知，计算机语言学利用计算机协助文体研究、信息检索、不同形式的文本分析、词典及索引编制等，故空白处应填information retrieval。 8.答案:recognize/distinguish考点 本题设题点在定语从句处。 根据听力原文可知，计算机在语言研究上的应用使得机器翻译系统以及能识别并生成语音和文本的机器应运而生，故答案为

29、recognize或其同义词distinguish。 9.答案:Applied Linguistics考点 本题考点设在分论点处。 根据听力原文可知，演讲者讨论的第四个语言学分支是应用语言学，因此本题答案为Applied Linguistics，此外根据语境每个词首字母均须大写。 10.答案:efficacy考点 本题设题点在定义解释处。 根据听力原文可知，应用语言学运用语言学理论与方法来提高第二语言习得的整体效率，故答案为efficacy。 11.答案:attitude考点 本题设题点在列举处。 根据听力原文可知，应用语言学通过识别学习者的动机、态度、学习风格以及其个性对语言学习的影响，从而

30、弄清楚学习者的思想状态，故空白处应填入attitude。 12.答案:Anthropological考点 本题设题点在分论点处。 根据听力原文可知，演讲者讨论的语言学的第五个分支是人类语言学，故答案为Anthropological。注意此处首字母要大写。 13.答案:changed考点 本题考查重要细节。 根据听力原文可知，人类语言学家主要研究文化与语言的关系以及文化与语言随着时间不断变化的方式等，因此本题答案为changed。 14.答案:range考点 本题考查重要细节。 演讲者谈论的第六个分支是philosophical linguistics，即哲学语言学，根据听力原文可知，语言哲学家

31、关注的是世界上可能存在的语序组合范围，故答案为range。 15.答案:processed考点 本题设题点在定义解释处。演讲者谈论的最后一个分支是neurolinguistics，即神经语言学，根据听力原文可知，神经语言学研究语言是如何被处理并呈现在大脑中的，故答案为processed。SECTION B INTERVIEW (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 1.A.Three months.B.Almost a year.C.Half a year.D.Three years.答案:B听力原文 (IInterviewer; KMiles Kimball) I: For almost

32、a year, economists at the University of Michigan have been asking Americans about their happiness for the schools widely quoted monthly measure of consumer confidence. Tonight on our show, we have Miles Kimball, an economics professor at Michigan. He says only results from the first three months hav

33、e been analyzed so far. We asked him how all this works, language-wise. Good evening, Professor Kimball, Im so glad to have you here. K: Its my pleasure. Thank you for inviting me on the show. I: Professor Kimball, could you please tell us specifically what you and your research group did? K: What w

34、e did was we added to the survey of consumers the following question: Now think about the past week and the feelings youve experienced. Please tell me if each of the following was true for you much of the time this past week: You were happy. You felt sad. You enjoyed life. You felt depressed. And pe

35、ople are asked to give yes-no answers to each of those four questions. That takes only about forty-five seconds for people to answer that, so its quite quick. I: Why would you want to know the answers to these questions? K: Well, actually maybe I could explain how this relates to language because I

36、think that answers the question, too. So, in most languages, the word for happiness is related to the word for good luck. And in English, for example, we have the word happenstance or this archaic phrase as happy has it, which are both about luck and things that happen by chance. And so that meaning

37、 of happiness ends up meaning something like having a good life or the outcome of good fortune. And its important to realize this is a different meaning of happiness than just how you feel. Theyre obviously related, and thats importantrelated but different. One of the striking facts about happiness

38、in the sense of how you feel is that it tends to go back to normal pretty fast. I: And what have you found so far? K: So we found this in our data after-in peoples reaction after Hurricane Katrina. So we measured the happiness of people across the countryso almost none of these people are those who

39、are directly affected by the hurricane, and yet their happiness dipped down for a week or two. And then it came back to normal. So its not too surprising that people would react strongly to Katrina. But then that becomes a measuring rod for other things. How long have the economists been asking Amer

40、icans about their happiness?解析 本题的出题点在主持人的开场白处。题干问经济学家调查美国人民的幸福度有多长时间了。听音重点在economists以及asking Americans about their happiness处。对话开头主持人介绍说，近一年来，密歇根大学的经济学家一直在调查美国人的幸福程度，故B正确。2.A.Im happy.B.I felt sad and depressed.C.I enjoyed my life.D.Only yes or no.答案:D听力原文What kind of answers are people asked to g

41、ive to the four questions?解析 本题的出题点在细节处。题干问的是Kimball教授及其团队所提出的问题要求人们给出什么样的答案。Kimball教授说对于那些问题，人们只需要回答“是”或者“不是”(give yes-no answers)，所以答案选D。3.A.54 seconds.B.45 seconds.C.40.5 seconds.D.14.5 seconds.答案:B听力原文How long did it take to answer the questions of Professor Kimball and his group?解析 本题的出题点在数字处。题

42、于问的是人们用多长时间来回答Kimball教授及其团队所提出的问题。对话中提到That takes only about forty-five seconds for people to answer that, so its quite quick.即：人们只需要45秒来回答这些问题，时间很短。故答案为B。4.A.It is an architectural phrase.B.It is an ancient phrase.C.It is an accidental phrase.D.It is an archaic phrase.答案:D听力原文Which of the following

43、 statements is true about the phrase as happy has it?解析 本题的出题点在选择关系处。题干问的是关于“as happy has it”这个短语，下面哪项表述是正确的。对话中提到.or this archaic phrase as happy has it，即“as happy has it”这个短语是一个过时的短语。答案选D。5.A.Almost none of these people are directly affected by the hurricane.B.Its surprising that people would reac

44、t strongly to Katrina.C.Their happiness dipped down for a month or two.D.Their happiness didnt come back to normal.答案:A听力原文Which of the following statements about peoples reaction to Katrina is true?解析 本题的出题点在细节结果处。题干问的是关于人们对飓风Katrina的反应，下列哪项表述是正确的。对话中提到：“几乎没有人直接受到飓风的影响，但他们的幸福指数持续下降了一两周，之后很快又回到正常水平。

45、”因此人们对飓风Katrina反应强烈，这一点都不令人惊讶，因此可排除B、C、D，答案选A。 (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 6.A.English Literature.B.Computer.C.Business Administration.D.Finance.答案:C听力原文 W: Good morning, Mr. Smith. Have a seat, please! M: Thanks a lot. W: OK, next lets get down to the business. What is your major? M: My major is Business

46、Administration. I am especially interested in Marketing. W: Marketing? Nice! That perfectly suits our qualifications. Have you received any degrees? M: Yes. First, I received my Bachelors degree in English Literature, and then an MBA degree. W: That sounds you did a good job in your university. Do y

47、ou feel that you have received a good general training? M: Yes, I have studied in an English training program and a computer training program since I graduated from university. I am currently studying Finance at a training school. W: Your resume says that you have had one-year experience working in

48、a foreign representative office in Shanghai, may I ask why you left? M: I worked in a foreign rep. office for one year. However, I left there two years ago because the work they gave me was rather dull. I found another job that is more interesting. W: You mean you couldnt work to live, you enjoy wha

49、tever you do, right? M: Yes, I will love whatever I do. W: But, does your present employer know you are looking for another job? M: No, I havent discussed my career plans with my present employer, but I am sure he will understand. W: If you believe you are a good fit for the position, please talk ab

50、out what kind of personality you think you have. M: I always approach things very enthusiastically. When I begin something, I dont like to leave it half-done. I cant concentrate on something new until the first thing is finished. W: And what are your personal weaknesses? M: Im afraid Im a poor talke

51、r. Im not comfortable talking with the people whom I have just met for the first time. That is not very good for business, so I have been studying public speaking. W: It is very difficult for somebody to see ones own weakness. Are you more of a leader or a follower? M: I dont try to lead people. Id

52、rather cooperate with everybody, and get the job done by working together. Which major did the candidate get for a masters degree? 本题考查重要细节。根据听力原文可知，求职者在获得英语文学学士学位之后，又攻读了企业管理的硕士学位。而电脑和金融是该求职者在培训机构所学的，并非他本人的专业，因此C为正确答案。 7.A.He changed his major in his postgraduate study.B.He participated in training

53、programs after graduating from college.C.He had worked at least in two companies before this interview.D.He started working in a foreign representative office two years ago.答案:D听力原文 Which of the following statements about Mr. Smiths background is INCORRECT? 本题考查重要细节。根据听力原文可知，史密斯先生读本科时的专业是英国文学，而读研究生时

54、的专业是工商管理，由此可以推出，他读研时转专业了，所以排除A；根据听力原文可知，自从大学毕业以后史密斯先生就参加了英语和计算机的培训项目，由此排除B；根据听力原文可知，史密斯先生曾经在一家外企驻上海的代表处工作过一年，离职后找到了另外一份有趣的工作，由此可以推出，此次面试前他至少在两家公司工作过，故排除C。根据听力原文可知，史密斯先生是在两年前离开那家外企驻上海的代表处，结合听力原文可知，他应该是在三年前开始在这家公司工作的，因此D为正确答案。 8.A.Because the working environment was poor.B.Because the job was boring.C

55、.Because the pay was rather low.D.Because he disliked his employer.答案:B听力原文 Why did the candidate leave the foreign representative office? 本题设题点在原因解释处。根据听力原文可知，他离开那家外企驻上海的代表处是因为其工作乏味，因此B为正确答案。 9.A.To pursue personal interests.B.To make both ends meet.C.To improve the quality of family life.D.To realize individual value.答案:A听力原文 According to the candidate, what is his purpose of working? 本题设题点在对话问答处。根据听力原文可知，求职者不是为了生存而工作，而是享受自己的工作，因此A为正确答案，同时排除B和C；原文并未提及实现个