外经贸写作第一讲2010

1、雅思写作第一讲一、雅思写作概况考试时间 (60minutes) 听力9：00-9：40 阅读9：50-10：50 写作11：00-12：00考试任务及权重（two tasks图表小作文+议论文） 雅思作文评分标准1、 TA (task achievement)2、 CC (coherence and cohesion)3、 LR(Lexical Resources)4、 GRA(Grammar Range and Accuracy)TA (task achievement)1 The number of wordsTask 1: 20 分钟 至少 150 字Task2: 40 分钟 至少 25

2、0 字 二、本阶段学习重点：词汇表达准确性；语法准确性-词汇及句式表达的多样性；文章结构的合理性Vocabulary 词汇学习 （同学的问题：词不多；老忘）1、 词要写对；Eg: writewritten /writing environmental protection IELTS candidates group discussion government 2、 词要用对；there was a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in Beijing in the past decade; the number of taxi in Beiji

3、ng increased dramatically in the past decade; The environmental pollution is increasingly severe in our country.请看以下例句：A Historic buildings attract lots of visitors and can improve the local economy.B Children in wealthy families are more and more dependent on their parents.C Serious crimes harm peo

4、ples lives.D The advantages of stopping animal experiments are more than continuing them.3、词要记牢（重点高频写作词汇）-艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘曲线与循环记忆抄写卡（单词记忆要过遍数） 记忆的数量与天数 遗忘先快后慢原则德国心理学家艾宾浩斯(H.Ebbinghaus)研究发现，遗忘是从开始学习那一刻就开始；遗忘是必然的；遗忘是有规律的；遗忘的规律就是“先快后慢”启示：学得的知识在一天后，如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%。随着时间的推移,遗忘的速度减慢，遗忘的数量也就减少。有人做过一个实验，两组学生学习一段课文

5、，甲组在学习后不久进行一次复习，乙组不予复习，一天后甲组保持98%，乙组保持56%；一周后甲组保持83%，乙组保持33%。乙组的遗忘平均值比甲组高。所以只记不复习是一种错误的做法。要想效率高，应该多次复习，如有一个小时，第一个20分钟可记忆要记的词汇，第二、三两个20分钟复习一下。而且，复习的密度开始时要大，如间隔为第一天、第二天、第四天，以后翻看一下就行了过度学习即在学习过程中，对一种材料达到一次完全正确地背诵后仍然继续学习，这样可以使学习的材料保持得更好。 一般记住后，在5分钟后重复一遍，20分钟后再重复一遍，1小时后，12小时后，1天后，2天后，5天后，8天后，14天后就会记得很牢。 c

6、andidate _ _ _ _ _environment _ _ _ _ _passage _ _ _ _ _discuss _ _ _ _ _complete _ _ _ _ _循环抄写单词的好处: 1 记忆深刻；2练习书写的流利度和美观度（考场上卷面友好）。快速扩大词汇量的方法之一：学习基础动词；总结常见的词缀（前缀改变词义、方向；后缀改变词性） prefix suffix synonym(similar) antonym（opposite）拆分法：trivial vicar bishop bride groom谐音法：sanguine famine / ponder ponderous

7、 ambition chancellor curse口诀法：rim brim grim trim 行进对照法：adept adopt adaptGrammar 语法学习1、写正确的简单句2、写基础的复合句3、避免语法七宗罪真正使用的IELTS 作文语法五大句型 （“五种家庭结构”）1 S+Vi （丁克家族）2 S+Vt+O 3 S+Vt+O2+O1 4 S+Vt+O+OC 5、S+Link-V+SC 总结：我们要记住以上的五个句型并不难，重要的是要利用这五个句型去看去写英文句子。那么，再长、再复杂的句子也就被你看成了那么几块，即：主、谓、宾、补（表语，主语补足语，宾语补足语）、再加上定语、状语

8、。这就如同造框架建筑。先定型，再完善。我们学语言也应该先从语言架构着手，再去解决细节问题。正确理解5种句子成分英文里句子组成细分主要有7种：主语、谓语、宾语（还有一种特例叫表语）、定语、状语、补语和同位语。句子成分，真正关键是要知道什么样的词才能作这种成分。一、 主语的选用（重点）1、 I have a lovely dog (which is)called Joey (主语：我人称代词) 2、Joey is the name of my dog (主语：Joey-名词) 3、my dogs name is Joey. （主语：我的狗的名字my dogs name-名词词组）4、dogs ar

9、e good/loyal/faithful companions to human beings （主语：狗dog-名词）5、my dog is very smart. （主语：我的狗my dog-名词词组）6、Everyone in my neighborhood loves him very much. （主语：我的街坊们everyone in my neighbourhood-不定代词/名词词组） 7、feeding my dog Joey every day is a great joy for me. (主语：喂狗feeding my dog Joey-动名词)8、It is a g

10、reat pleasure for me to feed my dog every day. (it 做形式主语，真正主语是不定式)9、walking the dog is one of my great pleasures. (主语：遛狗walking the dog- 动名词)10、Taking the dog for a walk is my routine (主语：taking the dog for a walk-动名词)11、dog food is more and more expensive （名词词组）Proverbs 俗语Every dog has its own day

11、凡人皆有得意日He is a lucky dog 他是个幸运儿Dog does not eat dog 同类不相残Doggie bag 剩菜打包总结：主语句子要说明的人或事物。：主语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句来充当。提醒：动词原形不能做主语。请阅读下面句子，特别注意主语由何种成分组成。1、Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.2、We should not underestimate the severity of this matter.3、Smoking is just a personal c

12、hoice rather than a moral issue.4、It is hard to reach a consensus on this affair.5、It is obvious that wearing uniforms makes school life monotonous.6、It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school.总结：主语家族成员一共五名：名词、代词、动

13、名词、不定式、从句 。提醒：动词原形不能做主语。Walk the dog is one of my great pleasures. (-walking the dog)Feed my dog Joey every day is a great joy for me. (-feeding the dog)练习：名词做主语1、20世纪90年代，北京的出租车数量有了大幅度的增长。(1990s, Beijing, taxi, number, increase )a) Taxis in Beijing increased dramatically in the number in the 1990sb

14、) Beijings taxis increased dramatically in the number in the 1990s 后重原则越大的成分放在后边。c) The number of taxi in Beijing increased dramatically in the 1990s.d) There was a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in Beijing in the 1990s. （动态或静态的存在， 都用存在句型 。其典型代表是there be 倒装句）e) A dramatic increase was found

15、 in the number of taxi in Beijing in the 1990sf) Beijing had/experienced a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in the 1990sg) 1990s saw/witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of taxi in Beijing总结：将意思落在名词上，即可作主语。2、通过政府的努力，中国的人口增长得到了有效的控制。（Government, work, effort, China, population, growth,

16、effect, control）There are sound effects in the population growth control by the hard work of Chinese government.Chinese government successfully controlled the population growth through hard work.Efforts by Chinese government contribute to /brought up the population control in china.There has been ef

17、fective control over the population growth by the hard work of Chinese government.Population growth in China has been effectively controlled through the hard work of Chinese government.二、谓语-说明主语的动作、状态或特征。In this day and age , an increasing number of people agree that gambling is an unwholesome hobby

18、.There are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age.总结：谓语永远只能由动词来构成。三、宾语-表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后。有一种特殊的宾语，就是当动词是be动词时，be动词后面的名词或形容词也可以叫做表语。Junk food impairs peoples health.Studies reveal that there is a definite link between obesity and serious disease such as heart attacks.What we shou

19、ld do is to tell children how to think instead of how to memorize things.What we are concerned about is that to what extent tests are harmful to students creativity.Animal experiments are inhumane.总结：能做宾语的有名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、从句。四、定语修饰名词的成分。 定语有长有短；短的前置（名词、形容词作定语时前置；）Unwritten law, invisible person, wel

20、l-educated children, good-tempered person stringent measure, misleading information, current situation, an enlightened society endangered species, rare animals 长的后置（介词短语、定语从句）situation in China Competition in 21st Century Children under 16 Temperature below 0life on a desert island a puma at large a

21、 yellow light on the dashboard the men in their sixties 定语从句及其简化形式后置housewives troubled by endless choressystem run by the governmentsmall boats loaded with waresviews showing different attitudespeople travelling long distanceshistorians attempting to reconstruct the distant pasta wallet containing

22、3000 poundsplanes and helicopters flying overhead 被修饰词也可决定定语的前后位置（不定代词的定语后置） （any，some，no）thing, one, body五、状语可修饰动词、形容词或者全句。表示程度、状态、原因、地点、时间、方式等等。1 通常由副词或介词短语充当 extremely excellent, finally find it, cook with nothingoutdoor activities can greatly improve our health.2 位置比较灵活，可以前后移动In the morning, I g

23、et up.I get up in the morning.I ,in the morning, get up.3、时间名词可以直接作状语 I have to work tomorrow.today, next year, the day after tomorrow总结：可以由副词、介词短语、分词短语或者动词不定式构成。高分语法现象：状语提前 Like self-awareness, this is also hard to achieve.六、补语-主要是宾补The graduates find the job market frustrating because of the econo

24、mic recession.七、同位语-一个名词的后面跟一个短语，解释说明这个名词，在雅思作文中体现的是一种要求并不太高的下定义能力。(两个逗号之间)Shopping, a necessary part of daily life , is increasingly time-consuming due to the multiplied options available to consumers.Job satisfaction, a very important part of an employees sense of wellbeing, can be promoted in mos

25、t jobs. 练习翻译句子：北京地铁1号线的乘客数量从早上6.00约3000人逐渐增加到早8.00的4500人。（可以选用的主语：乘客数量；逐渐增加的乘客数；时间-早上6.00到早8.00；北京地铁1号线；逐渐增加。请同学们灵活运用五种句型进行翻译练习，确保各成分都正确）1、 The number of people increases steadily from approximately 3000 at 6 a.m. to 4500 at 8 a.m. (1号句型)2、 There is a steady increase in the number of people from 6 a

26、.m. to 8 a.m. (5号句型)3、 The time from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. witnesses a steady increase in the number of people from about 3000 to 4500 ( 2 号句型)4、 The subway line 1 witnesses a steady increase in the number of people from approximately 3000 at 6 a.m. to 4500 at 8 a.m. ( 2 号句型)5、 A noticeable increase can

27、be found in the number o people from approximately 3000 at 6 a.m. to 4500 at 8 a.m. ( 1号句型)练习：将下列词组按正确的形式排序组成句子 (请注意动词的正确形式)1 the little boy an apple this morning eat greedily in the kitchen2 before lunch the letter in his office quickly he read3 games play yesterday in their room the children quiet

28、ly4 she a letter from her brother last week receive5 a tree in the corner of the garden he plant last spring6 preparation for the IELTS test speaking, listening, reading and writing include7 his favorite sport be playing basketballLosers look for quick fixesThere are two ways of getting rid of weeds

29、 in your yard: The easy way and the not so easy way. The easy way may be to run a lawn mower and the yard looks fine for a while, but that is a temporary answer. Soon the weeds are back. But the not-so-easy way may mean getting down on your hands and knees and pulling out the weeds by the roots. It

30、is time- consuming and painful, but the weeds will stay away for a longer time. The first solution appeared easy, but the problem remained. The second solution, was not so easy, but took care of the problem from the roots. The key is to get to the root of the problem.The same thing is true of our at

31、titude in life. The problem with people today is that they want instant answers. They are looking for one-minute solutions to everything. Just like instant coffee, they want instant happiness. There are no quick fixes. This attitude leads to disappointment or even failure.精品译文：失败者寻找捷径除掉院子里的杂草可以有两种方法

32、：简便方法和不简便方法。 简便方法可以使开动锄草机，然后院子里的草就没了。这可以管一阵子的事，但只是权宜之计，不久后杂草又长出来了。不简便的方法就意味着你自己得双膝跪地，然后用双手把杂草连根拔除。这既费时间又费力气，比较痛苦，但是杂草能够在很长一段时间内不会再长出来。第一个除草方案似乎简单易行，但只能治标不治本，问题并没有真正解决。第二个方案比较费力，但是能根除问题。关键是要解决根本问题。我们面对人生的态度也是如此。现代人的问题在于，他们想投机取巧，对一切事情都想快速解决。这就像速溶咖啡一样，他们想要的只是“幸福快餐”，而这样的幸福只是暂时的。生活中没有捷径，想找捷径最终会导致失望。请同学们从

33、上文中找出分别体现五种句型的句子。1号句型2号句型 But the not-so-easy way may mean getting down on your hands and knees and pulling out the weeds by the roots.They are looking for one-minute solutions to everything.Just like instant coffee, they want instant happiness.This attitude leads to disappointment or even failure.3

34、号句型4号句型5号句型The easy way may be to run a lawn mower and the yard looks fine for a while, but that is a temporary answer.It is time- consuming and painfulThe first solution appeared easyThe second solution, was not so easyThe key is to get to the root of the problem.常见的语法错误第一种: 名词例: employee can get m

35、ore benefits from telecommuting than employer.注：可数名词永远不能单独使用，必须在前面加上限定词，比如the/an/a/this/that/my/your, 否则必须为复数形式。第二种：动词例1：work at home using modern technology can greatly enhance efficiency注：英文里动词不能作主语。例2: Children who are raise in impoverished families can generally deal with problems more effective

36、ly in their adult years.注：被动的动词一定别忘了加ed或者 d 。例3: The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve.注：主语很长，就一定要检查谓语的单复数。例4: Many students are like studying home economics.注：只有情态动词可以加动词原形。例5: In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar.注：议论文里极少用过去时。第三

37、种：副词例： Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers.注：修饰名词用形容词，修饰形容词或者动词用副词。第四种: 介词Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages globalization may cause.注： pay attention to / reason for/solution toThe internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms.注：动词“替代”是replac

38、e /supplant第五种: 代词Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself注：代词指代复数名词有误。应为themselves第六种：句式Some people think the internet only has positive impact, other people think it also has negative influence on our lives.注：两套主谓宾在句首和句中都没有连接词，肯定是病句。第七种：there be 结构There are a great many children think the ma

39、in purpose of education should be to afford them pleasure and enjoyment.注：there be句型后面的名词再加动词时不要用原形。1) Some teachers dont know how to use computers to help the students effectively. 文体错误 cant=cannot shouldnt =should not (雅思写作，拒绝缩写)2) Historic buildings attract lots of visitors and can improve the lo

40、cal economy.非正式词汇 （最好不用口语词汇） lots of=numerous=a host of=a vast number of a great deal of3) The impact of tourism on these neighborhoods should be analysed. 拼写错误（雅思考试明文规定:不要英美拼写混淆） 美式-ze-or; 英式-se -our4) Children in wealthy families are more and more dependent on their parents. 词汇过于简单口语化，有累赘之嫌 more a

41、nd more=increasingly5) Serious crimes harm peoples lives. 实词 词汇过于简单无特色 serious=sever crimeoffense harm-damage/destroy/undermine/jeopardize/impairpeople-individual6) The advantages of stopping animal experiments are more than continuing them.实词无特色 be more than =outweigh表示大与或者超过的意思。7) Today, advertisements are everywhere. There are many ways to do advertisements. 句式过于简单，可以在两句话中间把句号去掉加上and,形成一个并列句。8) The environment is becoming worse. We must work together to deal with it.句式过于简单，可以在两句话中间把句号去掉加上therefore,形成一个因果关系的复杂句。9) So, we must take ste