Lecture17HanConfucianismNov3ChinesePhilosophyLectures杜兰大学中国哲学课堂教学PPT

1、PHIL 2931 Han Confucianism Schedule Chinese History: from Chin Dynasty to Ming Dynasty (221BC to 1644 AD) Particular History from Chin to Han Han Confucianism: Tung Chung-Shu董仲舒 Significances After Warring States Period Warring States Period = Period with many states in China, and many schools of th

2、ought; none of them is “official” Then China has been united, and have many different dynasties. (See the maps and the tables). Chronology of Dynasties See the Table http:/www- /history/time_line.html Chin (Qin) Han Three Kingdom, Jin, to Southern and Northern Dynasties Sui and Tang Sun

3、g (Song) Ming Schools Han Confucianism Neo-Taoism (Three Kingdom to S. and N Dynasties) Chinese Buddhism (in Siu and Tang) Sung-Ming Confucianism Some General Significances Comparative to Chou Dynasty, there are fewer schools of thoughts! (Even the period is much longer: less than 500 years vs. near

4、 2000 years) “Eclectic Tendency” (Fung 183-187) Thoughts on Unification and Separation of China (prefer unification rather than separation) (Fung 188- 190; also 178-181) Centralized Government Chin united China in 221 B.C. (Fung 178-181) Chou Dynasty: “Feudal system” Starting from Chin Dynasty: “Cen

5、tralized Government System” Every place is belonged to the Emperor. The power is much more concentrated in the hand of the emperor More and more centralized in the history of China (until 1911, or even today) Unification of Thoughts in Chin Burning Books and Killing Scholars (Fung 204- 205) Thoughts

6、 from Li Ssu and Han Fei Tzu. “save works on medicine, pharmacy, divination” (Thats why I-Ching can be saved?) Many “fake books” or “false information” coming out in this period (i.e., they are not really the thoughts in classical period, but modern thoughts in Han). Some even become doctrines in Ch

7、ina (e.g. “The Doctrine of Mean,” “The Great Learning,” “Commentaries in I-Ching”) Old and New Text Schools (Fung 207- 209) Unification of Thoughts in Han (Fung 205-207) Emperor Wu of Han accepted the suggestion from Tung Chung-Shu Confucianism becomes the official school of thought. More positive a

8、nd moderate (and more effective) Other schools of thought were not “forbidden.” (no punishment to private teaching of other schools) Confucianism is the Only standard school in public education/state teaching. And also the standard text in official examination (to be officer in government) Confucius

9、 has a higher and higher position in Chinese history since then. Political Han Confucianism Confucius (and Mencius) had a failed political life. Tung Chung-Shu was much more successful than Confucius and Mencius in this sense. Han Confucianism also supports the Kingship and emperor system in China (

10、see below) Han Confucianism also affects Chinese tradition and culture for a long time (e.g. three “kang” (major cords) and five “chang” (constant) Philosophical Han Confucianism Confucianism has become the main and dominant school of thought. (politically) But Han Confucianism has “absorbed” other

11、thoughts from different schools, such as The Mutual influence between nature and man from Ying-Yang School. This makes Han Confucianism not a pure Confucianism anymore (philosophically) Tung Chung-Shu (179-104 BC) Fung 191-193; Chan 271-273 A great scholar, also morally good (see Chan 272) Chun CHiu

12、 Fan-Lu (Luxuriant Dew from the Spring and Autumn Annals) Using Ying Yang and Five Elements to justify the new political and social order. Combining Ying Yang School with Confucianism (He may not realize that) Unity of Heaven and Man Ten Constituents: Heaven, Earth, Ying, Yang, Five elements, and hu

13、man. Combination of Hsun Tzu, Ying Yang School, etc. Human is a part of Heaven, they are closely related. (And using Ying Yang and Five Elements to explain them) Many theories on how they are related. (See Fung 192-195, Chan 279-280 for five elements, 280-282 for heaven and man) Morality and Human N

14、ature Human Nature: Chan 273-277, Fung 196-196 Seems Tung has a view in between Mencius and Hsun Tzu. Not exactly human nature is good, but has a potential to be good (?), and not evil, and not neither good nor evil Many Weird argument (e.g. Chans comment in 274) Also believe in Education, and moral

15、 virtues in Confucianism Social Ethics Three Major Cords: sovereign is the “kang” of his subjects; Husband is the “kang” of wife; Father is the “kang” of son. (from Rectification of Names) (Later becoming absolute social order. See Chan 277) Five Constants: Ren, Yi, Li, Chih (wisdom), Hsin (honest o

16、r good faith). Using Ying Yang and Five Elements to explain them! (see Fung 196-197) Politics “Four ways of government”: Beneficence, Rewards, Punishment, and Executions” similar to four seasons (Also Compare to Han Fei Tzu) Try to organize the government based on pattern of four seasons? (Fung 198)

17、 Cause and effect between wrongdoing of government and disaster (A strong believe in China since then) Philosophy of History Why political leader is removed from his position? Ying Yang School: the Tian Ming (Destiny from heaven) has shifted from one Element to another (Such as Chou/Zhou Dynasty to

18、Chin Dynasty is a change from Fire to Water, as Water overcomes Fire). Tung Chung-Shu has a similar thought, just the detail is a bit different (Fung 199-200, Chan 287-288) Mencius vs. Tung Chung-Shu Menciuss view on heaven and man. Mencius 5A:5: Heaven sees according as my people see; Heaven hears according as my people hear. Mencius Vs Han Confucianism: Menciuss view has been replaced by such a theory (Heaven becoming five elements, yi