初中英语语法归纳：被动语态

1、初中英语语法归纳复习：被动语态重难点：掌握八种常见时态的被动语态，并能根据不同情景，灵活运用被动语态。【知识总结归纳】一 . 概念：表示动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子是被动语态。二 . 主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换WeVisited that factory last summer主动语态主语谓语宾语状语That factory was visited by us last summer被动语态主语谓语宾语状语三 . 各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时（ 1） Do they speakIs French spoken byFrench ?them ?am

2、/ is / are + P.P.The room isn t used by（ 2） They don t use the them . room .一般过去时was / were + p.p.现在进行时am / is / are +being +p.p.过去进行时was / were + being + p.p.现在完成时（ 1） The hunter killed a tiger .（ 2） He wrote many stories last year .（ 1） These workers are building a new bridge .（ 2） He is mending h

3、is car .（ 1） He was selling books .（ 2） They werediscussing the plan at that time .（ 1） She has learnedA tiger was killed by thehunter .Many stories was writtenby him last year .A new bridge is being builtby these workers .His car is being mendedby him .Books were being built byhim .The plan was bei

4、ngdiscussed by them at thattime .Many English words havebeen learned by her .have / has + been + p. p.过去完成时had + been + p.p.一般将来时shall / will be + p.p.过去将来时would be + p.p.was/ were going to be + p.p.情态动词can / may / must / should+ be + p.p.四 . 如何正确使用被动语态many English words .（ 2） He has finished the wo

5、rk .（ 1） They has solved the problem .（ 2） We had told him the news by then .（ 1） I shall make a plan .（ 2） They are going to fix the radio in an hour .（ 1） He told me they would paint the room .（ 2） They were going toput on a play the next week .（ 1） We should hand in our homework .（ 2） You must an

6、swer the question in English .The work has beenfinished by him .The problem had beensolved by them .The news had been told tohim by us .A plan will be made byme .The radio is going to befixed by them in an hour .He told me the roomwould be painted bythem .A play was going to be putby them the next w

7、eek .Our homework should behanded in by us .The question must beanswered in English byyou .1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词 “ to ”。eg. He often tells us interesting stories .（主动语态）We are often told interesting stories by him .（被动语态）Inter

8、esting stories are often told to us by him .常带双宾语的词有：tell , show , lend , pass等。2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to 被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to 还要还原。eg. I often hear her sing this popular song .（主动语态）宾语宾语补足语复合宾语She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态） 有这种用法的常用动词有：make , let , see ,

9、hear , watch , feel , notice等。3. 有些“ be + 过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”The door is closed. 门是关着的。 (系表结构 )比较：（ 1）The door is closed by Fengping .这个门是由冯平来关的。( 被动语态 )The glassis broken . 这个玻璃杯是坏的。(系表结构 )（ 2）The glass was broken by Mary .这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏的。(被动语态 )4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词 + 介词词组才可以有被

10、动语态。Great changeshave taken place in China .(正确 )eg.Great changeshave been taken place in China . (错误 )The dolphin disappeared in the deepsea.(正确 )The dolphin was disappeared in the deepsea.(错误 )【总结】一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are

11、 +done (过去分词 ) 一般现在时例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide w

12、hether I should reject the offer.5） had been done过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would

13、be done过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词 be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以

14、把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为 He was given a present by his motherfor his birthday.3) 当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, ma

15、ke, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to 。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into thebuilding.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off t

16、ill Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态 ( 一般时态和完成时态)。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者( 这时可省by短语 ) 。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should

17、 accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.（一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“ It be过去分词 that从句”或“主语be过去分词 to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说 ,It is repo

18、rted that据报道， It is believed that大家相信， It is hopedthat大家希望， It is well known that众所周知， It is thought that大家认为， It is suggestedthat据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（ The boy is said to have passed thenational exam.）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有很多动词如 break ， catch ， clean ， drive

19、，lock ， open， sell ， read ， write ， wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较： The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come

20、 out,come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out例 How do the newspapers come out?等以主动形式表示被动意义。这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。1 在 need ， want， require, bear等词的后

21、面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing（ to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading（ The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I

22、have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与 things是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。)试比较： I ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice ，easy ， fit， hard ， difficult， important，im

23、possible， pleasant， interesting等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了 for me ） .5 在 too to 结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在 there be 句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose（ to be lost）（用 to lo

24、se可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁lost time不明确。）7.在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而, 由于古英语的影响, 下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词in, on, under等 +名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1.“ under + 名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：und

25、er control（受控制） , undertreatment（在治疗中） , under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中） , under construction（在施工中）。例 The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“ beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信 ) ， beyond one s reach （鞭长莫及）， beyond one s control （无法控制）， beyond our ho

26、pe 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief（ =can t be believed）3. “ above+名词”结构 , 表示“ ( 品质、行为、能力等 ) 超过、高于”。例 His honest character is above all praise =His honest character cannot be praised enough4“ for+ 名词”结构，表示“适于、为着”。如：for sale(出售 ), for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be

27、sold).5“ in+ 名词”结构，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内 ) ，等。例 The book is not yet in print (=is not yet printed)6“ on+名词”结构 , 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有： on sale( 出售 ) ， on show （展出） , on trial （受审）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“ out of+名词”结构； 表示 “超出之外“，常见的有

28、：out of control (控制不了 ) ， out ofsight（超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着 ), out of fashion(不流行 ) 等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“ within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例 He took two days off within the teachers permission【题型展示】1. A talk on Chinese historyin the school hall next week .A. be given

29、B. has been givenC. will be givenD. will give2.To make our city more beautiful , rubbishinto the river .A. needn t be thrownB. mustn t be thrownC. can t throwD. may not throw3.You may go fishing if your work.A. is doneB. will be doneC. has doneD. have done4.The trees mustthree times a week .A. water

30、B. is wateringC. be wateredD. waters5. I won t come to the party unless Sue, too . You mean ifSue comes you ll come ?A. will inviteB. invitesC. invitedD. is invited6.I like my new bike . Itvery well .A. ridesB. is ridingC. is riddenD. has ridden7.Mr. Chen has a lond voice . His voice canclearly even