医学英语医英immunesystem

1、Lymphatic/Immune system Smallpox deaths of an estimated 300 to 500 million people Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Father of Immunology In 1796 /wiki/Edward_Jenner L. vaccinus, relating to a cow, vacca 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout c

2、owlike appendages. 1979.10.26 The announcement by the WHO that smallpox was the first disease that had been eradicated worldwide by a program of vaccination Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 The “Father” of the Modern Microbiology Vaccines: 1880, chicken cholera 1881, anthrax 1885, rabies consciously immune s

3、ystem What is it? Where is it? How does it work? What is immunity? immunity Immune system Immune response Immunology Immunologist Immunodeficiency Immunocompromised IMMUNITY IMMUNIS (EXEMPT) Latin: Protection from legal prosecution Now, in medical terms: free of disease. Bubble boy David Vetter(1971

4、1984) /wgbh/amex/bubble/peopleevents/p_vetter.html severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) Infection Lymphoma congenital immunodeficiency present at birth HIV and AIDS HIV - human immunodeficiency virus AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome ARC: AIDS-related complex ARC is A pr

5、odromal phase of effects phase of infection with HIV. Symptoms can include recurring fever, unexplained weight loss, swollen lymph glands, diarrhea, or fungal infection of the mouth. Candida infections Opportunity Infection and Cancer nFungal, bacterial, viral and protozoal infection nThe most frequ

6、ent opportunistic tumour, Kaposis sarcoma, is observed in 20% of patients with AIDS. nMalignant lymphomas are also frequently seen in AIDS patients. Kaposis sarcoma Kaposis sarcoma Kaposis sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient. lymphoma Functions of Immune system immune defence defense agaist infec

7、tious diseases immune surveillance kill cancer cells immune homeostasis maintain internal equilibrium Where is immune system? Organs Cells Molecules Immune organs Central immune organs The site of generation, differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes including bone marrow thymus Bone marrow Hema

8、topoietic stem cell Myeloid progenitor Lymphoid progenitor Functions: The site of generation of all circulating blood cells The site of B cell maturation hemo- + G. poisis, a making Thymus Located between the breast bone and heart. Function: T cell education Peripheral immune organs and tissues The

9、site where lymphocytes are resident and response to foreign antigens Lymph nodes Spleen MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue) SALT Lymph nodes Lymph nodes - Small bean-shaped glands Lymph - fluid within lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessel - Lymphatic vessel - Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a l

10、ymph node are called the afferent lymph vessel, and one that carries it from a lymph node is called the efferent lymph vessel, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct. Collects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies

11、 it as it passes through system Returns it to circulatory system Lymph nodes Major groups of lymph nodes are located in the tonsils, armpits, neck, groin and mediastinum. Functions : nFilter harmful substances from the tissues John, 15/M tooth aches in left side of face one day later neck also start

12、ed to hurt (only on the left side) after taking the penicillin for 2 days, tooth has for the most part stopped hurting and face doesnt ache nearly as much his neck seems more swollen. a tooth abscess and lymph nodes were swollen immune system is working over time fighting the abscess Sites for Lymph

13、 Nodes NameLocationDrains fluid from Axillary Armpits Arms Cervical NeckHead and neck Inguinal GroinLegs and pelvis Mediastinal ChestWithin chest cavity Spleen in the upper left abdomen Functions: major site of immune response to blood- borne antigens Filters out and destroys old red blood cells, re

14、cycling the iron MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue) Tonsil（扁桃体）（扁桃体）, Peyers patch（派氏集合（派氏集合 淋巴结）淋巴结）, appendix（阑（阑 尾）尾） GALT (Gut) NALT (nasal) BALT (bronchial) Functions: Local immune response Secretory IgA (sIgA) Immune cells Hematopoietic stem cell Myeloid progenitor Lymphoid progenitor L

15、ympoid: T lymphocyte; B lymphocyte; Natural killer cell Myeloid: neutrophil; basophil; eosinophil; monocyte; red blood cell Neutrophil Also called polymorphonulcear (PMN) leukocyte. The most abundant population of circulating WBCs and the earliest phagocytic cells to appear in the bacterial infectio

16、n Functions: phagocytosis, intracellular killing, inflammation and tissue damage. Neutrophils phagocytosis Monocytes and macrophages After entering into tissue, monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages. Play central roles in innate and adaptive immunity, and are important effector cells for t

17、he elimination of microbes. Functions: phagocytosis, intracellular and extra-cellular killing, tissue repair, antigen presentation Monocytes and macrophages macrophages Eosinophils cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by eosin or other acid dyes. associated with parasitic infection and aller

18、gic reactions. Basophils cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by basic dyes. associated with parasitic infections and allergic reactions. T and B Lymphocytes Natural Killer (NK) cells also known as large granular lymphocytes (LGL) kill infected and malignant cells Molecules Antibody Compleme

19、nts Cytokines Antibody IgA; IgM; IgE; IgD Complement system cytokine secreted proteins that work as mediators of immune and inflammatory reactions. Cytokines provide a mechanism for cells of the immune system to “talk” to one another to coordinate a response How does the immune system work? Innate a

20、nd adaptive immunity First line of defense (nonspecific) second line of defense innate immunity Barriers The skin is an important physical barrier that protects the entire body from external pathogens. The acid in the stomach serves as a natural killer or destroyer of pathogens that enter the digest

21、ive tract. u circulating cells (phagocytes，NK cells) u blood proteins and cytokines Innate and adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity 3 Phases, 2 Types Specific acquired 57 Recognition Activation Effector Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Innate and Adaptive Immunity Dose 1 Dose 2: 1 month Dose 3

22、: 6 months HBV vaccine: 61 The primary immune response Four phases of the primary response a lag phase where no antibody is detected a log phase in which the antibody titer rises logarithmically a plateau phase during which the antibody titer stabilizes a phase (decline) during which the antibody is

23、 cleared Comparison of Primary and Secondary Responses High affinity 63 Primary and Secondary Responses differ significantly The properties of the primary and secondary antibody responses differ. The primary response has a long lag period, a logarithmic rise in antibody formation, a short plateau, a

24、nd then a decline. IgM is the first antibody class produced, followed by a gradual switch to other classes, such as IgG. The secondary response has a shorter lag time, a more rapid logarithmic phase, a longer plateau phase, and a slower decline than the primary response. Mostly IgG and other isotype

25、s are produced in the secondary response rather than IgM, and the average affinity of antibody produced is higher. Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease. Artificial: contrived by art rather than nature Artificial / natural immunization Passive/active immunity Passive immunity Result

26、s when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animal Active immunity Develops immunity following direct exposure to pathogen local treatment of the wound vaccination administration of rabies immunoglobulin post-exposure prophylaxis Lymphatic system Lymphatic and immune

27、system Lymphatic System Network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid, cleanses it, and returns it to circulatory system Picks up fats absorbed by digestive system Immune System Fights disease and infections Lymphatic system The lymphatic system consists of a conducting network of lymphatic v

28、essels, lymphatic organs and lymph. The major (encapsulated) lymphatic organs are the lymph nodes. Anatomy and Physiology First, removes excess tissue fluid Collects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as it passes through system Returns it to circulatory system Anatomy and Physiology Se

29、cond, lymph vessels around the small intestine assist with fat absorption Picks up absorbed fats Delivers to circulatory system These lymph vessels are called lacteals (乳糜管) Anatomy and Physiology Third, lymphatic and immune systems work together Form a group of cells, tissues, organs, done to test

30、for malignancy or metastasis Lymphatic examples include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus Lymphatic known as a retrovirus immunocompromised immune system that does not function properly; also called immunodeficiency disorder immunoglobulins antibodies; assist in protecting the bo

31、dy Lymphatic redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touch lymphedema excessive tissue fluid due to blocked lymphatic flow urticariasevere itching associated with hives Lymphatic and Immune Abbreviations AIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndrome ARCAIDS-related complex ELISAenzyme-linked immunosorb

32、ent assay GVHDgraft vs. host disease HDHodgkins disease HIVhuman immunodeficiency virus Lymphatic & Immune Abbreviations Igimmunoglobulin KSKaposis sarcoma monomononucleosis NHLnon-Hodgkins lymphoma NKnatural killer cells PCPPneumocystis carinii pneumonia SCIDsevere combined immunodeficiency syndrome In 1796 /wiki/Edward_Jenner L. vaccinus, relating to a cow, vacca 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared