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1、 形容词与副词,连词与介词的用法 . 语法小结:一 形容词的用法: (一)形容词在句中的用法: 1. 定语:I have to look after the sick boy. 表语:Dont feel bad . Everything will be all right. 2. ,以及开头的形容词asleep , alone , alive , awake , afraid , alike , ashamed , aware 以a作等表示身体健康状况时,只作表语。content , unable , sure , sorry 等常用作表语,ill , well 与healthy. 定语时要用
2、sick I found him asleep. 3. 宾补:Who left the door open ? (表示动作发生的情He spent seven days in the wind and snow , cold and hungry. 4. 状语: 况或方式) , full of fear. (表示动作发生的原因) Crusoe stared at the footprint说也奇怪,他到底还是通过作独立成分:Strange to say , he did pass the exam after all. 5. 考试了。 (二)形容词修饰名词的顺序: 1. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺
3、序: 当几个表示不同种类的形容词同时修饰一个名词时,它的顺序是: 限定词+ 序数词/基数词冠词+代词/名词所有格/ 类别 +名词中心词 类别颜色/大小/新旧/ 描绘 表示限定的词: all , both , such )放在冠词前的形容词有:(1 a , the , this , that , my , his , some , every , 物主代词、不定代词有:2)冠词、指示代词、 (each , etc. (3)序数词放在基数词的前面:the first one(第一),the second half(下半场) 表示类别的词: 表示内在性质的词要放在表示状态的词前。 (1)性质(描绘性
4、形容词):nice , clever , fine , beautiful , interesting (2)状态(大小、新旧等形容词):large , big , old , hot , red , new , young , little (3)专用的形容词(国籍等):Chinese , English (4)生产原料:wooden , plastic , cotton 例:It is a useless , old , big , yellow English car. 这是一辆没有用的、旧的、黄色的英国大轿车。 She was a hungry , tired , sleepy lit
5、tle match girl. 她是一个又饿又累又想睡的卖火柴的小女孩。 1 All of the first five gifted American scientists were greatly honoured. 前五位杰出的美国科学家全都受到了表彰。 形容词作后置定语的两种情况: 2. , something any - 与every-+thing 等构成的不定代词(象 (1)由all- , some- , no- , everything , nothing 等),被形容词所修饰时,形容词后置。 in todays newspaper ? Is there anything int
6、eresting He found theres nothing new in what she said at the meeting. 2)下列形容词修饰名词时,也要后置。 ( (活着的)(可利用的),responsible(负责的),alive(出席的), presentavailable Do all the people present agree with him ? He is regarded as the greatest man alive in the world. 连用: 3. 形容词与定冠词the 连用,表示一类人或事物,相当于一个名词,作主语时,动the 有些形容词
7、与定冠词 词用复数形式,这些形容词可以说是名词化了的形容词。 The young are fond of pop music. Take care of the dead and the dying. 在某些习语或词组中,这种用法也不少: from bad to worse , at large , at the best , at the most , for good , at the latest , do ones best , in general , etc (三)形容词的比较级与最高级的用法: 同级比较的句型 1. 被比较的对象as+原级as (1) 例:He is as dil
8、igent as the monitor. 费尽心血的 用功的; diligent ?dilid?nt adj. 勤奋的; 勤勉的; 他与班长一样勤奋用功。 than+被比较的对象形容词的比较级 (2)主语谓语no 例:He is no more careful than you are. 他不比你更仔细。 2. 比较级的句型 (1)主语谓语形容词比较级than被比较的对象 例:Do you know why winter is colder than summer ? 你知道冬天为什么比夏天冷吗? This room is less beautiful than that one. 这间房不
9、如那间漂亮。 (2)主语谓语not so (as)+形容词原级as + 被比较的对象 例:Tom is not so busy as Dick. 汤姆不如狄克忙。 (3)主语谓语the形容词比较级of(两者比较) 例:He is the taller of the two brothers. 他是两兄弟中个头较高的那个。 2 )仅仅,只有4)no more than (only , not any more than ( His entire school education added up to no more than one year. 例: 他全部接受教育的时间加起来也只有一年。 )
10、not more than (at most)至多,不超过( 5 例:He has not more than twenty yuan in his pocket. 他口袋里的钱不超过20元。 形容词的比较级还可用在某些句型中: the more the more越是就越 (1) The busier he is , the happier he is. 2)more and more 越来越 ( Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. 因而更加)all the more (3 As a result , the rich bec
11、ame all the richer. That will make the work all the more difficult. 4)more or less 大体上,或多或少 ( The question is more or less settled. 不止,不到less)than (5)more ( She cant be more than 40. He is more than a friend to me. The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms. (worse)就更好,就更糟 (6)so much the better If h
12、ell help us , so mush the better . If he doesnt work , so much the worse for him. 等句型。 此外,还有 any more , not any longer , no longer , had better 最高级的句型 3. )形容词最高级(名词)表示范围的状语(1 She is the most active student in our class. 例: 她是我们班最活跃的学生。 one of + 形容词最高级 (2) 例:Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in o
13、ur country. 上海是我国最大城市之一。 3)序数词最高级 ( 例:Africa is the second largest continent in the world. continent ?k?ntin?nt n.大陆,陆地;欧洲大陆;北美洲大陆 adj.自制的,克制的;节欲的;贞洁的;禁欲的 非洲是世界第二大大陆。 (4)否定词形容词比较级 例:No one can be more careful than he is. 没有人比他更加仔细。 (5)形容词比较级than any other +名词 例:He is busier than any other worker in
14、his workshop. 他比车间里任何一个工人都忙。 3 形容词”的结构可以表示非常高的程度,没有比较的意思,这种结构用作定most +注意:“ 语时,可以不用冠词或用不定冠词。 What you have said is most interesting. 例: 你说的很有趣。 He wrote me a most interesting letter. 他给我写了一封很有趣的信。 的几种句式 4. 注意表示倍数的比较级 as (1被比较的对象)倍数(或份数)as + 形容词 例:This room is about two thirds as large as that one. 这个
15、房间大约是那个房间的三分之二。 Asia is four times as large as Europe. 4 倍之大。 亚洲面积有欧洲 than +被比较的对象 (2)倍数(或分数、百分数)形容词比较级 例:Our school is three times bigger than yours. 3倍。 我们学校比你们学校大 the size of +被比较的对象 (3)倍数(或分数) five times the size of the old one. The new factory is 例: 5倍。 新厂的规模是旧厂的 注意:除了以上一些比较句型外,还有其它一些表示比较的方法。 H
16、e is twice my age. 他的年龄比我大一倍。 例: There is only one year between us. 我们之间只差一岁。 5. 易错形容词与名词的搭配 语修饰 不可用可用的修饰语 名词 的 ionulat(人口)popwe f ,ag , sm ll a manyib 资)lsaa(ry工wo lh , big ,sm allhig ecpri(价格)insxp epco,ihgh lwhea , e (速度)espedwlo g ghih ,low , res fast, tnumao(数量)hllc mumany ,am ibg ,s t(数量)nuqat
17、iyhibgcm uany la ,sm l, m s(尺寸)zeihc lam ibg,s luy , mman (开支)socthuc, llam gib,s m many 注意:对于这类名词常用what提问。 例:Whats the population of Beijing ? 北京的人口是多少? 4 副词的用法: (一)副词在句中的作用:),有c),副词( 副词在句中主要用作状语,它可以用来修饰动词(a),形容词(b . d)时用来修饰整个句子( a. Dont drive too fast . The visitors were warmly welcomed by the hos
18、ts. b. You dont know how grateful we are to you. Her eyes were wide open. c. I cant speak so fluently as he does. d. Frankly I dont agree with him. 流利的; 液态的fluent ?flu:?nt adj. 流畅的; (二)副词在句中的位置: 1. 大多数副词可以放在动词后面, Everything goes smoothly. I remember having seen him somewhere. be动词后面。 2. 频率副词通常放在动词前面
19、或情态动词,助动词, She often does this. You must always remember this. She is seldom ill. He has never been late. already , yet , once , nearly , almost , just , really , 还有一些副词也放在这个位置上,如: suddenly , certainly , still , soon , surely , etc I almost forgot about the whole thing. You must really be careful. 上
20、面所谈副词中也有少数可以放在动词后面。 I remember having seen him once. Such things do happen sometimes. 3. 一些形容整个句子的副词通常放在句子的开头。 Actually , obviously , generally speaking , fortunately , unfortunately , strangely , hopefully , first of all , at first , perhaps , certainly , originally , basically Luckily Peter was th
21、ere. 4. 程度副词一般都放在它所修饰的词前面。 Im terribly sorry about it. We meet fairly often. This book is definitely more suitable for children to read than that one. I dont quite agree with you. (三)副词的修饰作用: 5 表示程度的修饰语在运用中应注意习惯,还应注意程度的比较。 表示“轻微”程度(a little , a bit , a little bit ) 1. 例:I felt a little tired. 我觉得有一点
22、累。 The clock is a bit slow. 这个闹钟慢了一点。 表示“一定”程度)(quite , fairly 2. The book is quite good . 例: 这本书相当好。 , much )。that , too to 3. 表示“强调”程度(very , very much , so 例:The novel is very interesting. 那部小说很有趣。 )delighted to see his aunt. George was very (much , very much 4. much too + 形容词是一种表示“强调”程度的结构。 You
23、are here much too late. 例: 你来这里太迟了。 much来修饰: 下面的过去分词是形容词,可用 frightened , excited , disappointed , pleased , satisfied , interested , surprised等。 , by far , a bit , a little , rather , much , many , far 5. 在英语中能用来修饰比较级结构的词有: a lot , a great deal , any , still , even 等。 The film was far better than I
24、had expected. 例: 这部电影比我预料的要好得多。 more expensive) these days. Houses are much (far , a lot 最近房价比以前要贵得多。 来修饰比较级时,要注意后面是可数名词还是不可数名词;名词是可数与much用many much more。名词,要用many more ;名词是不可数名词要用 比较: I spend much more time on English than I did. 我现在花比以前更多的时间学英语。 I spend many more hours a day on English than I did.
25、 与以前相比,每天我多花了几个小时学英语。 修饰比较级形容词时,多用any此外,倍数词、数量词短语,也可作比较级结构的修饰语, 于否定句或疑问句中。下列词语可用来修饰形容词或副词的最高级。far , by far , much , nearly , almost 常用的修饰最高级的程度副词 一般常用的有almost , altogether , by far , far , nearly , practically , quite , the very 等。 区别:far总是放在比较级或最高级之前。 by far可以放在比较级或最高级前或后。 例:This is far the best of
26、 all. 这是所有当中最好的。 6 In our class he is the tallest by far. 在我们班他是个子最高的。 He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 他是两兄弟当中个子高的那个。 (四)两种形式相似,但意义不同的副词辨析: hard(艰苦地),hardly(几乎不),fair(公正),fairly(相当),high(高),highly(高度的),firm(稳定),firmly(完全地),most(非常),mostly(主要地),clear(清晰地),clearly(显然),near(接近),nearly(几乎)
27、例: ?He wd.ork yv ha 他努力工作。resr ?He hardevlye r wo. r他几乎不工作。ks?The bodhea. 尸体已沉入深海。se ks denepto i tyan? I am deeply grateful for the advice you gave me. ?我非常感激你给我的劝告。?You wifs f.euedr yforo ertel lj ubstlyw arrd?因为你的努力,你将会受到公正的奖赏。? ?Mary jluesft t .?玛莉刚刚离开。?The pskyla. hignh t he efnlew ?飞机在高空飞行。? ?
28、Conceipteedo plen tkh ihigholfy t hemves. sel?自高自大的人常常自吹自擂。?The win wopen. ide 窗户大开着。dwwoas ? Computers are now widely used in our daily life. ?计算机现在被广泛用于我们的日常生活之中。?The pr. pleets boletfhoer peor so wenrltdu atiio nmiosst faav?当今世界形势对人民非常有利。? ?deic wias tmlyo ssuganard wa ter.The men?这种药主要成分是糖和水。?Co
29、me. na toen m e enard lis?靠近一点听我说。?It is oc k.nrleya fivec l ?快要5点了。?This mra tctoence yrnosu venreya rl y.?这件事与你关系密切。? (五)常用副词辨析: 1. a bit , a little 辨析:a little 与a bit都有“一点儿,有点儿”的意思,可以修饰形容词、副词等,意7 思相近。 在修饰名词时,a little 后面可直接接不可数名词,而a bit 后面须加上of,再接不可数名词。 另外,not a little 相当于much ,而not a bit 则相当于not
30、at all (一点也不)。 例:Its a little / a bit cold here . 这儿有点冷。 Thats a bit / a little much to pay. 那笔要付的钱多了一些。 There is a little milk in the glass. 或There is a bit of milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里有点儿牛奶。 Im not a little tired. 我很累。 Im not a bit tired. 我一点不累。 2. almost , nearly 辨析:almost 与nearly作“几乎,差一点,差不多,将近”解。
31、只是nearly 表示的程度与差距比almost 大。 (1)两者都可以修饰all , every , always 等词,都可用于否定句中。 (2)在very , pretty , not 后面用nearly , 不用almost。 (3)在any , no , never 前用almost,不用nearly。 (4)与not连用,多用nearly。not nearly表示“远没有”之义。 例:We are almost home. 我们就要到家了。 (比较:We are nearly home. 我们快要到家了。) Almost no one (= Hardly anyone )belie
32、ved the stranger. 几乎没有一个人相信这位陌生人。 It isnt nearly so easy as you think. 这远远不如你所想像的那么容易。 fairly , 辨析:fairly 意思为“相当地,适度地,说得过去地”,一般用来表示积极的含义,主要用于“好”的一方面。fairly 与普通副词相同,即冠词a / an 不能置其后,必须置其前。 rather一般用来表示消极的含意。 (1)可与too连用。 (2)可与形容词或副词比较级连用。 (3)可与动词连用。 quite 通常侧重主观看法,意为“完全地,几乎”,用于某些动词之前。 This test is rath
33、er too difficult for me and rather too easy for you. 这次考试对我来说相当难,而对你来说相当容易。 The weather was rather worse than I had expected. 天气比我所预料的更糟糕。 I rather want to see this film. 我很想去看电影。 I dont quite agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的意见。 对比:This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅显的书。(指容易而适当。) This is a rather easy book
34、. 8 这本书过于浅显。(指过分容易而不适当。) 前者表示肯定或赞许,后者表示否定或不以为然。 习惯用语:would rather than(宁愿而不),would rather not(宁愿不) 连词的用法: (一)连词的分类: 连词主要分为两类:并列连词与从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词,词组,或分句。从属连词是用来引起从句的。 (二)连词的用法: 并列连词: 1. 表示意思转折的: but , yet , however , nevertheless , It was raining hard . However , he went on with his work . She had
35、 failed many times , nevertheless she didnt give up. 2. 表示因果关系的:for , therefore, He broke the law ; therefore he was put in prison. 3. 其他的并列连词:and , or , either or , neither nor , not only but also , both and , as well as 从属连词 1. 引导时间,原因,条件,让步,比较,目的,结果等状语从句的从属连词 when , while , as , after , before ,
36、since , until , as soon as , once , / because , as , since , now that , seeing that / if , even if , unless , in case , as long as , on condition that / though , although , / than , as as , not as (so) as / so that , in order that / so that , such that / 2. 引导主语,宾语,表语从句的从属连词 that , whether , if 9 介词
37、的用法:介词是英语中搭配最强,也是最活跃的词类之一,应重点掌握。完形填空、短文改错 均有考查。 (一)常用介词的基本用法及搭配:at , in , for , of , from , with , by , behind , outside , above , before , after , below , 常用介词有 over , under , between , among 等。(同)(此刻),at one time/at dawn(在破晓),,at this time (momentat daybreak 时,过去有个时期), at the end of (在之末),at the b
38、eginning (of)(在之初),at once (最后), (在正午),at night (在夜晚),at first (起先),at last at noon (马上) , at the end of , at the post office , at the airport , at home , at the weekend , at the age of 25 , at work , at all , at the same at sunset , at Christmas , at sea , at once , at first , at last , at least ,
39、at the head of , at birth , at present , at sight of , at any time , at the most , at the bottomtime , at a time , at times , at the base , at the time of , at the speed of , at a height of , at the top , at college , at breakfast , at the latest 黄昏 sunset ?s?nset n. 日落(时),薄暮; 晚霞; adj. 定期废止的 醒悟 :n n
40、. 黎明,拂晓; 开端; ?dawn d 变得明朗 vi. 破晓,(天)刚亮; 开始出现; 被看清,被想到vt. (开始)被理解,被领悟; 天明 天亮; 旦; daybreak ?de?bre?k n. 拂晓,黎明; 出身分娩; 起源; birth b?: n. 出生; 支撑,支持; 亲自携带,运输 的过去分词;born b?:n vt. bear 结果,生产; 与有关 vi. adj. 出生的,出身于的; 天生的,天赋的 , in (future , in the snow rain , stormin the world , in China ,) in the evening , in
41、(the) 1997 , in March , in ink , in English , in the newspaper (book , magazine), in those days , in the past , in all , in fact , in a hurry , in short , in public , in return , in turn , in a word , in detail , in time , in the end , in order to , in danger , in this way , in that case , in a shor
42、t while , in search of , in place of , in the air , in case , in common , in the hope of , in need of , in other words , in praise of , in silence , in space , in the past , in ones opinion , in modern times , in surprise , in a minute , in the centre of , in the heart of , in the open air , in bed
43、on Monday , on Sundays , on the phone , on foot , on the blackboard , on ( in )the street , on paper , on the head (shoulder , door), on your right (left), on business , on Tuesday evening , on my birthday , on the other hand , on fire , on business , on duty , on time , on sale , on TV , on top of
44、, on holiday , on the radio , on show , on earth , on the earth , on board , on the air , on fire , on average , on ones own , and so on by ship (sea , water), by plane (air), by bus(bike), by himself, by chance , by hand , 10 by heart , by mail , by mistake , by phone , by lorry , by law , by accid
45、ent , by force , by road , year then)by year , side by side , stone by stone , by now( for that reason , for example , for two years , for ever , for the time being , for sale , for free , for one thing , for oneself , for nothing , for a while , for long , a cup of teaChinaof much use , die of , be
46、 made of(可以看出原料) , a map of (be), 开玩笑)rob sb. of sth ., be fond of , make fun of(嘲弄, 取笑; )(coffee, a piece of bread , be tired of , of ones own , of course , because of , instead of , run out of )(joy , astonishment , satisfaction), to the east(northto the door , to ones surprise , come up to , add
47、up to , speak to , talk to , be open to , key (answer , entrance)to of the public , to the point , thanks to. (二)容易错、常考的介词及搭配,由而制成)1. be made of (物理变化)由而制成),be made from (化学变化) (由某地)生产)(把A制成B),be made in make A into B (拜go and pick sb. up / call at a place2. call on = visit (拜访),call for sb. (邀约某人)
48、访某地)/vacation (失火)/duty(值日)/ holiday(度假)/ fire 3. on business(出差)/strike (罢工) /guard(警戒)/sale(出售)/leave(度假)(请假)/watch(警戒) have a habit,in)doing sth. (在做方面有困难)have some trouble / difficulty 4. ( of doing sth. /idea(想法)/plan(计划)(习惯) (对感到高兴) 5. A is pleased to B , B is pleased with A (感到厌烦) 6. get tire
49、d of (在的帮助领导下)7. with the help of , under the leadership of (顺便说一by the way(经由),by heart(记住), 8. by means of (通过),by way of 下) 9. out of question(毫无疑问),out of the question(毫无可能) 10. prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth . (阻止某人做某事) 11. be thankful to sb. for sth. (为某事感激某人) 12. steal sth . from sb
50、. rob sb. of sth. 13. insist on doing sth . (坚持做),persist in doing sth. (坚持做),stick to (坚持),go on doing sth. (坚持做) 11 set out to do sth. (着手开始做) 14. set about doing sth ., 散布(谣言) 抨击(某人); 非正set about 开始做(某事); 攻击; 15. 注意表身体部位的某些名词前要加定冠词。 lead the cow by the nose look sb. in the face , hit sb. on the face , 16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour (帮某人一个忙) 17. reply / depend on sb. (依靠某人),live on (以为主食) 18. tell A form B (区分A与B) tell tel vt. 告诉,说; 辨别; 吩咐; 讲述 vt.& vi. 分辨,辨别
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