被动语态以及情态动词构成及用法详解(推荐文档

1、情况主动态被动语态恚示主是动作的执行者强调主语是动1作的承受者时般现在时Many people speak English in the WDildEnglish is spoken by inany peoph in the worll般过去时He wrote this book in 1994This book was written by hun m 1994.般将来时Wc will hold a meeting tomoirowA meeting will be hdd by us tomorrow过去将来时He said that they would bulda bndgeHe s

2、aid that a bridge would be buiU现在进行时They are discussing this question nowThis questions being discussed now:过去进行时He was fixing tny car al six yestenday.Myws being fixed by him at axyesterday.现在完成时We liave already cleaned our dassrootnOut dassroom has already been daned by us过去完咸时I had finished my co

3、nipo国tion before supper.My composiUon had teen finidied before supper句 型主+谓+宾I parked my car outside the paxk.My car was paiked outside lhe paik by me主+谓+取宾She told us an interesting storyWe were told an interesting story by her丿 An interesUng story was told to us by her主+i虧翼+补We chose Jack monitorJ

4、ack was chosen monitor by us晅动词She took good care of the duldrenThe children were taken good care qf by her.惜态动词砂词We can change water into vapour.Water can be changed into vapour被动语态用法详解TENSE般现在时般将来时现在进行时般过去时现在完成时过去完成时过去进行时主动语态被动语态amisare+Vbe+V.V.s(p.p)will1willbe going tobe (about)to+V.+V( p.p)amis

5、are+bamisare+V.i ngein g+V( p.p) waswere V.edwaswere+V(p.p)havehas+behavehas+V. p.pen+V(p.p) had+been+V(had+V .p.pp.p)waswere+V.i ngwaswere+be情态动词情态动词+V.in g+V（ p.p）情态动词被动语态牢记一点,+be+V（ p.p）be加动词过去分词。分析句中主和谓，承受者作主语即被动。短语动词不可忘介、副词。另有不及物动词，只有主动无被动。还要注意其时态,与主动语态全相同。不用被动语态的情况（即多数的瞬间动词）： 亡） ,disaPPear （消失

6、），end （vi. 结束），fail, happen, last, lie,asleep, keep silenee,lose heart, take place.比较： rise, fall, happen1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态app ear, die（死rema in, sit, sp read,break out, come true, fallAfter the fire, very little rema ined of my house.是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。（错）The accident was happened last week.（对）

7、The accident happened last week.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk in to, bel ong to the lock.3） 系动词无被动语态（“keep ”除外）：grow, look, remain, seem, smell, s

8、ound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4） 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last ni ght.5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。（对）She likes to swim.（错）To swim is liked by her.sta ndfit, have, hold, marry, own,/ in, shake hands with, succeed in,This key just fitsappear, be become, fall, feel, get,不能

9、用于被动语态：die, death, dream,有些动词可以带双宾语。在这种情况下,有些动词可以带双宾语在用于被动结构时，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前通常加上介词 for/to, etc. 。即: S+V+0+D3 I0+ be done +D3 DObe done + prep. +10We often hearhim play guitarHeis often heardtd1 play guitar.T It is often heard from him to play guitar.新被动语态Get+过去分词也可以构成被

10、动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如：The mangot hurt on his way home.那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 glass get broke n?杯子怎么破了？注意：有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动结构后要加上“ Weheard him sing in his room just now.刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。now. -He was heard to si ng inn eed doing someth ing也表示被动How did theto ”。例如his room just怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?可以遵循以下几个步

11、骤:把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；2. 谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态;3. 主动语态的主语变为介词“ by”的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词 之后。（有时“ by ”的短语可以省略）；T A letter is written by Bruce every例: 1. Bruce writes a letter every week. week.2. Li Lei men ded the broke n bike this morning. Li Lei this morni ng.3. He

12、has writte n two no vels so far. far.4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow. tomorrow.5. Lucy is writi ng a letter now.6. You must lock the door when youT The broke n bike was men ded byT Two no vels have bee n writte n by him soT Ten trees will be plan ted by themT A letter is being writte n by Lucy

13、 now.leave. tthe door must be locked when you leave.被动语态的几种特殊用法（1）主动形式表示被动意义prove，read，sell ，1）常见的这类动词有：“ act , add up , clean , compare, count , cook, draw , fill iron , keep, let , look , make up, milk , kill , open, photograph , smoke, spoil ”等。The window won t open .（这扇窗户打不开。The cow milks well .

14、（这头牛出奶率很高。Damp wood will not fire.（湿木不易燃烧。It turned out fine that day.（结果那天天气很好。）?）形式表示被动意义。How did his coat catch on a n ail?（他的衣服怎么钩到钉子上了2）实用动词“ need/want/deserve / require +V-ing（ 动名词）” My hair n eeds cutt ing 。.The bike wants rep airi ngIt doesn t deserve mentioning.（哈姆雷特为本课程指定读物。）. have/get sth

15、 . （sb.）done，以及 to beHamlet is required readi ng for the course3）一些固定句型如：be worth doing sthun der（i n）+抽象名词等表示被动意义：.（北京是中国的一个大城市,Beiji ng is a big city in Chi na and worth visit ing值得浏览。）.（威尔逊先生前天Mr. . Wils on had his wallet stole n the day before yesterday 丢了一个钱包）。The bike is under（in）repair.（自行车正在

16、修理中。）This tape recorder is in use.（这种录音机正在使用中。）4） 一些不定式的主动态表示被动意义：There be句型：There are a lot of things to do.There is nothing to worry about.不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，而句中的主语同时又不是不定式的逻辑主语 时：I want some clothes to wash .Do you have anything to say for yourself?His sister gave him a bike to ride.My father

17、get me a book to read .5）少数动词的进行时，有时表示被动意义：Her works are prin ti ngThe drum is beati ngMy new house is build ing（2） “It is+V-ed+that-?结构表示被动常用的这类结构有：it is said that”（据说）；It is supposed that（据推测）； It is well known that（众所周知that（据报导）;It is hoped that （有人认为）;1twill be seen that 须承认）;It must be pointed

18、out thatIt is believed不定式修饰buy, get, give等动词的直接宾语，而句中的间接宾语又是不定式的逻 辑主语时：）;It is believed that （据信）;It is reported（人们希望）;It is gen erallycon sidered that （由此可以看出）;It must be admitted that （必 （必须指出）”等。/ thought that this medici ne works well.It is estimated that a flight to Shan ghai would take more th

19、a n one hour.It is ofte n realized that wome n held a high social p ositi on in the Souther nEuropean societies in the 10th and llth cen turies.（3）“get + p.p.（动词的过去分词）表示被动：这种结构往往用来强调动作的结果，也可用来表示突然发生的事态，或最终出现的某种事实，是一种非正式语体。The house is getti ng pain ted / rep aired .The buildi ng got damaged in the f

20、lood.Thousa nds of soldiers got killed in the war.As I p assed by, my coat got caught on a n ail.注在下列句子中，不能使用“get + p.p.（动词的过去分词）”结构。误：The stow got written by him .正: The story Was writ . ten by him .误:正:The conference got being held in LondonThe conference is being held in London注意以下被动语态的几种情况1）短语动词

21、变为被动语态后，其后的介词或副词应紧随其后。Frank was brought up by his auntThe babies are well looked after.The meeti ng Was put off .The salesma n was put out by Mr. Wils on s questio n(威尔逊先生的问题把那位售货员惹火了。)2) “Verb+宾语+宾补”变为被动语态后，宾语转化为主语，宾补转化为主补。The wall Was pain ted white. (We pain ted the wal1 white .)He is regarded as

22、 smart (We regarded him as smart.)The house was found empty . (We found the house empty .)1 表现在的或一般的能力：can或be ableto , can 比 beableto使用得更普遍。canableto更强调通过努力、克服困难做成呆事。foritself ;it must betoldwhat to do.sr ofEn glishsp eakEn glishquite well.考点一：情态动词表示能力表示现在的或一般的能力用 侧重指有能力做某事；而beA computer cant think

23、He is a native speakeso he can of course2表示将来的能力：表示将来能力用 will beIf you have a goodyou will be able to道题。 3表示过去的能力：could表示过去一般的能力，即不表示做或未做某事；而 示过去有能力并且成功地man aged to do someth in g/succeededin doing考点二：情态动词表示推测（可能性）可能性可分为客观的（理论的）可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性。1客观的（理论的）可能性指并不涉及具体某事是否会发生，此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征。can用于肯定句中表

24、示客观的（理论的）可能性，can用于疑问及否定句中则表示 实际发生的可能性。The World Wide Webableslee pworkto。out thisP roblem.如果你睡个好觉，你就能做出这was (were) able to do 贝 U表 了 某事，相当于 something 。because itA left-luggage tcan beofficeis sometimes jok in glycalled the World Wide Waitvery slow.is a p lacewhere bags can be left for a shortime， es

25、pecially2表示具体事情实际发生的可能性：表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次比较见下表in arailwaystati on.（依次递减）:词形肯定式否定式疑问式must必定，必然这些词后接动词原形是对现在事情的推测，后接完成式则表示对过去事情的推测；其中can，may/might，should，ought to， must有时还可接进行时表示对现在正在进行的事情的推 测。另外，can还可用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思；既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中；ought示过去，而表示可能性弱于他们相应的现在时形式。She might not be in the

26、 company .She toldai.她可能不在公司，她告诉过我要去上海。去武汉了吗？What can he be doing at 么？ She cant be tellingYour mother may be waiting回家呢。They must be follow ingus远处尾随着我们。You should be doing your作业而不是看电视。考点三：情态动词表示请求、允许、允诺1 表示征求对方的意见或提出建议时， would用于第二人称的疑问句。Will(Would)you( pl ease). .?WhatstheKhulaifi.Shall而 couldto和

27、might表示推测时，并不一定表me she would go to Shanghthisaforlie.justCan hehave gone to Wuhan?他有可能mome nt?.她不可能在说谎。you to return home.他会在做什你妈妈可能正等着你exercisesn ame?I spell thatlittle beh ind us.他们肯定在离我们不in steadof可以用于第一、shall分别构成：Shall2 could/wouldwatchi ngTV.现在你该做第三人称的疑问句，will和I/we/he/she/they. ? 或for you?可以用于疑

28、问句表示请求，使语气更加委婉，但其回答语不能再用will大概；会不会should /ought toshould/oueht to 表 示根ISW、事 理*经验作岀的对 现在或未来比较 有把握的判断，意 为“应该，理 应can不可能有可能吗？could可疑的可能不可能语气比 can弱may或许，也许”; 也未可知，也说不可能不； 或许不might比may还弱比may nor还弱could/wouldCould3 shall威胁的语气；shallWhat does theacigar4 式。MayorcanCanI have来回答。I borrow your dict ion ary? Yes,

29、 of course you can.也可用于第二、第三人称的肯定句和否定句中，表示说话者命令、警告、允诺或也可用于第二、第三人称表示法律、规定等。sig npersonin thismay 都use yourNopipe和Iover there read?shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，area. ”可表示许可，但 can 较随便，may 更正 compu ter?我用一下你的电脑可以吗？lice nsepl ease，sir? 先生，我可以看a look at your drivi ng考点四：情态动词表示必要性should，ought t

30、o也可表示必要性，意为（义 must +动词原一下你的驾照吗？must常用来表示必要性，意为“必须”；务上）应该”，在语气上比 must “必须”弱。表示现在或将来必须做某事用“ 形”；表示现在或将来不必做某事时，用dont have to或need nt加动词原形；表示过done sth.；当表示过去没必要做某事，而不涉及是否做，可用 to do或did nt n eed to do sth.或necessary to do sth.等；如表示禁止，则要用 mus tnt 或 should nt ,去没必要做某事时，分为两种情况：当表示过去没必要做某事，但事实上却做了，用n eed ntha

31、vedid nthaveIt was not意为“不应该”。The boss has give nevery onea sp ecial holiday,so we n eed ntgo to work tomorrow.Joh nny , you must ntplay with the knife ； you may hurt yourself. 考 点五：情态动词表示意愿will和would都可表示意志、意愿和决心；will还可表示现在的一种习惯、倾向或趋势；而would则可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向；used to也表示“过去常常”，但它暗含“现在不再”之意。4agai n.we

32、 would do thatagain.Without waterI will n ever do itThey asked us if fish will die.,he would visit me every week.have done”都表示对过去事情的推测或意愿。其具体用法见下表:During the vacati on考点六：“情态动词+情态动词 +完成式用法例句must have done表示对过去己经发生的 行为进行推测，意为 “想必/准杲/定做了 某事”。It must have rained last night for the road was quite muddy.

33、can have done； cannot have done表示对过去发生的行为 的怀疑和不肯定，通常 用在疑问句和否定句 中，意为“可能干过某 事吗？ ” ； “不可能干 过某事”。Can he have sone to hisJaunfs? He cannot have fbraotlen it,Jcould have done“己经”之意此 外，还可以表示过去没 有实现的可能性 意为 “本来可以杠”。I saw Mr.Wang just now .He couldnt have sone to Beilina-JJJmay/ niisht Jhave done表示对过去己发生行为 的推

34、测，意为“也许/或 许己经（没有）。一 般只用于肯定句或否定 句中（在否定句中表示 “可能不”），不用于疑 冋句。用might则表不 语气更加不肯定。Its too lale.I think he may have gone to bed. He may not have finished the work.She might haveJcau2ht a cold.Jmight have done表不“本来可 能”，但实际上没 有发生的事。另外，还 可以表示“本来应该或 可以做某事”之意，含 有轻微的责备语气。You should not ha* swum in that sea.You mi

35、ght have been eaten by fish.You might have 2ivenJJhim more help, though you were busy.should /oueht J to have done用于肯定句时，表示本 该做某事，而实际上未 做，意为“本应该”；用于否定句时，则表示 不该做的事反而做了，意为“本不应该”。You should have come to the meeting earlier. You oueht to have done thisJexercise more caicfully. You shouldnt have told her

36、 the truth.He ought not to haveJ treated his parenls like that.neednt have done表示做了本来不必去做 的事，意为“本没必要 做某事”；而didnt need to do则表示过去没必要 做而实际上也没有做某 事。You neednt have taken a laxi here，for it was very near to niy house. I didnt need to clean the windows-My brother did it.had better have done用于事后的建议，含轻 微责备

37、的口吻，意为 “当时最好做了某 事”，其否定式had better not have done 表达 相反的含义。You had better have started earlier.You had belter not have scolded her.would rather have done表示“宁愿做过某 事”，其否定式would rather not have done 表 达相反的含义，两者都 表示“后悔”之意。I would rather have taken his advice.I raised objections at the meeting but now I would Jrather not have done that.wouldlike/love TOhavedone表示过去愿意做某事但未做成，意为：愿意做过某事。1 would love to have 2011 eJto the party last night butI had to work extra hoursto finish a repon.考点七：情态动词的其他用法1 cannot but + do sth. 相当于 ha