语言学-选择判断题

1、CHAPTER 1I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:T 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.F 2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.T 3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a wholeT 4. P

2、honetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.T 5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.T 6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and

3、theories to language teaching and learningT 7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concreteF 8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-

4、mute is not languageT 9. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of languageF 10. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitraryF 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.F 12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.F 13. All human infants can speak som

5、e language.F 14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.F 15. With different cultures there will be different languages.T 16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice tha

6、t can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Du

7、ality D. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 4. The function of the sentence “water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogative B directive C informative D performative5. A historical study of language is a _ study of

8、 language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human _.A contact B communication C relation D community 7. Languages is _A instinctive B non-instinctive C static D genetically transmitted8. A linguist regards the change in

9、 language and language use as _A unnatural B something to be feared C natural D abnormal 9. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA tree B crash C typewriter D bang 10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is

10、prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the aboveCHAPTER 2I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:T 1.Voicin

11、g is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F 3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. F 4.E

12、nglish is a tone language while Chinese is not. T 5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. F 7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of th

13、e stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. F 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. T 9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicin

14、g. F 10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. F 11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. T 12.Vowel s

15、ounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. F 13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open v

16、owels. F 14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. F 15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. F 16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. T 17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one s

17、ound for another results in a change of meaning. F 18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. T 19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language

18、specific. T 20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most fle

19、xible.A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords 36The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37_ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ 38The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featur

20、e of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 39Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C.

21、the allophones D. minimal pair 40The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. back B. centralC. front

22、D. middle 42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 43. A(n) _ is a un

23、it that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme 44 The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme. A. phones B. soundsC. phonemes

24、D. allophones CHAPTER 3I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:T 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.F 2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. T 3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of

25、 phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.T 5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.T 6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or gramm

26、atical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.T 7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.F 8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of

27、it.F 9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T 10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives se

28、condary stress.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 22. The compound word “bookstore”

29、is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the

30、compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _.A. the first element B. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements. 24. _ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bo

31、und, to form a word.A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemesC. Bound words D. Words25. _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. Syntax B.GrammarC. Morphology D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A.

32、lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 27. Bound morphemes are those that _. A. have to be used independently B. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes. 28. _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not chan

33、ge the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes 29. _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 30. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an in

34、flectional affix D. a root CHAPTER 4I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: T 1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.T 2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native spe

35、akers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. F 3. An endocentric construction is also known as headed construction because it has just one headT 4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.F 5. In English

36、syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. T 6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun. T 7. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences.T

37、8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.T 9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.T 10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice

38、that can best complete the statement: 1 The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is_A the city B Rome C city D the city and Rome 2. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. Preposition D. subordinator 3 Phrase structur

39、e rules have _ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All

40、of the above. 5 The phrase “on the half” belongs to _construction A endocentric B exocentric C subordinate D coordinate 6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phras

41、e C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 7 The sentence structure is _. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. compel D. both linear and hierarchical 8. The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite

42、D. infinite 9. The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences. A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational 10 The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” is a _sentence A simple B coordinate C compound D complex CH

43、APTER 539. Interrogative and imperative（祈使） sentences do not have truth value. T40. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected（切分）into meaning components, called semantic feature. F ( can be )41. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifyin

44、g the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. T 42. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy. F(Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship.)43. Two sentences using the same words may mea

45、n quite differently. T44. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situationswhile linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. F 45. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailme

46、nt, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T46. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. T47. Linguistic forms havin

47、g the same sense may have different references in different situations. T 48. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. T49. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F 50. Most languag

48、es have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T51. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T52. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence

49、, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. TCHAPTER 6I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: F 1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communicationF 2. Pragmatics t

50、reats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. T 3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. T 4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context

51、of use is considered. F 5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is. F 6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent. F 7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. F 8. Utterances alway

52、s take the form of complete sentences F 9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle. T 10. Speech act theory started in the late 50s of the 20th century. T 11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. F 12. Perlocutionary act is the act of

53、 expressing the speakers intention. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. _ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept 26. The meaning of language was considered as something _ in traditional semantics. A. contextual B. be