语用学术语期末资料

1、Definition1. Broad context: any contextual information that is relevant to the working out of what the speaker overtly intends to mean, and to the successful and felicitous performance of speech acts.2. Constancy under negation: a property of presupposition which dictates that a presupposition gener

2、ated by the use of a lexical item or a syntactic structure remains the same when the sentence containing that lexical item or syntactic structure is negated.3. Constative: an utterance that is employed to make an assertion or a statement.4. Context: any relevant features of the dynamic setting or en

3、vironment in which a linguistic unit is systematically used.5. Conventional implicature: a non-truth-conditional inference which is not deductive in any general, natural way from the saying of what is said, but arises solely because of the conventional features attached to particular lexical items a

4、nd/or linguistic constructions.6. Conversational implicature: a set of non-logical inferences which contains conveyed messages which are meant without being part of what is said in the strict sense. It is derived from the saying of what is said via the co-operative principle and its component maxims

5、 of conversation.7. Co-operative principle: the overarching principle put forward by Grice in his theory of conversational implicature, which determines the way in which language is used most efficiently and effectively to achieve rational interaction in communication.8. Deixis: the phenomenon where

6、by features of context of utterance or speech event are encoded by lexical and/or grammatical means in a language.9. Direct speech act: a speech act whose illocutionary force and sentence type are directly matched. In addition, an explicit performative, which happens to be in the declarative form, i

7、s also taken to be a direct speech act, because it has its illiocutionary force explicitly named by the performative verb in the main part(or “matrix clause”) of the sentence.10. Entailment: a semantic relation between propositions or sentences expressing propositions.11. Explicature: a term used in

8、 relevance theory which refers to an inferential development of mone of the incomplete conceptual representations or logical forms encoded by an uttereance. In other words, an explicature functions to flesh out the linguistically given incomplete logical form of the sentence uttered, yielding fully

9、propositional content.12. Face: the public self-image that every member of a society claims for him or herself.13. Illocutionary act: an act or action intended to be performed by a speaker in uttering a linguistic expression, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it, either explicitly

10、or implicitly.14. Indirect speech act: a speech act whose illocutionary force and sentence type are not directly matched.15. Locutionary act: an act of producing meaningful linguistic expression.16. Maxims of conversation: the term used by Grice for the nine subprinciples of his co-operative princip

11、le classified into four catagories: Quality, Quantity, Relation, and Manner. The co-operative principle and its associate maxims of conversation enjoin the speaker to make a well-founded, appropriately informative, and relevant contribution to communication in a perspicuous manner.1. What are locuti

12、onary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts? Illustrate with at least an example.Three facets of a speech act:1)Locutionary act: the production of a meaningful linguistic expression. (1)Illocutionary act: the action intended to be performed by a speaker in uttering a 2)linguistic expression , by v

13、irtue of the conventional force associated with it, either explicitly or implicitly. (1)3)Perlocutionary act: the bringing about of consequences or effects on the audience through the uttering of a linguistic expression, such consequences or effects being special to the circumstances of the utteranc

14、e. (1)For example, one may utter “The gun is loaded” with the locutionary act of saying that sentence, the illocutionary act of warning or explanation, and the perlocutionary act might be that the hearer is scared to kneel down, or fight back, etc. (2)2. Consider the use of here in (i)-(iv). What is

15、 the function of here? What are the differences?(i) Im over here!(shouted to companion through the woods)(ii) Oh, its just beautiful here!(with sweeping arm gesture to countryside)(iii) Doctor, it hurts here.(with hand on abdomen)(iv) They live over here, but we live here.(pointing to a small map) T

16、hese heres are called demonstratives and they are deictic adverbs of space. (1) (i) The region referred to is restricted to the speakers place and excludes that of the addressee. (1) (ii) The region referred to is of broad extent and includes both the speaker and the addressee(s). (1) (iii) The plac

17、e referred to is a small segment of the body of the speaker. (1) (iv) The region referred to is a deferred place using a map in the common perceptual field of the interlocutors. (1) 3. When will presuppositions be canceled? Like conversational implicatures, but unlike semantic entailments, presuppos

18、itions are cancelable. (1) They are nullified if they are inconsistent with: (i) background assumptions, (ii) conversational implicatures, and (iii) certain discourse context. Furthermore, they can also drop out in certain contexts, some of which give rise to the projection problem of presupposition

19、. (3) Defeasibility has in general been taken as the second most important property of presupposition. (1) 4. What are the three main types of cognitive effects to which the processing of new information in a context may give rise? Illustrate them with a proper example, please. (i) generating a conc

20、lusion derivable from new and old information together, but from neither new nor old information separately, which is called a contextual implication, (1) (ii) strengthening an existing assumption, (1) (iii) contradicting and canceling an existing assumption. (1) Suppose that a bus driver is to leav

21、e from a bus stop. He sees in his rear mirror the reflection of an anxious-looking woman carrying a bus pass, trying to cross the road behind him. In the first place, given the assumption that if a person is holding a bus pass, then he or she intends to travel on a bus, the derive will derive the new assumption or th