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1、accounting 1. introduction every organization uses accounting. the corner store keeps accounting records to measure its success selling groceries. the largest corporations need accounting to keep track of their locations, employees, and transactions. and all the dot-coms must account to keep track o

2、f their transactions. why is accounting so important? because is helps an organization the same way a model helps an architect construct a building. accounting helps the manager understand the organization without drowning in its details. accounting offers exciting career opportunities. accounting c

3、areers are usually divided into two areas: private accounting and public accounting.1.1 private accounting private accountants work for a single business, such as a local department store, the mcdonaldss restaurant chain, or eastman kodak company. charitable organizations, educational institutions,

4、and government agencies also employ private accountants. the chief accounting officer usually carries the title of controller, treasurer, or chief financial officer (cfo). this person often has the status of a vice president. accountants who have met certain professional requirements in the area of

5、management accounting are designated as certified management accountants (cmas).private accountants perform a wide variety of services: budgeting sets sales and profit goals and develops detailed plans (called budgets) for achieving those goals. some of the most successful companies in the united st

6、ates have been pioneers in the field of budgetingprocter & gamble and general electric, for example. information systems design identifies the organizations information needs, both internal and external. systems designers develop and implement information systems to meet those needs. cost accounting

7、 analyzes a businesss costs to help managers control expenses. cost accounting records guide managers in pricing their products and services to achieve greater profits. also, cost accounting information shows when a product is not profitable and should be dropped. internal auditing is performed by a

8、 businesss own accountants. large organizations, such as motorola, bank of america, and 3m, maintain a staff of internal auditors. these accountants evaluate the firms accounting and management systems to improve operating efficiency and to ensure that employees follow company policies. 1.2 public a

9、ccounting public accountants serve the general public and collect professional fees for their work, much as doctors and lawyers do. public accountants are a small fraction（about 10%）of all accountants. accountants who have met certain professional requirements in law, auditing, and accounting are de

10、signed as certified public accountants (cpas).like private accountants, public accountants provide valuable services： consulting describes the wide scope of advice cpas private to help managers run a business. as accountants look deep into an organization, they find many ways to improve the business

11、s operations. accountants help their clients recruit executives, reorganize the business, and plan mergers with other companies. assurance is the service of providing a professional statement that certain information is accurate. cpas audit, or examine, the financial statements of companies and atte

12、st to the accuracy and completeness of the data in the statements. auditors also examine companies web sites and provide statements that the information is accurate. tax accounting has two aims: complying with the tax laws and minimizing the companys tax bill. reducing the companys tax bill is an im

13、portant management consideration. cpas advise companies and individuals on what type of investment to make and how to structure transactions.some public accountants pool their talents and work together within a single firm. most of their professional employees are cpas. cpas firms vary greatly in si

14、ze. most are small businesses, but many are large partnerships.figure 1 shows the accounting positions within public accounting firms and other organizations. note the upward movement of accounting personnel, as indicated by the arrows. in particular, note how accountants may move from positions in

15、public accounting firms to similar or higher positions in industry and government. this is a frequently traveled career path. because accounting deals with all facets of an organizationsuch as purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, and distributionit provides an excellent opportunity for gaining broa

16、d business experience.2. accounting: the basis for business decisions accounting is the information system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports, and communicates the results to decision maker. accounting is not the same as bookkeeping. bookkeeping is a procedure

17、 in accounting, just as arithmetic is a procedure in mathematics. accounting is often called “the language of business”. the better you understand this language, the better your business decisions will be, and the better you can manage the financial aspects of living. personal planning, education ex

18、penses, loans, car payments, income taxes, and investment are based on the information system that we call accounting.public accounting firm private accounting (industrial company or their organization)chief executive officer or major operation executivepartner managerchief financial officer, contro

19、ller or treasurer senior accounting待添加的隐藏文字内容2senior accounting staff accountingstaff accounting figure 1 accounting position within organizationa key product of accounting system is a set of financial statements. financial statements report on a business in monetary terms. is my business making a p

20、rofit? should i hire assistants? am i earning enough money to pay my rent? answers to business questions like these are based on accounting information. today people use computer to do detailed bookkeeping in households, business, and organizations of all types. figure 2 illustrates the role of acco

21、unting in business. the process starts and ends with people making decisions. 1. people make decisions2.business transactions occur3.businesses prepare reports to show the result of their operations figure 2 the accounting system: the flow of information 2.1 decision makers 1) the user of accounting

22、 information decision makers need information. the more important the decision, the greater the need for information. virtually all business and most individuals keeps accounting records to aid in making decisions.2) individuals people such as you use accounting information to manage bank accounts, evaluate job prospects, make investments, and decide whether to rent or buy a house. harold nix, one of the texas tobacco lowers, uses