高三概要写作讲义制作S

1、 学科教师辅导讲义学员姓名： 年 级：高 三 课 时 数： 3辅导科目：英语 学科教师： 授课内容Summary教学内容Summary Writing题型解析：摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一

2、一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.考纲要求： 1概括的准确性； 2字数大约30词； 3不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。解题思路：1. 分析文章结构，准确捕捉要点 首先，从文体入手。一般来说，读写任务里的阅读材料按文体可以分成两种：议论文和记叙文。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据、论证，文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常可以在第一段或最后一段找论点。记叙文，我们要找出它的四要素：when, where, who, what等。 其次，从过

3、渡语入手。如however, otherwise, besides, moreover等。2. 理清逻辑关系，选择合适连词 在捕捉到文章的要点之后，接下来就是要理清他们之间的逻辑关系，再找到适当的连接词，自然衔接，使之成为一个连贯的语段。 3. 灵活变化表达，适度进行paraphrase 理清要点之间的逻辑关系之后，不能简单地照搬原句，还必须进行适度的paraphrase，即用自己的话进行改写，才符合“不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能达到“雁过不留痕”的效果呢？(1)同义替换。即用同义或近义的词语或句型改写，如 “intellectual ability” 和 “academi

4、c ability”就可以用grades(成绩)来替换；grade pupils according to 则可用judge/group pupils by替换； “It does not take into account the fact” 可以变为It fails to consider that(2)语态互换。即主语语态与被动语态的转换，如he later agrees to take the suggestion to就可以用它的被动语态来表示：he was later persuaded to(3)非谓语动词短语与从句的互换。如there was a king who ruled

5、a rich country就可以用there was a king ruling a rich country来表达。(4)合并句子。就是将几个意义联系紧密的句子合并为一句话。如We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to the

6、ir intellectual ability.就可改为Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students development, but also is unfair for them judging only by their grades.写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题

7、句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可

8、以完全掌握材料的原意。E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概

9、括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, bette

10、r wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks t

11、o better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot

12、 of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: “You use too much salt on

13、your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to q

14、uarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate

15、any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把

16、所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。 经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。总结：档次内容语言A5-64B4-53C3-42D2-31E1-20不同文体解题方法：记叙文1. 讲述写作方法：要素串联法 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易

17、于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。2. 教授记叙文的概要模板：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.记叙文概要分类模板a.点明写作目的类：The write

18、r tells us（主题）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情节）.b.作者经历类：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人经历类：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.例题精讲高三一模记叙文1.青浦区Last year my company was brought by a large corporation and most of the man

19、agers lost their jobs. That was when i decided to do something Id always wanted to do-become a freelance writer(自由作家）. Changing professions has meant that my lifestyle has changed in a number of ways. I work about as much as I did before-between 45 and 50 hours a week- but my schedule is much less f

20、ixed than it used to be. Before, I worked from 8 am to 5 pm, everyday, with a few extra hours on weekends. Now, however, I work when I feel like it. For instance, sometimes I work until midnight or 2.am, then sleep until noon. I really prefer this kind of schedule. While I was working as a manager,

21、I never exercised. I already felt tired after work, so I just came home in the evening and watched TV. However, last year I joined a health club and began to do regular exercise. As a result I have lost over 10 pounds and I feel much better, Ive also started to eat more healthfully. I used to eat a

22、lot of fast food, but now I do my own shopping. I buy lots of fruits and vegetables and cook them at home.Of course, not all the changes have been that easy. For example, I dont feel as safe financially as used to. When I was working as a manager. I never worried much about money. I could always cou

23、nt on getting my paycheck every two weeks. Working freelance, I dont have a regular paycheck. So now I have to make sure that theres enough money until the next check arrives.范文：After the author quit his previous job and became a freelance writer. Some changes his life. The work schedule became more

24、 flexible. He has also done more exercise and ate healthy. But he might not get regular wages. He found that the present lifestyle is suitable for him.2.杨浦区On a damp, boring, stay-in-the-house kind of day, I was a 4-year-old artist armed with a new treasure: my own big box of crayons（蜡笔）. Somehow, t

25、he usual paper wasnt special enough for these 64 perfect, sweet-smelling sticks of vivid color. I looked around for a bigger canvas（画布）. If only there were hidden walls. Walls like the ones in Mom and Dads closet.Slipping quietly down the hall to the bedroom, I stood on tiptoe to reach the string fo

26、r the closet light. Words and images filled my mind faster than my hands could make them.A brilliant rainbow was seen on one wall, with a cheery golden sun peeking out from above. Below, a giant shade tree supported a swing for stick-figure children. Around them, flowers bloomed everywhere.My master

27、piece! All my very own magic! I took in the walls, the colors and the brightness. Joy swelled inside me. But as my creativity wound down, a thought popped up: Ive got to show Mom! Suddenly I was still.Mom called out, “Dinners ready.”After a short time, her footsteps approached, and then finally, the

28、 closet door opened. I stood nervously in the corner.Mom breathed in sharply, then stood frozen. Only her eyes moved as she slowly looked over my masterpiece. She was quiet for a long, long time. I didnt dare breathe. Finally, she turned to me. “I like it,” she said. “No, I love it! I feel like I ha

29、ve a new closet!”Now, 45 years later, my childhood artwork is still there. And in my own house, the closet walls are masterpieces, too, created by my own daughters when they were little girls. Every time I open a closet door, I remember that, as big as that box of crayons and white walls seemed when

30、 I was little, my mothers love was the biggest thing of all.【范文1】One day when I was little, I created a beautiful picture on the walls in parents closet. Although satisfied with it, I couldnt imagine moms reaction. Instead of criticizing me for ruining the closet, mom thought highly of my artwork. N

31、ow I understand how much she loves me and I do the same to my children to develop their creativity.【范文2】The story happened when the writer was 4 years old. She drew pictures on the walls of the closet after getting the new crayons. Her mother praised her artwork instead of scolding her for messing u

32、p the room. The pictures remain there till now because it can serve as a reminder of mothers love. 小结：记叙文：分析语篇的基本结构和主要信息，把握记叙文的主旨大意和段落大意；就日常生活中的话题和需要，灵活运用记叙文完成口头或书面的表达为了介绍一件事情，一个人等，需要找到主要信息：人、地、时、事等掌握写作特点和框架：What/who/when/where/why/how议论文1. 讲述议论文写作方法：要素串联法第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章

33、中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。2. 概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建

34、议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括：The writer of this article thinks that 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说Some people think 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说The article gives the view that如议论文的概要通常可以如此开头：The essay/passage/author highlights the importance of encouragement for students.The

35、 essay/passage/author argues in support of , stating that The essay/passage/author argues that we must not only value those who come first or are the best in any field but the others whose effort push them to success.The essay/passage/author discusses the impact of email.The passage/author compares

36、friendship with the comfort of home.The passage/author outlines the harmful effects of smoking.例题精讲高三一模议论文1. 静安区Airline seats have been one-size-fits-all since the beginning. Today, those 16.5 to 18-inch wide seats are anything but.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity(肥胖症)has mo

37、re than doubled since 1980. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight, and over 600 million were obese. The unchanged seat size and increase of obese passengers highlight the conflict between airlines needs and basic passenger rights.Last month, lawyer Giorgio Destro, an Italian lawyer,

38、sued Emirates, claiming his flight was disrupted by an obese passenger seated next to him. According to reports, Destro was not able to comfortably sit in his assigned seat, and spent much of the nine-hour flight standing or sitting in crew seats, because a 400-pound passenger took up half of his se

39、at.Many airlines have responded to the growing obesity by insisting passengers of size buy two seats to ensure safety and comfort. Samoa Air, for example, is charging by weight (which has become known as a “fat tax”). At first glance, the fat tax issue sounds discriminatory (歧视的), but some argue tha

40、t this is purely down to numbers. A kilo is a kilo. It has nothing to do with the condition of the weight. The heavier a plane is, the more fuel it burns through.In other words, the argument is whether it is fair that a 150-pound person is charged for their 50-pound bag, when a 300-pound person with

41、 a carry-on isnt charged anything extra. However, Peggy Howell of NAAFA argues that obesity is an illness, and that obese people should be entitled to having certain rights protected.“We question the legality of the discriminatory policy and whether it violates the Air Carrier Access Act governing t

42、he treatment of passengers with disabilities,” she says. “The American Medical Association (AMA) recently declared obesity a disease, which should make fat passengers a protected class.”Howell points out that the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) addressed this issue in 2009, and issued a one-per

43、son, one-fare ruling covering passengers with disabilities. Those passengers include ones who are clinically obese and who cannot fit into a single seat. 【范文】With the increasing obesity, airline one-size-fits-all seats cant satisfy the needs of obese passengers. To solve the conflict between airline

44、s needs and passenger rights, many airlines have asked overweight passengers to pay more to fly, because a heavier plane burns more fuel. However, objectors think the disabled, including fat passengers, should be protected instead of being charged more.2. A good story encourages us to turn the next

45、page and read more. We want to find out what happens next and what the main characters do and what they say to each other. We may feel excited, sad, afraid, angry or really happy. This is because the experience of reading or listening to a story is much more likely to make us feel that we are part o

46、f the story, too. Just like in our real lives, we might love or hate different characters in the story. Perhaps we recognize ourselves or others in some of them. Perhaps we have similar problems./ Because of this natural empathy with the characters, our brains process the reading of stories differen

47、tly from the way we read factual information. Our brains dont always recognize the difference between an imagined situation and a real one so the characters become alive to us. What they say and do is therefore more meaningful. This is why the words and structures that relate a storys events, descri

48、ptions and conversations are processed in this deeper way. In fact, cultures all around the world have always used storytelling to pass knowledge from one generation to another. Our ancestors understood very well that this was the best way to make sure our histories and information about how to rela

49、te to others and to our world was not only understood, but remembered too. (Notice that the word history contains the word story this is not a coincidence!)/Encouraging your child to read or listen to stories should therefore help them to learn a second language in a way that is not only fun, but me

50、morable. /Possible Version:An interesting story motivates/inspires us to read continuously, for it reflects our real lives. Ignoring the unreal factors, we usually feel empathy with the characters and think a lot about the words and structures related to the story. People all over the world have emp

51、loyed/ used storytelling to obtain knowledge and make childrens language learning meaningful and impressive. (57words)小结：议论文：掌握语篇的论点及相关论据；推断论点或论据中关键词句的隐含意思；在口头或书面表达中提出论点，运用恰当的论据支撑论点，为了让读者接受其观点，需要找到主要信息：观点的内容以及如何论证掌握写作特点和框架：opinion/idea + argument（supporting ideas/reasons）说明文：1. 写说明文概述的步骤：1）确定主题句。确定阅

52、读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子）2. 写说明文概述要注意的事项： 1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容； 2) 只保留主要观点，不要细节

53、； 3) 不要发表自己的观点； 4) 不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言； 5) 一般用第三人称转述； 6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄； 7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子； 8) 保证无语法错误;3. 说明文Summary 的教学步骤第一步 通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。第二步 小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。第三步 根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文

54、字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下： This article points out the common phenomenon 例题精讲高三一模说明文1. 崇明区Gene Therapy“We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,” said James Watson. Watson is a molecular (分子的) biologist and co-discoverer of DNA structure

55、. Why? Scientists are seeing that gene therapy is revolutionizing the treatment of disease. In gene therapy, healthy genes are introduced into defective (有缺陷的) cells to prevent or cure disease. While much of the research is in the beginning stages, some successes point to the real benefit of the the

56、rapy. In Italy, doctors have recently treated one genetic disease with gene therapy. This disease most often begins to destroy the brain when children are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking. By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patien

57、ts, scientists seem to be able to cure the disease. Although the children given the therapy still need follow-up treatments, they now lead a relatively normal life.Gene therapy has also been used to help older patients. These people suffer from a disease that causes slow movement and uncontrollable shaking because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a 23.1 percent improvement when tested six months later.Gene therapy appears to be a more positive alternative to surgery or medicine and is an exciting new approach that is just making the news. Researchers ho