自己整理的托福阅读可能用到的单词

1、TPO17:（55）1. Impetus impits n. 推动，促进，刺激；推动力例句：This development provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.译文：这种发展提供了一个新的契机，那就激发了欧洲与东方建立一个海上的航路来确保两者之间不间断的贸易往来。2. immensity imensiti n. 巨大,无限, 广大, 巨物, 无限的空间例句：Marco Polo, of the willing

2、ness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising. 译文：马可波罗带回了中国人希望和欧洲人通商的意愿和对于欧洲人来说只要一纸合约便可以获得的取之不尽的财富，所有的这一切，都让欧洲人无法抗拒。 3. irresistible irizistbl adj. 不可抵抗的；不能压制的；极为诱人的；

3、无法抗拒的例句：见上一单词4. maritime mritaim adj. 海的；海事的；沿海的；海员的；海上的例句：Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas.译文：欧洲的航海传统是在那些比较容易航行的海域中建立和发展起来的。5. navigable nvigbl adj. 可航行的；可驾驶的；适于航行的；可通航的例句：见上一单词6. commodity kmditi n. 商品，货物；日用品；期货例句：Spices were the most sought-after co

4、mmodities.译文：香料变成最为普遍的日用品。7. dramatically drmtikli adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地；戏剧性地例句：Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines.译文：香料不仅显著提高了欧洲菜肴的口感也被应用于香水的制造和一些药品之中。8. bulk blk n.体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块例句：The high-priced commodi

5、ties like spices had to be transported in large bulk. 译文：像香料这样的高价日用品不得不大量的运输。9. primarily praimrli, praimerli adv. 首先；主要地，根本上例句：The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars.译文：中世纪最为主要的海船是单层甲板帆船，低矮狭长的船体能够使用

6、帆，但是操纵主要还是靠浆。10. oar : n. 桨，橹例句：见上一单词11. thrust rst n. 戳，刺；要旨；推力例句： Two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward. 译文：两根主桅杆撑起大块的船帆来提供足够的推力来推动帆船前进12. triangular traigjul adj. 三角的，数 三角形的例句：A smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, call

7、ed a lateen sail.译文：一个小型的后桅杆来撑起一块三角形船帆，这个船帆叫做三角帆。13. lateen lti:n adj. 大三角帆的；有大三角帆的例句：见上一单词14. maneuver mnu:v vt. 巧妙地操纵, 使演习,调遣例句：A lateen sail could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.译文：三角帆是用来在移动中控制帆船行驶的方向的。15. astrolabe strleib n. 天 星盘；天体观测仪例句：The astrolabe had long been th

8、e primary instrument for navigation.译文：星象盘很早就已经成为了航海的基础工具之一。16. latitude ltitju:d n. 纬度；界限；活动范围例句：The latitude of the island is 30 degrees north.译文：这个岛的纬度是北纬三十度。17. longitude lnditju:d n. 地理 经度；经线例句：The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.译文：而测量经度的难题

9、，直到18世纪才得以解决。18. magnetic mgnetik adj. 地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的, 磁的, 磁性的例句：Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass译文：西欧人也开始制作和使用磁性指南针19. obliterate blitreit vt. 消灭；涂去；冲刷；忘掉例句：Clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars.译文：雾笼罩住了到太阳和星星20. protocol prutkl n. 协议；草案；礼仪例句：It def

10、ined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors.译文：它规定了一艘船的船长的职权范围，拟定命令的格式，设施的价格，水手们的权利。21. density densiti n.密集，稠密；密度例句：The daytime quality of light in forests varies with the density of the vegetation, the angle of the Sun, and th

11、e amount of cloud in the sky.译文：森林中白天的光照质量与植被密度、阳光角度以及云朵数量有关。22. indistinct indistikt adj. 模糊的，不清楚的；朦胧的；难以清楚辨认的例句：A color or pattern that is relatively indistinct in one kind of light may be quite conspicuous in another.译文：在某一种光照下，相对较难辨认的颜色或式样在另外一种光照下，也许会变得相当显眼。23. conspicuous knspikjus adj. 显著的；显而易

12、见的；显眼的例句：见上一单词24. predator predt n. 动 捕食者；动 食肉动物；掠夺者例句：An animal can hide from predators by choosing the light environment in which its pattern is least visible.译文：动物可以选择在当时的光照环境下最不易被发觉的形式以躲过捕食者的视线。25. amphibian mfibin n. 脊椎 两栖动物；水陆两用飞机；具有双重性格的人例句：Many species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and rep

13、tiles (lizards and snakes) are able to change their color patterns to camouflage themselves.译文：很多两栖动物（青蛙、蟾蜍等）和爬行动物（蜥蜴、蛇等）都可以通过改变外在颜色形态来伪装自己。26. reptile reptail n. 爬行动物；卑鄙的人例句：见上一单词27. camouflage kmfl: vt. 伪装，掩饰例句：见上一单词28. chameleon kmi:lin n.变色龙，蜥蜴例句：The chameleon lizard has the most striking abilit

14、y to do this.译文：变色龙在这方面有着最惊人的能力。29. limelight laimlait n.众人注目的中心, 聚光灯, 以灰光灯照射的舞台例句：A male bird of paradise may put himself in the limelight by displaying his spectacular plumage in the best stage setting to attract a female.译文：雄性极乐鸟会置身于汇聚的光线之下，在最佳的舞台上展现自己缤纷绚烂的羽翼，以吸引雌鸟的注意。30. spectacular spektkjul ad

15、j. 壮观的，惊人的；公开展示的例句：见上一单词31. plumage plu:mid n. 翅膀；鸟类羽毛；羽衣例句：见上一单词32. penetrate penitreit vi. 渗透；刺入；看透 vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察例句：Certain butterflies move into spots of sunlight that have penetrated to the forest floor。译文：而一些蝴蝶则会选择在阳光穿透森林的聚光处飞舞。33. filter filt vi. 滤过；渗入；慢慢传开 vt. 过滤；渗透；用过滤法除去例句：Very little light

16、filters through the canopy of leaves and branches in a rain forest to reach ground level.译文：很少有光能够从热带雨林的树冠层穿透到地面及其附近水平带。34. canopy knpi n. 天篷；华盖；遮篷；苍穹例句：见上一单词35. predominate pridmineit vt. 支配，主宰；在中占优势 vi. 占主导（或支配）地位；占优势例句：At those levels the yellow-to-green wavelengths predominate.译文：而在这些水平面，黄绿光波占了主

17、要地位。36. courtship k:tip n. 求爱；求婚；求爱期例句：During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar by inflating sacs in the neck region。译文：在求爱期和发起挑衅时，火鸡会使自己颈囊充气，从而张开艳丽的颈圈。37. spectrum spektrm n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列例句：This impressive display is clearly visible in the light spect

18、rum illuminating the forest floor.译文：在雨林底层的光谱环境下，这种视觉展示尤其引人注目。38. illuminate ilju:mineit vt.照明，照亮；阐明，启发例句：见上一单词39. impediment impedimnt n.妨碍，阻碍物例句：The sound travels with little impediment from trees and other vegetation.译文：声音几乎不受树木和其他植被的干扰。40. exploit eksplit vt.剥削；利用，开发(采)例句：The male riflebird expl

19、oits both of these modes of signaling simultaneously in his courtship display.译文：雄性极乐鸟在求爱期则同时运用了这两种信号传送方式。41. simultaneously simlteinjsli adv. 同时地例句：见上一单词 42. ritualized ritjulaizd adj. 仪式化的；程式化的例句：The ritualized visual display communicates in close quarters when a female has approached.译文：而当雌鸟吸引而来时

20、，它那仪式化的视觉展现就得以近距离地进行交流。43. symbiotic ,simbaitik adj. 生态 共生的；共栖的例句：A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species.译文：共生是物种之间的一种交互作用，其中一个物种必须依赖另外一个物种以生存。44. interaction intrkn n.相互作用，相互影响例句：见上一单词45. parasitism prsaitizm n. 寄生状

21、态；寄生病；寄生现象例句：Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.译文：寄生现象是物种间一种捕食式的关系，其中，寄生物通过削弱其寄主为代价而获得自身所需食物。46. parasite prsait n.寄生生物；寄生虫例句：见上一单词47. commensalism kmenslizm n. 生态 共栖；共生；偏利共栖，偏利

22、共生例句：In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other.译文：与寄生关系相反，在共生关系之中，一方受益，也不会给另一方带来严重影响。48. mutualism n. 生态 共栖，互利共生；互助论；互惠共生，互惠共生现象例句：The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship.译文：第三种关系，互惠共生，是指共生双方能

23、够互利互惠。49. pollen pln n.花粉例句：The plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently.译文：植物可以更有效地传递花粉和种子。50. disperse disp:s vt. 分散；使散开；传播例句：见上一单词51. pollinator plineit n. (花粉)传粉媒介,传粉昆虫例句：Pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant.译文：授粉生物（昆虫、鸟类等）从开花植物中获取食物

24、。52. vertebrate v:tibreit n.脊椎动物例句：In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.译文：而对于脊椎动物来说，其身体的免疫系统可以对体内的寄生物进行多层防御。53. immune imju:n adj. 免疫的；免于的，免除的；豁免的例句：见上一单词54. inadvertently ,indv:tntli adv. 非故意地；不注意地；无心的，疏忽例句：Commensal associations sometimes involv

25、e one species obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another.译文：共生关系有时候表现为这样一种方式，一个物种寻觅食物会经由另外一个物种不经意地暴露出来。55. herbivore h:biv: n. 动 食草动物，草食动物，草食性动物例句：They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) .译文：它们会叮咬昆虫和食草动物（只以植物为食的动物）。TPO18:（42）1. lag lg vi. 滞后；缓缓而行；蹒跚例

26、句：All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nineteenth century.译文：这四个国家在19世纪的时候工业化水平依旧非常滞后。2. industrialize indstrilaiz vt. 使工业化 vi. 实现工业化例句：However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century.译文：但是在19世纪下叶，他们迅速地实现了工业化。3. moderate mdrit adj. 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等

27、的；有节制的例句：All exhibited moderate growth rates in the course of the century.译文：在19世纪，这四个国家均展现出了缓和的人口增长率。4. literacy litrsi n.识字，有文化，读写能力例句：In both 1850 and 1914, the Scandinavian countries had the highest literacy rates in Europe.译文：在1850年和1914年，斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国的教育普及率是全欧洲最高的。5. niche nit n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等)

28、例句：This fact was of enormous value in helping the national economies find their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy.译文：如此高的比例对于帮助国内经济在世界经济的改革浪潮中找到自己的位置有着巨大价值。6. implication implikein n.含意，暗示，暗指；卷入，牵连例句：All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications.

29、译文: 这四个国家都直接濒临海洋，这样的地理位置有重要的影响。7. mercantile m:kntail adj.商业的；贸易的例句：The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships.译文：有着悠久渔业和航运业历史的荷兰人在建造可以停泊蒸汽轮船的港口是遇到了巨大困难。8. fishery firi n. 渔业；渔场；水产业例句：见上

30、一单词9. abolish bli vt.彻底废除，废止例句：Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound.译文：丹麦废止了自1497年以来在松德海峡征收的通行费。10. grandiose grndius adj.浮夸的；宏伟的；堂皇的；宏大的；壮阔的例句：They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects.译文

31、：这些国家被治理的井井有条，没有出现重大的腐败和不切实际的国家工程。11. orientation :rintein n.方向，目标；熟悉，适应，情况介绍例句：In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation

32、.译文：在丹麦和瑞典，农业改革始于十八世纪末期，并且一直持续到十九世纪中期，这一改革导致了有着明确市场定位的农民地主阶级的出现。12. notorious nut:ris adj. 声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的例句：This meant a great dependence on international commerce, which had notorious fluctuations.译文：这意味着对国际贸易市场存在着巨大的依赖，并伴有臭名昭著的大涨大落。13. fluctuation flktjuein n.波动，起伏，变动例句：见上一单词14. yawning j:ni n. 打呵欠 例

33、句：According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy.译文：根据传统理论，当人们无聊或者困倦时才会打哈欠。15. boredom b:dm n.厌烦，厌倦；乏味，无聊例句：Shallow breathing accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.译文：睡眠不足或无聊时会引起浅呼吸。16. flaw fl: n.缺点，瑕疵，缺陷例句：Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning d

34、oes not raise alertness or physiological activity.译文：疲劳理论的另一个缺陷是打哈欠并不能像该理论所预期的那样提高人体警觉或者提高生理兴奋性。17. trigger trig vt.触发，引起例句：Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide.译文：实验结果对于“打哈欠是由血氧水平下降或由血液中二氧化碳含量上升所

35、引起的”这一论断产生了严重怀疑。18. suppress spres vt.压制，镇压；查禁；抑制；阻止例句：If the theory was correct, breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning.译文：如果疲劳理论是正确的，那么当人吸入纯氧时应该能够抑制打哈欠。19. vigorous vigrs adj.有力的，用力的；精力充沛的例句：Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to do

36、uble the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning.译文：另一个实验证明，即使是可以让呼吸频率翻倍的剧烈运动对于打哈欠频率也毫无影响。20. fetus fi:ts n.胎儿例句：The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mothers amniotic fluid.译文：胎儿的肺会分泌一种与母亲的羊水相混合的液体。21. secrete sikri:t vt. 藏匿；私下侵吞；生分泌例句：见上一单词22. congenital kn

37、denitl adj. 先天的，天生的；天赋的例句：Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs.译文：当患有先天性肺不张的婴儿的肺部阻止这种液体从肺中流出时，在婴儿出生时就可能会导致其肺部的变形。23. blockage blkid n. 堵塞，堵塞；封锁；妨碍例句：见上一单词24. deformed dif:md adj.畸形的；变形的；丑的，破相了的例句：见上一单词25. empir

38、ical impirikl adj. 经验主义的，完全根据经验的；经验的例句：The empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning.译文：实验结果表明，虽然如此，打哈欠确实有着完全不同的功能。26. anecdotal nekdutl adj.轶事的, 趣闻的例句：This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tire

39、d nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity.译文：这一论断符合坊间的传闻：人们通常是既不累也不困，但要准备接下来的脑力活动和体力活动时才会打哈欠。27. impending impendi adj. 即将发生的；迫切的例句：见上一单词28. incongruous inkgrus adj. 不协调的；不一致的；不和谐的例句：Such yawning is often referred to as incongruous because it seems out of place.译文：这样的

40、哈欠通常被认为是“不协调的”。29. precede prisi:d vt. 领先，在之前；优于，高于 vi. 领先，在前面例句：Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredomquite the reversebut it does precede a change in activity level.译文：他们的哈欠看上去似乎与困倦、疲乏无关，但是恰恰相反，这一行为的确出现在了活动水平的变化之前。30. reverse riv:s n. 背面；相反；倒退；失败 adj. 反面的；颠倒的例句：见上一单词3

41、1. discharge dist:d vt.释放；排出 vi.排出，放电例句：Lightning is a brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud.译文：闪电是一道由雷雨云放电产生的明亮夺目的闪光。32. particle p:tikl n.微粒，颗粒，粒子例句：The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutralizes the electrical tension and releases a t

42、remendous amount of energy, which we see as lightning.译文：相反的带电粒子的结合中和了电压并释放出巨大的能力，这就是我们看到的闪电。33. neutralize nju:trlaiz vt. 抵销；使中和；使无效；使中立例句：见上一单词34. simulation simjulein n. 仿真；模拟；模仿；假装例句：Recent measurements made in the field together with laboratory simulations offer a promising explanation of how t

43、his structure of charged particles forms.译文：近期的野外测量以及实验室模拟为这种带电粒子的排列结构提供给了可能的解释。35. collision klin n.碰撞；冲突，抵触例句：At such temperatures, the collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shift.译文：在此温度下，冰丸和冰晶的撞击会使电荷发生迁移。36. diameter daimit n.直径例句：The negatively char

44、ged region is large: several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter.译文：。带负电的区域非常大：厚度达数百米，直径达几千米。37. collapse klps n. 倒塌；失败；衰竭 vt. 使倒塌，使崩溃；使萎陷例句：Most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses.译文：大部分的闪电发生在云层塌陷电荷分离的云层内部。38. destructive d

45、istrktiv adj.破坏(性)的，毁灭(性)的例句：Lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive.译文：击中地面的闪电是最有可能带有破坏性的。39. illuminate ilju:mineit vt.照明，照亮；阐明，启发例句：It is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see.译文：我们所看到的闪电就是照亮了通道的电流。40. initiate iniieit vt. 开始，创始；发起例句：The

46、formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground.译文：电子从云层基部涌向地面就会开始形成通道。41. subsequent sbsikwnt adj. 后来的，随后的例句：That is why the subsequent lightning that follows the completed channel often strikes a tall structure.译文：这就是为什么随后通过完整通道的闪电往往会击中高层建筑的原因。42. f

47、orked f:kt adj. 成叉的, 叉的, 叉状的 例句：The result is a forked lightning that strikes the ground in two places.译文：结果就是形成在两处击中地面的叉状闪电。TPO 19:（54）1. conquest kkwest n.攻取，征服，克服例句：In the wake of the Roman Empires conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province.

48、译文：公元一世纪罗马帝国成功征服不列颠之后，派驻了大量军队驻守在这片新省区。2. fortification f:tifikein n.筑堡；加强；要塞例句：These troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.译文：这些军队对不列颠的军事有着重要的影响，同时对当地经济也产生了可观的影响。3. unevenly ni:vn adv. 不平坦地, 不均衡地例句：The soldiers were alway

49、s unevenly distributed across the country.译文：士兵不均匀地分配在这个国家。4. incorporate ink:preit vt. 包含，加上，吸收；把合并，使并入例句：Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military.译文：那些很快就并入帝国的地区基本就不再受军队的影响。5. stunt stnt vt. 阻止,妨碍；阻碍.的发育(或生长例句：Social development was stunted and the seeds of

50、 disaffection sown.译文：社会的发展受到了阻碍，不满的情绪开始蔓延。6. disaffection disfekn n.政治上不满，叛离；不满, 不平, 背叛例句：见上一单词7. substantial sbstnl adj. 可观的；牢固的，结实的；实质的例句：Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power.译文：因为罗马军队有着强大的消费潜力，经济交流就显得的非常重要。8. requisition r

51、ekwizin vt. 征用;向.征用；(书面)申请领取例句：Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.译文：尽管这些商品可以强征，但是军队会给予报酬，这些都会刺激当地经济的发展。9. stimulate stimjuleit vt.刺激, 激励, 鼓舞例句：见上一单词10. friction frikn n.不和，抵触；摩擦(力)例句：They represented a potenti

52、ally dangerous source of friction and disloyalty.译文：他们就会成为摩擦和叛变的潜在根源。11. infrastructure infrstrkt n. 结构，基础, 基础设施例句：Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.译文：这样的活动对当地有着显著的影响，特别是基础

53、设施的建设如道路，这些道路能够通往较远的地区。12. remote rimut adj.遥远的, 偏僻的, 远程的, 疏远的；微乎其微的；冷淡的例句：见上一单词13. thriving raivi adj.繁荣的, 旺盛的, 兴旺的例句：The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates.译文：所以这些多余的钱迅速刺激起了基地外的经济。14. entwine intwain vt. 缠住；盘绕；使缠绕 vi. 缠住；盘绕例句：Some local people certainly be

54、came entwined in this new economy.译文：本地人也会卷入到这个新的经济体系中。15. artisan :tizn n.手艺人；技工，工匠例句：These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.译文：这些定居地就像城镇一样，成为了工匠和生意人的聚集地。16. auxiliary :gziljri adj. 辅助的，补助的；备用的，后备的例句：The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on re