高考英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第三节题组训练科普知识

1、 第三节 题组训练 2 科普知识A(2017河东区一模)Do you ever wish for a little more time to do everything you need to do？Well，on July 1 youll be getting itbut only one more second.On July 1 at exactly 7：59：59 am.Beijing time (or on June 30 at 23：59：59 UTC，Coordinated Universal Time)，the worlds atomic(原子的) clocks will pa

2、use for a single second，or，more precisely，change to the unusual time of 7：59：60，according to .The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earths rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.Just one e

3、xtra second could cause big problems and affect the way computers and websites work，however.When the last leap second was added back in 2012，more than a few websites had some trouble.As reported by P，popular sites like the community website Reddit crashed when the leap second was added.For Re

4、ddit，the problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second.Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012，Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented：“Almost every time we have a leap second，we find something.Its really a

5、nnoying，because its code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions.”Companies have had to think of their own solutions，and Googles “leap smear” may be the best-known example.As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post，companies usuall

6、y try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again.However，Pascoe believes this creates problems.He asked：“What happens？Does e-mail that comes in during that second get stored correctly？”Google has a solution：Cut the extra seco

7、nd into milliseconds and then put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day.“This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，”says Pascoe.“Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.”For many companies without Googles money，h

8、owever，the leap second will likely still cause some crashes.Dont worry，thoughat least it wont last long!语篇解读本文主要介绍了“闰秒”带来的影响及其解决方案。1Why do we need to add a leap second?AThe worlds atomic clocks are set to do so.BTo keep in time with the worlds computers.CTo keep atomic clocks in time with the slowin

9、g of Earths rotation.DTo record the changes to astronomical time.答案C解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earths rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.”可知，闰秒是由于地球自转变慢引起的，为了与由太阳测量的天文时

10、间一致而增加一秒，故选C。2What happened to the website Reddit when the leap second was added in 2012?AIt crashed because of a virus attack.BIts network time added two extra seconds.CAll of the code in its Linux system went wrong.DOne of its software systems got confused and the site broke down.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段最

11、后一句和第四段中“the problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second”可知，闰秒发生时，网站崩溃，运行系统混乱，故选D。3What does the underlined word “something” refer to in the 5th paragraph?AThe code not working properly.BThe extra second.CThe pro

12、blem.DNormal conditions.答案A解析代词指代题。根据文章第五段中“we find something.Its really annoying，because its code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions”可知，something指代后文出现的一些从没使用过和测试过的代码，即代码不正常地工作，故选A。4How do companies usually deal with the problem of the extra sec

13、ond?ABy shutting down computers at the end of the day.BBy stopping receiving emails that come in during that second.CBy turning the clocks back by one second at the end of the day.DBy cutting the extra second into milliseconds throughout the day.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第六段中“companies usually try to fix the pro

14、blem by turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again”可知，解决额外一秒的做法是在一天结束时将时钟往回调一秒，故选C。5Whats Christopher Pascoes attitude toward Googles solution to the problem?AUnfavorable. BDoubtful.CApproving. DCautious.答案C解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“This means that when it

15、 became time to add an extra second at midnight，says Pascoe.Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.”可知，午夜时分多一秒时，时钟已经在白天将这一秒考虑在内了，所以Pascoe认同这个方法，故选C。B(2017和平区一模)Soaping up your hands may do more than just get rid of germs.It may wash away the inner confusion you fe

16、el right after being forced to make a choice between two appealing choices，according to a new study.The study builds on past research into a phenomenon known as “the Macbeth effect”It turns out that Shakespeare was really onto something when he imagined Lady Macbeth trying to clean her conscience(良心

17、) by rubbing invisible bloodstains from her hands.A few years ago，scientists asked people to describe a past wrong act.If people were then given a chance to clean their hands，they later expressed less guilt than people who hadnt cleaned.This finding fascinated WS.Lee，a researcher.“Anything from the

18、past，any kind of negative emotional experiences，might be washed away，” says Lee.He decided to test hand washings effect on one kind of bad feeling：the tension we feel after being forced to choose between two attractive choices，because picking one choice makes us feel that weve lost the other.People

19、usually try to calm this inner conflict by later exaggerating(夸大) the positive aspects of their choice.He had students rank 10 different music CDs.Then he offered students one CD as a gift.Some students then used liquid soap.Others only looked at the soap or sniffed(嗅) it.“Actually，you do not need w

20、ater and soap，” says Lee.Later，the students again had to rank all the music.People who didnt wash their hands had the normal responsethey scored their take-home CD higher，suggesting that they now saw it as even more attractive than before.But this wasnt true for the hand washers.They ranked the musi

21、c about the same.“They feel no need at all to justify the choice，” says Lee.But the implications of it just arent clear.Schwarz says its too soon to know whether people should head for a sink after making a tough choice.He says washing may help decision-makers by cleaning away mental disorder，but pe

22、rhaps if they dont go through the usual post-decision process of justifying their choice，they might feel more sorrow in the long run.语篇解读本文主要讲述了用香皂洗手会帮助人们缓解作决定时的紧张与不安的情绪。6The Macbeth effect refers to the fact that .Apeople feel less ashamed after washing their handsBsoaping up ones hand may help was

23、h away the inner confusion and make a decisionCpeople feel less guilty by getting rid of invisible germs from their handsDShakespeare did scientific research before writing Macbeth答案A解析推理判断题。由第二段内容可知，人们在洗手后会感到良心上的愧疚感减轻，故选A。7According to Lee，after people make the choice .Athey will overstate the good

24、ness of their chosen choiceBthey will feel regretful for not choosing anotherCthey will feel free due to the feeling of losing the other choiceDthey will think nothing of their chosen choice any more to calm their inner conflict答案A解析细节理解题。由第四段内容可知，在做出两个选项的选择后，人们通常会紧张不安，以夸大自己所选择的事物的优点来使内心平静，故选A。8Acco

25、rding to Lee，those hand washers consider justifying their choice .Amore scientificBunnecessaryCa little convincingDabsolutely useless答案B解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“They feel no need at all to justify the choice，says Lee.”可知选B。9What does Schwarz need to research more?AWhether people need to justify their choic

26、e.BWhether people feel more sorrow after washing hands.CWhether washing hands help over a long period of time.DWhether washing hands is helpful to make a choice.答案C解析细节理解题。通过最后一段内容可知，洗手从长远看是否有作用还需要更多的研究，故选C。10What might be the most suitable title for the passage?AIs Washing Hands Necessary to Defeat

27、 Tension?BWashing Hands Washes Our MindCWashing Hands Helps Make a Better ChoiceDWashing Hands Reduces the Stress of Decision答案D解析标题归纳题。根据第一段内容以及整篇文章的介绍可知，本文主要讲洗手能够减轻作决定的压力，故选D。C(2017南开区三模)You know the saying “Youre as young as you feel”Well，there may be some truth in that，according to researchers a

28、t Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Ellen Langer，a Harvard psychologist who studies how the mind influences the body，and her colleagues reviewed the scientific literature for evidence that a persons perception of their age might influence their health.They published their results

29、 in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science.In one study that Langer led,47 women had their hair done.The women who thought their new hairdos(发型) made them look younger did look younger to objective observers，who were shown before-and-after pictures.The women who thought they looked younge

30、r also showed a drop in blood pressure.Another study involving 4,421 men found that those who became bald(秃顶) at a relatively young age were more likely to get cancer and heart disease than men who did not.Similarly，another study involving 2,017 men found that those who lost their hair early were mo

31、re likely to develop heart disease.“We believe that the feelings associated with being older than ones real age account for some of these health outcomes，” the researchers wrote.The researchers also described studies which found that women who had children later in life were more likely to be health

32、ier and live longer than those who had children early，which they attributed to the fact that these mothers tend to spend more time with younger women.Similarly，people who marry younger partners tend to live longer than those who marry older partners，according to other studies.Taken together，the rese

33、arch supports the general mind-body hypothesis(假说) that when a younger mind is prepared，a younger body can accompany it.While the mechanism(机制) remains unclear，the researchers figured that suggestions associated with aging can make one unconsciously or consciously aware of old age and set in motion

34、a series of physiological processes that can have real effects on short-term and long-term health.语篇解读本文为说明文，题材为科普知识类。觉得自己更年轻的人更健康也活得更长。11The underlined word “perception” in Paragraph 2 means “ ”Aview BappearanceCinfluence Dcreation答案A解析词义猜测题。由第一段第一句中的“Youre as young as you feel”及第二段第一句中的“how the mi

35、nd influences the body”可推测出答案。12Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?ABlood pressure is closely related to hairdos.BFeeling older than ones real age may be tied to health problems.CGetting cancer or heart disease is the cause of hair losing.DThe women who love hairdos l

36、ook younger than those who dont.答案B解析细节理解题。由第三段列举的三项研究的结果及最后一句话的总结可知选B。13It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that .Aa younger mother is more likely to live longerBthe younger one of a couple lives much longerCoften staying with younger people can benefit peoples healthDpeople who want to live longer

37、 need to marry young答案C解析推理判断题。由该段中举的例子可推知选C。14The passage mainly tells us that .Agetting bald too early is not good for healthBwomen had better give birth later in their lifeCpeople who marry younger partners tend to live longerDpeoples view of their age may have an effect on their own health答案D解析主

38、旨大意题。由第一段第一句中的“Youre as young as you feel”和最后一段第一句中的“the research supports the general mind-body hypothesis(假说) that when a younger mind is prepared，a younger body can accompany it”可知，人们对自己年龄的认知可能会影响健康，故选D。15From which page of a newspaper is the passage most probably taken from?AEntertainment. BHeal

39、th.CEconomy. DPolitics.答案B解析文章出处题。本文是关于健康的，故最有可能出自报纸上的健康专栏。故选B。D(2017河西区二模)When you want to throw something out as “junk”，better take a second thought as it may be of great value.In fact，scientists made the same mistake with DNA years ago，and now they are trying to get it right.We often say that DNA

40、 is a kind of acid that contains our genes.But the truth is that genes only make up 1 to 2 percent of our DNA，which caused scientists to believe that the rest of it is useless.Nevertheless，instead of doing nothing，junk DNA，as it is called，turned out to be playing an important part in our body.If gen

41、es are like light bulbs，then junk DNA acts as switches.They control which genes are used in a cell and how active they are.For example，they can determine whether a cell becomes a lung cell or a neuron(神经元)The study，published in the journal Nature on September 5，started in 2003，and 442 scientists fro

42、m 30 labs around the world were involved，according to Reuters.It is considered the biggest breakthrough in genomics(基因学) in a decade because it might help scientists find the cause of certain diseases.It has long been known that many complicated diseases，such as cancer，are caused by tiny changes in

43、DNA.But now scientists realize that most of the changes occur not in the genes themselves，but in the “junk” part of the DNA.They are able to keep track of how and why the switches change and then figure out new treatments and drugs.“Our former understanding of DNA was like getting a picture of Earth

44、 from space，”Eric Lander from the Broad Institute，US，told The New York Times.“You know the planet is there，but you cannot see exactly what its like on the surface.”But now with the new study result “you can follow the roads and see the traffic circulation.Thats exactly the same way we will use this data in cancer research，”explained Mark Rubin from Weill Cornell Medical College in New York.16Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?ADNAThe Cause of CancerBWhat Is DNA?CA New Discovery for “Junk DNA”DA Misunderstanding