美国总统简介：乔治华盛顿

1、美国总统简介：乔治 华盛顿On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath of office as the first P reside nt of the United States. As the first of every thing, in our situation will serve to establish a P recede nt, he wrote James Madis on,

2、it is devoutly wished on my p art, that these p recede nts may be fixed on true princip les.1789年4月30日，乔治？华盛顿站在纽约华尔街联邦大厅的阳台上，宣誓担任美国的第一任总统。“每一件事的开始都将会建立一个先例， 正如当下我们所做的事情”，他在给杰姆斯?麦迪逊的信中写道，“我虔诚地希望，这些先例是建立在正确的原则的基础上的。”Born in 1732 into a Virgi nia plan ter family, he lear ned the morals, manners, and bo

3、dy of kno wledge requisite for an 18th cen tury Virg inia gen tlema n.乔治？华盛顿于1732出世在弗吉尼亚州的一个种植园家庭，他学习了道德、礼仪和作为一位十八世纪弗吉尼亚绅士所必需的知识。He pu rsued two in tertwi ned in terests: military arts and western expansion. At16 he helped survey She nan doah lands for Thomas, Lord Fairfax. Commissi oned a lieute na

4、nt colonel in 1754, he fought the first skirmishes of what grew into the French and In dia n War. The n ext year, as an aide to Gen. Edward Braddock, he esca ped injury although four bullets ripped his coat and two horses were shot from un der him.他有两个相互交织、联系密切的兴趣：军事和西方殖民扩张。16岁时他帮助托马斯？费尔法克斯勋爵考察雪兰多陆地

5、，于1754被任命为中校，他参加过一次小规模的战争，那场战争后来演变成印法战争。第二年，作为爱德华将军的一名助手，虽然四颗子弹曾穿过他的外套，他胯下的两匹马被击中，但他有幸没受伤。From 1759 to the outbreak of the America n Revolutio n. Wash ington man aged his lands around Mount Vernon and served in the Virgi nia House of Burgesses. Married to a widow, Martha Dan dridge Custis, he devote

6、d himself to a busy and happy life. But like his fellow plan ters, Washi ngton felt himself expl oited by British mercha nts and hamp ered by British regulati ons. As the quarrel with the mother country grew acute, he moderately but firmly voiced his resista nee to the restricti ons.从1759到美国独立战争爆发，华

7、盛顿在芒特弗农管理自己的庄园，并在弗吉尼亚州的下议院任职。在娶了寡妇玛莎丹德里奇柯蒂斯后，他全身心投入到忙碌而快乐的生活当中。但是和他的种植园同胞一样，华盛顿感到自己被英国商人剥削着，被英国的法规限制着。随着英国和美国的矛盾越来越尖锐， 他用温和而坚定的方式表达他对那些条规的抵制。When the Sec ond Con ti nen tal Con gress assembled in P hilade Ip hia in May 1775, Washi ngton, one of the Virgi nia delegates, was elected Comma nder in Chie

8、f of the Continen tal Army. On July 3, 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, he took comma nd of his ill-tra ined troops and embarked upon a war that was to last six grueli ng years.当1775年5月第二次大陆会议在费城召开时，作为弗吉尼亚州的代表之一，华盛顿被选为大陆军的总司令。1775年7月3日，在马萨诸塞州的剑桥，他带领一支缺乏训练的军队开始了长达六年的艰苦战斗。He realized early that the

9、best strategy was to harass the British. He rep orted to Congress, we should on all Occasions avoid a general Action, or put anything to the Risque, uni ess comp elled by a n ecessity, into which we ought never to be drawn. Ensuing battles saw him fall back slowly, then strike unexp ectedly. Fin all

10、y in 1781 with the aid of French allies-he forced the surre nder of Cornwallis at Yorktow n.他早就意识到，最好的战略就是反击英国。他向国会报告，“除非迫不得已，我们应该在所有场合避免一般的行动，或者把所有事情推向愚蠢的边缘，我们不应该被牵制。”在随后的战斗中他采取慢慢撤退，然后出其不意地袭击的战斗策略。最后，1781年在法国盟友的援助下一一约克镇康华里的英国士兵被迫投降。Washington Ionged to retire to his fields at Mount Vernon. But he s

11、oon realized that the Nation under its Articles of Confederationwas notfunctioning well, so he became a prime mover in the steps leading to the Con stituti onal Conven ti on at Philade Ip hia in 1787. Whe n the new Con stituti on was ratified, the Electoral College unanim ously elected Wash ington P

12、 reside nt.华盛顿渴望退休后回到芒特弗农庄园， 但他很快认识到邦联条款并不合理， 所以他成了 1787在费城举行的制宪会议的首要推动者。当新的宪法被批准通过后,选举团一致选举华盛顿为总统。warthewasHe did not infringe upon the p olicy making po wers that he felt the Con stituti on gave Con gress. But the determ in ati on of foreig n p olicy became prepon dera ntly a Presidential concern.

13、 When the French Revolution led to a major between France and England, Washington refused to accept entirely recomme ndati ons of either his Secretary of State Thomas Jeffers on, who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who p ro-British. Rather, he in sisted upon a n

14、eutral course un til the Un ited States could grow stron ger.华盛顿渴望退休后回到芒特弗农庄园。 但他很快认识到邦联条款并不合理， 所以他成了 1787在费城举行的宪法会议的首要推动者。当新的宪法被批准通过后,选举团一致选举华盛顿为总统。To his disa ppoin tme nt, two p arties were devel oping by the end of his first term. Wearied of politics, feeling old, he retired at the end of his se

15、cond. In his Farewell Address, he urged his coun tryme n to forswear excessive p arty sp irit and geogra phical disti ncti ons. In foreig n affairs, he warned aga inst Ion g-term allia nces.令他失望的是，在他第一任期结束的时候，英法两国都在不断发展壮大发展。 厌倦了政治，也感觉自己体力不支，他在第二任期结束的时候选择了退休。 在他的告别演说中，他敦促他的同胞们摒弃过度的党性和地域差别。 在外交事务中，他反对

16、长期的联盟。Washi ngton enjoyed less tha n three years of retireme nt at Mount Vernon, for he died of a throat in fectio n December 14, 1799. For mon ths the Nati on mourned him.华盛顿在弗农山庄享受了不到三年的退休生活，他于1799年12月14日死于喉咙感染。全国人民哀悼了他数月。embark emb a :k, im- video vi.从事，着手；上船或飞机 vt.使从事；使上船retirement ritai ?m ?nt video adv.出乎意料地，意外地 alliance ?lai ?ns video n.联盟，联合；联姻 distinction disti?k? n video n.区别；差别；特性；荣誉