英汉对比之形合与意合

1、英汉对比之形合与意合,形合与意合 (Hypotactic vs. Paratactic,形合（Hypotactic） 句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. (The American Heritage Dictionary) Example: I shall despair if you dont come. 意合 （Paratactic） 词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义

2、和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。 The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. (The World Book Dictionary) Example: 大雨倾盆，河水泛滥，冲毁了很多民房,英语的形合法,英语造句多用各种形式手段连接，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），重形式，重结构。相对汉语而言其连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多，而且使用频率极高。 关系词和连接词 关系词：who, whom, whose, that, whi

3、ch, what, when, where, why etc. 连接主从句。 连接词：and, or, but, because, so, however, as well as, eitheror, as, since, until, unless, sothatetc. 连接词、词组、分句或状语从句,英语的形合法,All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fall.

4、 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如人们想像中的那般幸福呢？我在思考这个问题时认为原因有二，这两者之间又有深浅之分,英语

5、的形合法,介词 简单介词：with, to, above, over, in, of, about etc. 合成介词：inside, onto, upon, within, without, throughout etc. 成语介词：according to/in accordance with, along with, because of, on behalf of etc. “A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun

6、to some other word in the sentence Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing. Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions: with, to, from, at , in, of, by, for and on.,英语的形合法,The many colours of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the

7、 inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容如有改变，均见书末附录。 The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind. 现如今车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆,英语的形合

8、法,其他连接手段 形态变化形式：词缀变化，各种词性的形态变化（如数、格、时、体、语态等）以及保持前后一致的关系（grammatical and notional concord） 代词 He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day. 他吹嘘说，奴隶们只要一踏上英

9、国的土地就能获得自由，而他自己却将穷人家六岁的孩子卖到工厂里做工，每天要干十六个小时，受尽鞭打责骂,英语的形合法,There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavour of the coffee, the lightness

10、 of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her interest and pride. 最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神和费用来招待客人，可这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，压根没有注意到咖啡有多香醇，蛋糕有多松软，房间的摆设又有多讲究，而这些却恰恰可能是女主人的兴趣与自豪所在,汉语的意合法,汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐形连贯（covert coherence）, 重逻辑事理顺序，重功能，重意义，以神统形。 “汉人平时说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的虚词，只是把事情或意思排列起来，让

11、人去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间所生的关系如何。 不过这并不是汉人说话不合逻辑，因为不加虚词，我们也知道这句话的意思。” 语序 汉语许多主从复句，虽然没有关联词，形式也类似并列复句，但分句却有主次之分,汉语的意合法,Because he is not honest, I cant trust him. （因为）他不老实，我不能信任他。 I cant trust him, because he is not honest. 我不能信任他, 因为他不老实. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack others unless we are attacked. 说是说了，没有结果。

12、 Ive made proposals, but they proved futile. 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就会迎刃而解。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems will be readily solved,汉语的意合法,反复、排比、对偶、对照等。 他不来，我不去。 If he doesnt come here, I will not go there. 吃苦在前，享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 聪明一世，

13、糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool,汉语的意合法,紧缩句。 由复句紧缩而成。句式简明紧凑，分句间的语法关系和逻辑关系大多隐含。 有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food, if there is any. 狐狸再狡猾，也斗不过好猎手。 However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. 狼批羊皮还是狼。 A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing,汉语的意合法,四字格。 “

14、22的四音节是现代汉语里的一种重要的节奏倾向。四音节的优势特别表现在现代汉语里存在着大量四音节熟语即四字格 这一事实上。” 不进则退。 He who does not advance falls backward. 物极必反 Once a certain limit is exceeded, things will develop in the opposite. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed,汉语的意合法,王力先生指出，“西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只

15、是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的、中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。” 英语注重形合，注重形式，结构，常常借助各种连接手段，故而比较严谨。（precision）; 汉语注重意合，注重功能、意义，通常不用或少用连接手段，因此比较简洁（conciseness,汉语的意合法,A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 若无外力作用，运动的物体就会一直做匀速直线运动。 The growth o

16、f class consciousness among the workers was inhibited by continued high levels of employment and rising earnings for almost 15 years, combined with the propaganda of views in the labour movement reflecting the influence of Keynesian theories about the ability of capitalism to solve permanently the p

17、roblems of “boom and burst” through a “managed economy” of built-in stabilizers. 将近十五年，就业率一直保持着高水平，工资收入也不断增加，再加上带有凯恩斯影响的观点在劳工运动中的广为宣传，即资本主义有能力通过名为“内在稳定因素” 的“国家控制经济”永久解决繁荣与危机交替出现的难题,形合、意合与文体,英语和汉语本身都有形合句与意合句。一般而言，英语形合句多，汉语意合句多，但各自的使用频率均与文体密切相关。现代庄重文体、科技文体和论述文体较多采用形合句，以表达清晰的逻辑关系和复杂的思想内容。就汉语的形合句使用而言，书面

18、语要比口语多，现代汉语要比古代汉语多。 译事三难:信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣!顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。 翻译工作有三项不容易做到的事，忠实于原著即准确，译笔流畅明白，文字典雅。要做到忠实于原著本来就很不容易，而如果只注意准确却忽略了译笔的通达晓畅，那么，即便是译了出来也等于没有译。可见译笔的流畅是应予重视的,形合、意合与文体,易曰:“修辞立诚”。子曰:“辞达而已！”又曰:“言之无文，行而不远。”三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信、达而外，求其尔雅，此不仅期以行远已耳！实则精理微言，用汉以前字法句法，则为达易；用近世利俗文字，则求达难。往往抑义就词，毫厘千里，审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也。岂钓奇哉！ 易经指出:做文章要讲究辞藻的优美和主题的正确。孔子也说过:“做文章，不过是把意思表达得确切罢了。”又说:“语言、文字枯燥无味，就不能扩大影响”。可见，文字的准确、流畅、优美，乃是做文章所必须遵循的原则，也是搞翻译工作的标准。本来，除了文字的准确、流畅之外，还要求其典雅，这不仅仅是为了去影响尽可能多的读者就行了。其实，那些包含着古奥的推理和含蓄深沉的语言的著作，用中国汉代以前的语法句法去译述，倒还易于表达些，若用现时代人民大众所通用的文字语言译出来，反而不容易表达得充分。这样做的结果，就往往难免为了凑合词句的章法而不