计算机科学与技术系译文

1、大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文系 所：计算机科学与技术系专 业：班 级：姓 名：学 号：大连东软信息学院Dalian Neusoft University of Information外文资料和译文格式要求一、装订要求1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。二、撰写要求1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。三、格式要求1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩

2、进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。The computer is an electronic device capable of receiving a set of instructions or a program, then the program is executed by the digital data arithmetic or other form of information

3、processing.Either due to the development of the computer, the modern high-tech world is impossible to produce a. Computers of different types and sizes throughout the community are used to store and handle a variety of data, trading from confidential government documents, bank accounts to private ho

4、useholds. Computer through automation technology has opened up a new era in the manufacturing sector, but they also enhance the performance of modern communication systems. In almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to produce tomorrows weather

5、 report, computers are essential tools and their application in itself opens up a new realm of people speculated. Database services and computer network to make a wide variety of information sources available. The same advanced technology also enables invasion of personal privacy and trade secrets a

6、s possible. Computer crime has become one of the many risks as part of the cost of modern technology.Second, historyThe first adding machine was a French scientist, mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 1642 Design, which is a pioneer in digital computer. This device uses a series of wheels

7、 having 10 teeth, each tooth on behalf of a number from 0 to 9.Wheels connected to each other, so that by the correct number of teeth of the forward rotation of the wheel, it can be added to each other figures. 1670s, the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz William this machine wa

8、s modified, designed a machine can do the multiplication.French inventor Joseph - Mary Jacquard, in the design of the automatic loom, the use of a perforated thin wood to control the complex weave pattern. During the 1880s, the American statistician Herman What 勒里斯, came up with the use of wood as a

9、 similar Jacquard punch cards to process data in mind. By the use of a shift from the punched cards over electrical contacts system, he was able to compile the 1890 US Census statistics.1, the Analytical EngineAlso in the 19th century, the British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage proposed

10、principles of modern digital computers. He devised a number of machines designed to handle complex math problems, such as the difference maker. Many historians believe that Babic its partner, mathematician Ada Augusta Byron, is truly a pioneer in the modern digital computer. One of Babbages design,

11、analysis machine, with many of the features of modern computers. It has a stack of punch cards in the form of the input stream, a save data warehouse, an arithmetic operation factory and a printer to produce a permanent record. Babbage failed to put into practice the idea, although at that time it i

12、s likely to be technically feasible.2, early computersAnalog computers are manufactured in the late 19th century began. Early models rely on rotating shafts and gears to make the calculation. By any other methods are difficult equation to calculate the approximate value can be obtained with such mac

13、hines. Lord Kelvin has created a mechanical tide predictor, which is actually a dedicated analog computer. During the First and Second World War, mechanical simulation systems, and later electric simulation system, is used as a torpedo submarine route predictor, the plane was used as a bombing sight

14、 of the controller. Another system was also designed to predict spring flooding Mississippi River.3, computerDuring World War II, to Bletchley Park, north London, a group of scientists and mathematicians workplace, creating one of the first all-electronic digital computer: Giant. To December 1943, t

15、his includes the 1500 vacuum tubes giant began running for. It is with Alan Turing cracked the German-led group for Ennige code with encrypted wireless telegraphy, their attempts were largely successful.Besides, in the United States John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry As early as 1939 in the Iowa Stat

16、e College manufactured a prototype electronic machine. This prototype and subsequent research work is done quietly, and in 1945 was due to the development of Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) and appears to shame. ENIAC was granted a patent. However, after a few decades, in 1973,

17、when the aircraft was uncovered absorbed in Atanasoff - Berry Computer in principle for the first time after the patent has been abolished. ENIAC (see Figure 1A-1) contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, with a multiplication rate hundreds of times per minute, however, the program was originally transmitted

18、through the wire, you must manually change within the processor. According to the Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumanns ideas, and later made a machine with a program memory. The same instruction as the data stored in the Memory, causes the computer to get rid of the paper tape reader s

19、peed limit in the implementation process, and problems to the computer without re-wiring can be solved.Appear at the end of the 1950s, transistor applications in the computer, the machine marked than in the case of small tubes, fast, wide use of logic elements. Due to the use of the power transistor

20、s smaller, longer life expectancy, only led to the development itself is called the second generation of computers improved machine production. Element becomes small, the spacing element is also smaller, and the manufacturing cost of the system becomes much lower.4, ICThe late 1960s, the integrated

21、circuit (see Figure 1A-2) been adopted, which may be many transistors fabricated on a silicon substrate, plating between the transistors used in the proper position relative to the wire connection. IC leads to further reduce the price, size and failure rate. The mid-1970s, along with LSI and VLSI la

22、ter (microchip) adoption of thousands of transistors connected to each other is etched on a silicon substrate, so the microprocessor becomes a reality .Figure 1 A - 2: ICThen, go back and take a look at the modern computer processing capacity switch values: 1970s computers generally a switch capable

23、 of handling eight values. That is, in each cycle, they can handle data eight binary digits or bits. 8 bits for a group, called a byte; each byte contains 256 on and off (or 0 and 1) is possible mode. Each pattern corresponds to one instruction, a portion of a particular data type or an instruction,

24、 such as a number, a character or a graphic symbol. For example, the pattern may be binary data - in this case representative of the decimal number 210, or it may be an instruction that tells the computer to store the data stored in its data exchange device in a location in the memory chip were Comp

25、are.One can deal with the development of 16, 32 and 64 data processors, increasing the speed of the computer. All a computer can identify patterns that can be handled - Operating master list - known as its instruction set. With the continuous development of modern digital computers, these two factor

26、s - the number and instructions can be processed simultaneously set size - continues to grow.Third, the hardwareRegardless of size, the modern digital computer are similar in concept. However, based on cost and performance, they can be divided into several categories: the personal computer or microc

27、omputer, a low-cost machine, usually only a desktop size (though laptops small enough to fit in a briefcase, and the palmtops can fit into a pocket); workstations, one with enhanced graphics and communications capabilities, making it particularly useful for office work microcomputers; minicomputer,

28、generally too expensive for personal use, and its performance is suitable for businesses, schools or laboratory; and mainframes, a large, expensive machines, with the ability (of which the largest volume to meet the large-scale industrial and commercial enterprises, government departments, research

29、institutions or like bodies need, known as the fastest supercomputer ). A digital computer is not a single machine. Rather, it is a system of five different elements consisting of: (1) a central processor; (2) an input device; (3) a storage device; (4) an output device; and (5) is called bus communi

30、cation network, all the elements of the system will connect with the outside world and the system is connected.计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域

31、，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机都是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供使用。同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。计算机犯罪已经成为作为现代技术代价组成部分的许多风险之一。二、历史第一台加法机是法国科学家、数学家和哲学家布莱斯帕斯卡于1642年设计的，它是数字计算机的先驱。这个装置使用了一系列带有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。轮子互相连接，从而通过按照正确的齿数向前转动轮子，就可以将数字彼此相加。17世纪70年代，德国哲学家和数学家戈特弗里德威廉莱布尼兹对这台机器进行了改良，设计了一台也能

32、做乘法的机器。法国发明家约瑟夫玛丽雅卡尔，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案的编织。在19世纪80年代期间，美国统计学家赫尔曼何勒里斯，想出了使用类似雅卡尔的木板那样的穿孔卡片来处理数据的主意。通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。1、分析机也是在19世纪，英国数学家和发明家查尔斯巴比奇，提出了现代数字计算机的原理。他构想出旨在处理复杂数学题的若干机器，如差分机。许多历史学家认为，巴比奇及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔埃达拜伦，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。巴比奇的设计之一，分析机，具有现代计算机的许多特征。它有一个以一叠穿孔卡片的形

33、式存在的输入流、一个保存数据的“仓库”、一个进行算术运算的“工厂”和一个产生永久性纪录的打印机。巴比奇未能将这个想法付诸实践，尽管在那个时代它在技术上很可能是可行的。2、早期的计算机模拟计算机是19世纪末开始制造的。早期型号是靠转动的轴和齿轮来进行计算的。用任何其他方法都难以计算的方程近似数值，可以用这样的机器来求得。开尔文勋爵制造了一台机械潮汐预报器，这实际上就是一台专用模拟计算机。第一次和第二次世界大战期间，机械模拟计算系统，以及后来的电动模拟计算系统，在潜艇上被用作鱼雷航线预测器，在飞机上被用作轰炸瞄准具的控制器。有人还设计了另一个系统，用于预测密西西比河流域春天的洪水。3、电子计算机第

34、二次世界大战期间，以伦敦北面的布莱切利公园为工作地点的一组科学家和数学家，制造了最早的全电子数字计算机之一：“巨人”。到1943年12月，这个包含了1500个真空管的“巨人”开始运转了。它被以艾伦图灵为首的小组用于破译德国用恩尼格码加密的无线电报，他们的尝试大部分是成功的。除此而外，在美国，约翰阿塔纳索夫和克利福德贝里早在1939年就在艾奥瓦州立学院制造了一台原型电子机。这台原型机和后来的研究工作都是悄悄完成的，而且后来因1945年电子数字积分计算机（ENIAC）的研制而显得相形见绌。ENIAC被授予了专利。但是，数十年后，在1973年，当该机被揭露吸收了在阿塔纳索夫贝里计算机中首次使用的原理后，这项专利被废除了。ENIAC（见图1A-1）含有18,000个真空管，具有每分钟几百次的乘法运算速度，但是，其程序最初是通过导线传送到处理器内的，必须由人工更改。根据美籍匈牙利数学家约翰冯诺伊曼的想法，后来制造的机器带有一个程序存储器。指