英汉翻译技巧第五章英汉翻译中词类的转换.ppt

1、英汉翻译技巧,主编：钟书能教授,第5章 英汉翻译中词类的转换 Conversion in E-C Translation,一、概述,翻译的中心任务，就是忠实地再现原文的思想，而非原文的语言符号。因此，翻译并非是源出语（source language）与目的语（target language）两种语言之间的转换（bilingual transfer），而是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 捷克语言学家兹古斯塔在论及两种语言词汇的对应规律时曾经指出：“在绝大多数情况下，两种语言中所指内容的组成是不同的。结果，两种语言中只有少数几个不是多义词的对应词才真正有完全相同的词义；在大多数情况

2、下，这是些内容确定的科学技术术语。在两种语言中，多义词的各个意思完全相等，词义完全相同的词汇单位是极其罕见的”。宋天锡（2008）、张培基（1980）、连淑能（2007）等人也认为由于英汉两种语言的差异性，在翻译时拘泥于原文的词类对号入座，逐词对译不仅是不必要的，而且是根本行不通的。 虽然英汉两种语言词汇的语法类别(如动词、名词、形容词等)大致相同, 但由于英汉两种语言属两种完全不同的语系，英语属印欧语系，汉语属藏族语系，英汉两种语言无论在词汇、语序、还是在语法结构上都存在巨大差异，词语结构对应翻译不仅是不可能的，而且会使译文生硬僵化（魏晋，2007）。因此，翻译时应当在确切体现原文的精神实质

3、的前提下，选择正确的词语或表达法，适当进行词类转换，使译文准确流畅，生动自然,词类的转换是英译汉中很重要的一种翻译技巧。词类转换就是在翻译过程中为了准确自然表达源出语的精神，而在译入语表达中改变词汇单位词类，以通顺的语言忠实地表达原文的思想内容，进行有效的翻译。不同的语言，其词类类型与结构也不相同。译者在翻译过程中按照源出语的方式准确理解原文的逻辑关系，按照译入语的语言形式自然地表达原义。正确运用这一技巧,可以帮助我们获得弥补英汉两种语言现象和思维表达方式上的差异。词类转换在英译汉时一般有英语名词、介词、形容词或副词等转换为汉语动词；英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词；形容词、英语名词转换为汉语形容

4、词、汉语副词；英语形容词转换为汉语名词、副词等。惟有如此，才能在忠实原文的前提下，摆脱原文形式的束缚，使自己的译文通顺流畅，更符合译文的语言规范,二、翻译示例,一般来说，英汉翻译中词类转译技巧的运用可从以下四个方面加以注意,1. 转译成动词,通过研究发现，汉语中动词占主导地位，这就使汉语呈现出动态描述的特点；而英语中名词与介词呈主导地位，使得英语呈现出静态语言的特点。英汉两种语言的差异性使得在翻译时拘泥于原文的词类对号入座，逐词对译不仅是不必要的，而且是根本行不通的。 英语中的某些名词、形容词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。英语是以综合型为主的语言，它的一个显著特征是词缀丰富。这使得

5、有些动词和形容词很容易派生为名词，从而使名词化现象非常常见（nominalization）。英译汉时，适当多考虑使用动词，以静转动，反之亦然。试看以下几个句子,译文 独立宣言包括三个部分：第一部分阐明政治哲学民主与 自由哲学，内容深刻动人；第二部分列举若干具体的不平事例， 以证明乔治三世破坏了美国的自由；第三部分宣布独立，并宣誓 支持该项政策。 分析 对句中三个statement都使之从名词转化成动词，以适应汉语的表 达,1) The Declaration consists of three parts: a profound and eloquent statement of politi

6、cal philosophythe philosophy of democracy and of freedom; second, a statement of specific grievances designed to prove that George III had subverted American freedom; and third, a solemn statement of independence and pledge of support for that policy,2) Eventually I discovered I had a talent for sal

7、es, and was hired by a Swedish house wares corporation,译文 我发现自己善于推销，便进入了一家瑞典家庭用品公司工作。 分析 原文里的talent是作名词使用，而在译文中，我们把它转换为动词,3) Scientists worldwide have conducted scores of studies since the 1993 publication of a landmark paper by Ericsson and two colleagues,译文 自从爱立信教授和他的两个同事在1993年发表了一篇里程碑式的论 文之后，世界各地

8、的科学家就展开了一系列研究。 分析 英语的一个特点就是，名词优势大于动词。这就造成了英语的静态 特性和中文的动态特性。英语的句子里面频繁出现抽象名词，比如 这句话里面的publication。译文并没有处理为，“自从的发表”， 而是“自从发表了,4) “.and that government of the people，by the people，for the people .,译文 民有、民治、民享的政府。 分析 原文中三个介词“of”，“by”，“for”分别译成了三个动词： “有”、“治”、“享”，与原意丝毫不差，简而有力，令人拍案叫绝,5) by train 乘火车 (6) the

9、 accused被告 (7) through the ages 古往今来 (8) against the proposal 反对这项提议 (9) a letter for Tom给汤姆的信 (10) to have a rest 休息一下 (11) pay attention to 引起注意 (12) a regular in a restaurant 经常光顾一家饭店,分析 ( 5)-(12)例中，都是介词、名词、形容词等词性转化成动词的实例,2. 转译成名词,英语中很多词类都可以转译成名词，常见的有动词转译成名词和形容词转译成名词两种情况，例如,1) The business is hig

10、hly specialized,译文 这职业具有高度的专业性,2) The youths always dream fondly of their future,译文 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想,3) The new contract would expire in 5 years,译文 新合同的有效期为五年,分析 (1)-(3)例中，句中动词都是从名词派生来的，把他们翻译成名词更符 合汉语的表达方式,4) Youre very eloquent,译文 你很有口才,5) The wounded lay groaning,译文 受伤者躺着呻吟,分析 (4)-(5)例中，我们把句中形容词翻译成

11、了名词，更符合句子的原义,3. 转译成形容词,英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。请看下列例子,1) She was a success as an actress,原译 作为演员她是一个成功。 译文 她是位成功的女演员。 分析 原译和试译相比，显得拗口，不符合汉语的表达方式,2) Sorry, I dont know. Im a stranger here myself,译文 对不起，我不清楚。我对这里也不熟。 分析 翻译时不能“一个萝卜一个坑”，不做任何

12、词性变化就直接翻译过 来，其结果是译文不能表达句子的含义，stranger不能译成“陌生 人”，而是不熟悉当地情况的意思,3) Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views,译文 在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他 的观点，他受到了迫害。 分析 原句中的treat转译成汉语名词对待，原来修饰该动词的副词shabbily 也随之转译成汉语中的形容词“不公正的,4. 转译成副词,英语中的某些名词、形容词

13、，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词,1) He played the violin with his heart and soul,译文 他全神贯注地拉小提琴,分析 heart and soul本来是名词，但是用来修饰拉小提琴的这个动作， 描述其专心程度时，把它们翻译成副词更恰当,2) The weekly debates between inmate teams were also held in the school building,译文 每周还在教学楼里举行囚犯间的辩论会,分析 在英译汉的过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉 两种语言的表达方式不同，原文中有的词在译文中需要转换词

14、类， 才能使 汉语译文通顺自然。本例中出现的形容词weekly在译文里 转换为了副词“每周,3) “Yes”, he said with a slow nod,译文他慢条斯理地点了一下头说：“是的,分析在译文中，nod翻译成动词，修饰nod的形容词slow也应该相应的翻译成副词,三、英语语篇汉译,The Californians Tale 加州的故事,When I was young, I went looking for gold in California. I never found enough to make me rich. But I did discover a beautif

15、ul part of the country. It was called “the Stanislau.” The Stanislau was like Heaven on Earth. It had bright green hills and deep forests where soft winds touched the trees,我年轻时到过加州淘金。我淘到的金子没有让我腰缠万贯，却让我发现了郊外一处叫斯丹尼斯劳的美丽地方。这地方就像世外桃源。青翠欲滴、曲径通幽的山林中柔风轻轻吹拂着树枝,Other men, also looking for gold, had reached

16、the Stanislau hills of California many years before I did. They had built a town in the valley with sidewalks and stores, banks and schools. They had also built pretty little houses for their families,其他淘金者在我到此地多年以前就曾到过加州斯丹尼斯劳的山野上。他们在山谷里建造了一个小镇。这个小镇上有街道、商铺、银行和学校，还有为自己的家人建造的别致的小房子,At first, they foun

17、d a lot of gold in the Stanislau hills. But their good luck did not last. After a few years, the gold disappeared. By the time I reached the Stanislau, all the people were gone, too,起初人们在斯丹尼斯劳的山上发现了大量的黄金。然而好景不长，若干年后，金子就淘完了。我抵达斯丹尼斯劳时，此地已经成为空城了,Grass now grew in the streets. And the little houses were

18、 covered by wild rose bushes. Only the sound of insects filled the air as I walked through the empty town that summer day so long ago. Then, I realized I was not alone after all,当时街上长满了荒草，野玫瑰藤蔓爬满了整间小房。许久以前那个夏日当我走过这座空城时仅有小虫子的喧噪声充斥在空气中。然而很快我就发觉我并不是独自一人,A man was smiling at me as he stood in front of o

19、ne of the little houses. This house was not covered by wild rose bushes. A nice little garden in front of the house was full of blue and yellow flowers. White curtains hung from the windows and floated in the soft summer wind,一位男人正站在其中一座小房子前朝我微笑。这座房子没有被野玫瑰藤蔓遮盖。小房子前一个美丽的小花园里种满了蓝色的和黄色的花。白色的窗帘从窗户上垂落下来，

20、在夏日柔和的风中摇曳,Still smiling, the man opened the door of his house and motioned to me. I went inside and could not believe my eyes. I had been living for weeks in rough mining camps with other gold miners. We slept on the hard ground, ate canned beans from cold metal plates and spent our days in the dif

21、ficult search for gold,这位男人边微笑边打开房门示意我入内。走入房子后我简直不能相信自己的眼睛。在此之前的几个星期我一直都是和其他淘金者生活在简陋的矿上帐篷里。我们睡在硬硬的地上，用冰冷的铁盘盛食罐头豆子，终日艰难地寻找着金子,Here in this little house, my spirit seemed to come to life again. 在这间小房屋里，我似乎又有了精气神,I saw a bright rug on the shining wooden floor. Pictures hung all around the room. And on

22、little tables there were seashells, books and china vases full of flowers. A woman had made this house into a home. 我看到锃亮的木地板上铺着色彩明快的地毯，满屋子都挂着照片。屋子的小桌子上摆放着贝壳、几本书以及插满了鲜花的瓷花瓶。只有女子的巧手才能把这间房子变成一个家,The pleasure I felt in my heart must have shown on my face. The man read my thoughts. “Yes,” he smiled, “it

23、 is all her work. Everything in this room has felt the touch of her hand.” 我的脸一定流露出发自内心的快乐。那位男人似乎看透了我的心思。“没错，”他微笑着说，“这都是她布置的，这房子的一桌一凳都是她的巧手布置的。,One of the pictures on the wall was not hanging straight. He noticed it and went to fix it. He stepped back several times to make sure the picture was reall

24、y straight. Then he gave it a gentle touch with his hand. 他留意到墙上一幅画歪了，于是走过去摆好了那幅画。他后退了几次，以确定那幅画确实挂直了。然后他用手温柔地抚触着那幅画,She always does that,” he explained to me. “It is like the finishing pat a mother gives her childs hair after she has brushed it. I have seen her fix all these things so often that I c

25、an do it just the way she does. I dont know why I do it. I just do it.” “她总是这样触摸这些画，”他朝我解释道。“就像妈妈给孩子梳完头，最后还要在头发上拍一下一样。我经常看她摆弄这些画，以至于我能做的像她做的一模一样。我不知道自己为什么这样做，但我就是这样做了。,As he talked, I realized there was something in this room that he wanted me to discover. I looked around. When my eyes reached a cor

26、ner of the room near the fireplace, he broke into a happy laugh and rubbed his hands together. 他娓娓道来的时候，我意识到他想我注意房子里的某样东西。我环视四周。我的眼睛刚落在房子靠火炉的一角，他马上发出一阵欢快的笑声，两手揉搓在一起,Thats it!” he cried out. “You have found it! I knew you would. It is her picture.” I went to a little black shelf that held a small pic

27、ture of the most beautiful woman I had ever seen. There was a sweetness and softness in the womans expression that I had never seen before. “没错，就是它！”他大叫起来。“你找到了，我就知道你会找到的。这就是她的照片。”我走到一个小小的黑色架子前，上面放着一张小照片，我此生从没见过如此漂亮的女子。也从来没有见过如此甜美、如此温柔的女子,The man took the picture from my hands and stared at it. “She

28、 was nineteen on her last birthday. That was the day we were married. When you see her.oh, just wait until you meet her!” 那男人从我手中拿过照片，凝视着，他说：“她上一个生日时19岁。那天我们刚刚结婚。你见到她时噢，等等吧，你会见到她的！” “Where is she now?” I asked. “她呢？”我不禁问道,Oh, she is away,” the man sighed, putting the picture back on the little black

29、 shelf. “She went to visit her parents. They live forty or fifty miles from here. She has been gone two weeks today.” “哦，她出门了。”那男人一声叹息，一边把照片放回黑色小架子上。“她去看望她父母去了。他们住的地方离这里有四五十英里。到今天她已经走了整整两周了。,When will she be back?” I asked. “Well, this is Wednesday,” he said slowly. “She will be back on Saturday, in

30、 the evening.” “那她什么时候回家？”我问道。“嗯，今天是周三，”他缓慢地说。“她周六回家，晚上到。,I felt a sharp sense of regret. “I am sorry, because I will be gone by then,” I said. 一阵强烈的失望涌上我心头。“那太遗憾了，因为我周六已经离开这里了。”我说道。 “Gone? No! Why should you go? Dont go. She will be so sorry. You see, she likes to have people come and stay with us.

31、” “离开，不，为什么要离开呢？别走。她会很遗憾的。你明白吗，她喜欢有人来和我们呆在一起。,No, I really must leave,” I said firmly. “不，我真的必须要走了。”我坚定地说。 He picked up her picture and held it before my eyes. “Here,” he said. “Now you tell her to her face that you could have stayed to meet her and you would not.” 他拿起她的照片并举到我眼前。“喏，”他说。“现在你当着她的面告诉她你

32、本来可以留下来见她但是你却偏偏还要走。,Something made me change my mind as I looked at the picture for a second time. I decided to stay. 当我再次看着她的照片时我改变了注意，决定留下来了。 The man told me his name was Henry. 那位男人告诉我他叫亨利。 That night, Henry and I talked about many different things, but mainly about her. He said he was a bit of a

33、 dog in his younger days. But everything changed after he met her. The next day passed quietly. 那天晚上，亨利和我聊了很多不同的事情，但是大部分都是和她有关的。他说他年轻时过着花天酒地的生活。但遇见她后他完全变了一个人。第二天过得很平静,Thursday evening we had a visitor. He was a big, grey-haired miner named Tom. “I just came for a few minutes to ask when she is comin

34、g home,” he explained. “Is there any news?” 周二晚上来了一位访客。那是一位叫做汤姆的身材魁梧，头发灰白的矿工。“我只是过来几分钟，问问她何时回家。”他解释道。“有她的消息吗,Oh yes,” the man replied. “I got a letter. Would you like to hear it?” He took a yellowed letter out of his shirt pocket and read it to us. It was full of loving messages to him and to other

35、peopletheir close friends and neighbors. When the man finished reading it, he looked at his friend. “Oh no, you are doing it again, Tom! You always cry when I read a letter from her. Im going to tell her this time!” “哦，是的，”男人回答。“我收到了一封信。你想听听吗？”他从衬衫口袋里拿出一封泛黄的信，然后开始念给我们听。信中写满了对他和其他人他们的好友邻居爱的信息。男人念完信后，

36、看着他的那位朋友。“哦，不，你又来了，汤姆！我一念她的来信您总爱哭。这次我可要告诉她。,No, you must not do that, Henry,” the grey-haired miner said. “I am getting old. And any little sorrow makes me cry. I really was hoping she would be here tonight.” “不，千万别告诉她，亨利，”头发花白的矿工说。“我老了。什么小伤心事都会让我哭。我倒真希望她今晚就到家。,The next day, Friday, another old mine

37、r came to visit. He asked to hear the letter. The message in it made him cry, too. “We all miss her so much,” he said. Saturday finally came. I found I was looking at my watch very often. Henry noticed this. “You dont think something has happened to her, do you?” he asked me. 第二天，周五，另一位老矿工来登门拜访。他问可否

38、念那封信给他听。信中内容也让他潸然泪下。“我们都非常想念她，”他说。终于到了周六。我发现自己不断地看表。亨利留意到这点。“你不会认为她会有什么意外吧？”他问我。 I smiled and said that I was sure she was just fine. But he did not seem satisfied. 我笑笑说我肯定她一切都很好。但他似乎仍不满足我这样说,I was glad to see his two friends, Tom and Joe, coming down the road as the sun began to set. The old miners

39、 were carrying guitars. They also brought flowers and a bottle of whiskey. They put the flowers in vases and began to play some fast and lively songs on their guitars. 日落时我很高兴看到他两位朋友汤姆和约翰顺着路从山上下来。两位老矿工都背着吉他。他们还带来了鲜花和一瓶威士忌。他们把花插在花瓶后就开始在吉他上弹奏轻快的歌曲,Henrys friends kept giving him glasses of whiskey, whi

40、ch they made him drink. When I reached for one of the two glasses left on the table, Tom stopped my arm. “Drop that glass and take the other one!” he whispered. He gave the remaining glass of whiskey to Henry just as the clock began to strike midnight. 亨利的两位朋友一杯接一杯地给他续威士忌，然后让他喝下去。桌上仅剩下两杯酒，我刚伸手想拿其中一杯

41、酒，汤姆挡住我的手，阻止了我。“别拿这杯，拿另外那杯！”他轻声说。当闹钟敲响12点时，他把最后那杯威士忌递给亨利,Henry emptied the glass. His face grew whiter and whiter. “Boys,” he said, “I am feeling sick. I want to lie down.” 亨利一饮而尽。他的脸变得越来越煞白。“伙计们，”他说，“我觉得不舒服。我想躺一下。” Henry was asleep almost before the words were out of his mouth. 话音未落，亨利就睡着了,In a mom

42、ent, his two friends had picked him up and carried him into the bedroom. They closed the door and came back. They seemed to be getting ready to leave. So I said, “Please dont go gentlemen. She will not know me. I am a stranger to her.” 亨利的两位朋友很快就将他扶起来抬进了卧室。他们关好房门后转身回来。他们似乎准备离去了。于是我说，“请别离去，先生们。她不认识我，

43、对她而言我是个陌生人。” They looked at each other. “His wife has been dead for nineteen years,” Tom said. 他们面面相觑。“他妻子已经去世19年了，”汤姆说道。 “Dead?” I whispered. “去世了？”我轻声问,Dead or worse,” he said. “也许去世了，也许更糟，”他说。 “She went to see her parents about six months after she got married. On her way back, on a Saturday even

44、ing in June, when she was almost here, she was captured by the Indians. No one ever saw her again. Henry lost his mind. He thinks she is still alive. When June comes, he thinks she has gone on her trip to see her parents. Then he begins to wait for her to come back. He gets out that old letter. And

45、we come around to visit so he can read it to us.” “她结婚半年后去看望她父母。六月一个周六晚上，在她回来的路上，眼看就要到家了，印第安人却把她掳走了。以后再没有人见过她。亨利从此疯了。他以为她还活着。每年六月到时，他就会觉得她离家探望父母去了。然后他开始等她回家。他准备好那封旧信。我们过来拜访他，那样他就可以把信念给我们听了。,On the Saturday night she is supposed to come home, we come here to be with him. We put a sleeping drug in his

46、 drink so he will sleep through the night. Then he is all right for another year.” “每年在她应该到家的那个周六晚上，我们都过来陪着他。我们在他酒中放下一颗安眠药，他喝后就会一觉睡到天亮。过了这一天，他就可以安然无恙度过一年了。,Joe picked up his hat and his guitar. “We have done this every June for nineteen years,” he said. “The first year there were twenty-seven of us.

47、 Now just the two of us are left.” He opened the door of the pretty little house. And the two old men disappeared into the darkness of the Stanislau. 约翰拿起帽子和吉他。“我们19年来每年六月都会这样做，”他说。“第一年有27个人陪着他，如今剩下我们两个了。”他打开那间美丽小房子的门。两位年迈的男子渐渐消失在斯丹尼斯劳的夜色中。 （张家珍 译,Notes: 淘金：19世纪初，美国开始了势不可当的西进运动，使美国的边疆从密西西比河不断向太平洋西岸推

48、进。1848年，前进到加利福尼亚的人们在这里发现了金矿，立刻引起世界的轰动，迅速形成规模空前的淘金热，并对西进运动和美国西部的开发产生了极大的刺激。淘金热是西进运动的一个重要内容，犹如是一幅壮丽画卷上一个亮丽的片段,1. 翻译标准,After a few years, the gold disappeared,原译 若干年后，金子就消失了。 试译 若干年后，金子就淘完了,分析 翻译的标准最基本的有两个：忠实与通顺。disappear一词的确有“消 失”的意思，但在文中把disappear翻译成消失既不忠实，也不通顺。 因为金子不是自己消失的，而是淘金者把它们淘完了，因此翻译成 “淘完了”就可以

49、与上下文一致，吻合当时的历史文化背景，使读者 理解原文的意思。所以，翻译一定要深刻理解原文的内涵，才能使译 文忠实、通顺,翻译技巧分析,2. 英汉语言对比,There was a sweetness and softness in the womans expression that I had never seen before,试译 我这辈子没有见过如此甜美、如此温柔的女子,分析 大家都知道，英语属于印欧语系，汉语属于汉藏语系。英汉两种语言 在词汇和语法结构方面有许多不同之处。因此在英译汉的过程中，有 些句子可以逐词翻译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同， 就不能以“挖个坑填个萝卜

50、”方法来逐词对译。翻译时原文的有些词 在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然，即翻译时不必拘 泥于原文的表层结构，可以在忠实原意的前提下将原文中有些词译为 汉语的其他词性。例句中“sweetness, softness”都是由形容词sweet, soft派生而来，虽然原句可译为“女子脸上的甜美和温柔是我此生从没 见过的”，但此种汉语译法听起来很不自然，也不符合汉语表达方式。 因此，在翻译的时候还是要符合汉语习惯，把英语的名词译成汉语的形 容词，否则是无法为中国人理解的,The man read my thoughts,分析 翻译时为了尊重句子原意，如果正确应当选用直译。但是直译容易出错，

51、 一旦出错就要考虑意译。我们在进行语言解读转换的时候，经常会遇到由于 句法结构、思维方式、审美取向的不同而造成的种种障碍，这些障碍往往难 以逾越，此时应大胆地以意译为辅，甚至完全意译，使译文较易理解或符合 民族心理。原译对read my thoughts直译为“读懂我在想什么”，但这种译 法不符合我们的思维方式，我们倾向于意译成“看透了我的心思,3.直译与意译,原译 那位男人似乎读懂了我在想什么。 试译 那位男人似乎看透了我的心思,4.词义的选择,It is all her work,原译 这都是她干的活儿。 试译 这一切都是她布置的,分析 语篇翻译时需要对文中词语意义进行准确理解，如一词有多

52、义的情况 下更需根据上下文仔细甄别该单词在文中的含义。work作为动词，词 义为activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result（工作，劳动）；such activity as a means of earning income; employment（职业）；a literary or musical composition or other piece of fine art（文学或音乐作品，著作） 等。我们把work这个词翻译成“布置”，这是在语篇语境下的词义

53、扩展。 文中主人公的妻子非常贤惠，非常热爱生活，她拥有一双勤劳的巧手， 把一所矿上的简陋房子变成了一个生活气息浓厚的家。家中一切都是她 精心布置的。因此在翻译时就要根据语境对work的词义进行引申,5. 词类转换,And on little tables there were seashells, books and china vases full of flowers,试译 屋子的小桌子上摆放着贝壳、几本书以及插满了鲜花的瓷花瓶,He was a big, grey-haired miner named Tom,评析 增补、省略、重复是翻译中最为常用的变通手段之一，增补也好，省略 也好，重

54、复也好，都是增词不增义，减词不减义，反而能使意义更加明 确，文字更加通达。我们在试译时，增加了“身材”这一原文中似乎没 有的信息。这是因为在英语中，主语实际上是隐含在形容词之中的，译 成汉语时往往需要把它增补出来，否则意思就不够明确,分析 英语原文里full of是形容词短语，但我们试译时把full of转换为形容词， 译成“插满,6. 增补、省略、重复,原译 那是一位叫做汤姆的大个子，头发发白的矿工。 试译 他叫做汤姆，一位的身材魁梧、头发灰白的矿工,7. 拆译与缩译,原译 我却发现乡下一处美丽的地方。这地方叫斯丹尼斯劳。 试译 却让我发现了郊外一处叫斯丹尼斯劳的美丽地方,But I did

55、 discover a beautiful part of the country. It was called “the Stanislau.,分析 这It was called “the Stanislau”是一个被动句，它与前一句的a beautiful part of the country指的是同一个地方，在翻译时把两句分开成单独两个句子显得语义冗长，不够精简。而如果把第二句话it was省略掉，再把called “the Stanislau” 抽拆出来，当成定语修饰a beautiful part of the country，句子就简洁通顺了,8.视角转移,Something m

56、ade me change my mind as I looked at the picture for a second time. I decided to stay,原译 当我再次看着她的照片时，某样东西使我改变了主意。我决定留下来。 试译 当再次看着她的照片时我改变了主意。我决定不走了,分析 在翻译时由于中英两种语言和民族思维方式不同，我们经常按照译语的思 维方式或表达习惯重新组织原句的信息，从与原语不同的角度来表达同样意 思。原译没有进行视角转换，把something made me change my mind翻译 成“某样东西使我改变了主意”，把stay翻译成了“留下来”，读来与

57、汉语 的思维习惯不同，翻译成“我改变了主意”和“不走了”更符合汉语表达习 惯,9.时态处理,I really was hoping she would be here tonight,试译我倒真希望她今晚就到家,分析 时态在翻译中比不像想象中那么简单，往往是一个难点。英汉时态系统不同， 也是英汉语言差别较大的原因之一。英语语言中有虚拟时态，而汉语是用修饰 词汇来表达这一意义的。虚拟语气可以用来表达心愿（desire），与事实相反 的愿望（wish），忧惧、目的、怀疑、推测、假设和想象。英语表示虚拟的手 段很多，有be型、were型、情态动词型（should/would+动词原形或动词完成 体型

58、），在虚拟条件从句中还有时态升级型（用过去时态表示与现在事实相反 的设想，用过去完成时态表示与过去事实相反的设想）。汉语表示虚拟的手段 则借助于丰富的语气副词，如倒、可、就、早就、本来、原来、果真、真、准、 竟、简直、几乎、该、偏偏等和语气助词的、啦、了、哇、嘛、啊等。例句中 用was hoping和would be表示虚拟语气，但翻译成汉语是却必须用“倒、真、 就”来表达,10. 被动句,And the little houses were covered by wild rose bushes,原译 小房屋被野玫瑰藤蔓覆盖着。 试译 野玫瑰藤蔓爬满了整间小房。 分析 汉语中被动句的使用范围

59、相当窄，而在英语中被动句表现能力强，使用 频率高。英语被动句的译法比较灵活，翻译时要根据句子的整体结构 采用合适的方法来处理。汉译英时，必要时应改变句子的语态，以适 应表达的需要。被动语态是英语中动词的一种变化形式，表示句子的 谓语动词和其主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。被动句的主语实际上 是谓语动词动作的承受者。因此在翻译例句时，把原句的主语作宾语， 用“by”引出的逻辑主语做主语，使意思更符合汉语表达习惯,11. 否定句,Here,” he said. “Now you tell her to her face that you could have stayed to meet her a

60、nd you would not.,原译 “喏，”他说。“现在你当着她的面告诉她你本来可以留下来见她但是你却 偏偏不干。” 试译 “喏，”他说。“现在你当着她的面告诉她你本来可以留下来见她但是你却 偏偏还要走。,评析 英语中对于否定的基本表达方式是借助于否定词not，no，never，hardly以及 一些带有否定前缀或后缀的词，如dis-，not-，un-，in-，none-，-less等来完 成。然而，在英语的学习和实际理解、运用过程中，尤其是在进行英汉互译 的过程中，我们又常遇到一些语言现象，这些语言实例虽然形式上是否定的， 但他们实际上却又表达着一种肯定的含义。这就是为什么我们试译文时