美国的的司法制度

1、美国的三权分立制,三权分立,三权分立制度是指把国家的立法、行政、司法三种权力，分别由议会、政府、法院独立行使并相互制衡的制度。三权分立制度是根据近代分权学说建立起来的，为大多数资本主义国家所采用的国家机关组织与活动的基本制度,美国最高法院,美国的法院体系,美国共有52个相互独立的法院系统，包括联邦法院系统、首都哥伦比亚特区法院系统和50个州法院系统。虽然联邦最高法院是全美国的最高法院，其决定对美国各级各类法院均有约束力，但是联邦法院系统并不高于州法院系统，二者之间没有管辖或隶属关系。从一定意义上讲，美国的法院系统为“双轨制”，一边是联邦法院，一边是州法院，二者平行，直到联邦最高法院,Unite

2、d States - Judicial system,The Supreme Court, established by the US Constitution, is the nations highest judicial body, consisting of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices. All justices are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. Appointmen

3、ts are for life during good behavior, otherwise terminating only by resignation or impeachment and conviction,最高法院，由美国宪法规定，是国家的最高司法机构，对美国和八个副首席法官组成的法官。所有法官均由同意见和参议院同意总统。任期为生命“期间表现良好”，否则只有辞职或终止弹劾和定罪,The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is relatively narrow; as an appellate court, it is open

4、 to appeal from decisions of federal district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the highest courts in the states, although it may dismiss an appeal if it sees fit to do so. The Supreme Court, by means of a writ of certiorari, may call up a case from a district court for review. Regardless of ho

5、w cases reach it, the Court enforces a kind of unity on the decisions of the lower courts. It also exercises the power of judicial review, determining the constitutionality of state laws, state constitutions, congressional statutes, and federal regulations, but only when these are specifically chall

6、enged,在最高法院的初审管辖权相对狭窄;作为上诉法院，它是开放的上诉由联邦地区法院的决定，巡回上诉法院，并在国家的最高法庭，虽然它可能驳回上诉，如果它看到适合这样做。最高法院通过一项移审令的手段，可调用从区法院审查案件。不论案件如何达到它，法院强制执行统一对下级法院的裁决种类。它也会行使司法审查权，决定国家的法律，州宪法，国会法令，法规和联邦宪法，但只有当这些是专门挑战,The Constitution empowers Congress to establish all federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court. On the lowest

7、 level and handling the greatest proportion of federal cases are the district courtsincluding one each in Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the District of Columbiawhere all offenses against the laws of the United States are tried. Civil actions that involve ca

8、ses arising under treaties and laws of the United States and under the Constitution, where the amount in dispute is greater than $5,000, also fall within the jurisdiction of the district courts. District courts have no appellate jurisdiction; their decisions may be carried to the courts of appeals,

9、organized into 13 circuits. These courts also hear appeals from decisions made by administrative commissions. For most cases, this is usually the last stage of appeal, except where the court rules that a statute of a state conflicts with the Constitution of the United States, with federal law, or wi

10、th a treaty. Special federal courts include the Court of Claims, Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, and Tax Court,宪法授权国会建立所有不亚于最高法院联邦法院。在最低水平，以及为联邦案件中最大的比例是地区法院，包括一个在波多黎各，关岛，维尔京群岛，北马里亚纳群岛，每年和哥伦比亚地区在对美国法律的所有罪行国受审。涉及民事诉讼案件，根据条约和美国，根据宪法，凡争议金额超过5,000元的法律而产生，也属于法院的管辖区内。区法院没有管辖权的上诉，他们的决定可能进行的上诉法院，组织成13个

11、电路。这些法庭还听取行政委员会所作决定提出上诉。在大多数情况下，这通常是最后阶段的上诉，除非法庭规则，一个与美国宪法的州与联邦法律法规的冲突，或与条约。特别法院包括联邦索赔法院，海关及专利上诉法院，税务法院,State courts operate independently of the federal judiciary. Most states adhere to a court system that begins on the lowest level with a justice of the peace and includes courts of general trial j

12、urisdiction, appellate courts, and, at the apex of the system, a state supreme court. The court of trial jurisdiction, sometimes called the county or superior court, has both original and appellate jurisdiction; all criminal cases (except those of a petty kind) and some civil cases are tried in this

13、 court. The states highest court, like the Supreme Court of the United States, interprets the constitution and the laws of the state,州法院是独立运作的联邦司法机构。大多数国家坚持一个法院系统的最低水平开始了和平与正义的审判，包括一般管辖权，上诉法院的法庭，并在系统，州最高法院顶点。在审判管辖权的法院，有时也被称为县或上级法院，同时具有原始和上诉管辖权;所有刑事案件（除一小种的）和一些民间的情况在这个法庭受审。该州的最高法庭，像美国最高法院解释宪法和国家的法律,T

14、he grand jury is a body of from 13 to 24 persons that brings indictments against individuals suspected of having violated the law. Initially, evidence is presented to it by either a justice of the peace or a prosecuting county or district attorney. The trial or petit jury of 12 persons is used in tr

15、ials of common law, both criminal and civil, except where the right to a jury trial is waived by consent of all parties at law. It judges the facts of the case, while the court is concerned exclusively with questions of law. The US accepts the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice with reservations,大陪审团是从13至24人带来有违法嫌疑的身体对个人起诉。最初，证据提交给它的任何一个公正的和平，还是一个县，区的律师起诉。对12人的审判或小陪审团是在共同使用的法律，刑事和民事审判，除非对陪审团审判的权利在法律上是由各方同意豁免。这名法官对案件事实，而法院专门处理有关法律问题。美国有保留地接受了国际法院的强制管辖权,The American court system (美国法院系统,52 State court systems,The federal court