Summary特点总结PPT.ppt

1、,Summary,英语28班 交通运输规划与管理小组,Definition？,1,Generalization is the formation of the concept of a thinking process and method . By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.,In brief, we should use as few words as possible to sho

2、w the main thought and the viewpoint of raw materials.,李妍锦,胡美芳,程亚杰,何文聪,李运,胡琳,曹旭东,吕靖,侯礼兴,李运,黎豪,王雨晨,辛梦阳,赵伟忠,The characteristics of summary !,2,The characteristics of summary,1. Pointing out the theme, analysis the purpose or intention. 点明主题，解析文章的目的或意图； 2. Introduce the main content, enable readers to

3、quickly understand the overview . 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章的概貌； 3.Putting forward some conclusions or suggestions, for reference. 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。,The characteristics of summary,1. Content : Highly generalization,concise and comprehensive ,remove the minor details and keep the main information. 内容上：高度概括，言简意赅，

4、去除细枝末节，保留主干信息。 2. Structure : more parallel structure and clause 结构上：多用并列结构和从句。,The characteristics of summary,1.Summary can quickly grasp the outline for the purpose, without subjective commentary and interpretation, we can get concise and exact representation of the important part of the original

5、from it.摘要能够迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容 2. Summary should be only 1/3 or 1/4 of the original length. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长 3. Statistics, dates, examples are not necessarily used in the summary and just focus on what do the author would like to proof. 统计数字、日期、例子不一定是用在总结和只关注作者想证明什么。,The cha

6、racteristics of summary,A good summary is concise, focusing on the main ideas, and leaving out much of the supporting and explanatory details of the original text. A good summary is also complete, covering all of the important ideas found in the primary text. Moreover, a summary should be objective:

7、 the goal should be to cover the text fairly, without adding ones own opinions or perspectives. Furthermore, a good summary is coherent: it contains necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow as a unified passage.,The characteristics of summary,Complete to include all the main and

8、 supporting points delivered in your own words.,Brief omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information,Coherent rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.,O

9、bjective Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.,1/4-1/3 of the original text,Steps to write a summary,3,Steps to write a summary,1) skim the text to find out the general theme 略读课文,找出一般的主题 2) analyze the texts stru

10、cture to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 分析文本的结构划分成几个部分,找出每个部分的主要想法,暂时用你自己的话写出来。(一句话) 3) write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details. 写下每个主要思想的关键支持点，不要涉及微小

11、的细节。,Steps to write a summary,4) organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence. 组织和相关支持要点与必要的转换逻辑顺序实现一致性。 5) proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes. At the beginning of a summary, we usually elicit the authors

12、 name and the name of the chapter/ article. 校对语法、拼写和标点符号错误。在总结的开始,我们通常引起引出作者的名字和章的名称/条。,4,Useful Expressions,On one hand,.On the other hand, One reason is Another reason is Still another reason is The final reason is To begin with, Whats more,In addition,Finally, In short, From what is mentioned abo

13、ve, we can come to the conclusion that .,Some Useful Expressions of Transition,Some other introductory phrases 1. (The author) states in (this article) that. 2. (The author, in (this article) shows that. 3. In (this article), (the author) writes that. 4. As (the author) says in (this article), . 5.

14、The main idea of (the authors article) is 6. The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes)that + clause 7. The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.,Some other introductory phrases,5,Model Summary of Articles,Why do som

15、e animals die out?,In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out-to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals homes. If the animals cant find a place to live, they die out. Six

16、teen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes. Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America

17、 and most of the buffalos.,Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish cant lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds arent born. So far, no animals have become exti

18、nct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out.,Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals cant learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.,Summary,In the past two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died out. There are several reasons for it. First, people keep