Unit Three 语音学(第8周).ppt

1、Unit Three,Consonants: Fricatives & Affricates,Homework:( Two Groups),Pronunciation in Communication - Introducing Others,What to Learn: Segments (3),Consonant Chart,Introduction,In this unit, we will learn about fricatives and affricates in English. If the stops completely block the air-stream for

2、a time in the pronunciation, the fricatives only partially block it, thus causing the friction-like noise characteristic of these sounds. There are nine fricative consonants, forming the largest set of consonants in English.,Introduction,摩擦音和破擦音 如果说爆破音是让气流成阻，那么摩擦音就是部分地阻塞气流，发音时气流可以持续通过口腔形成缝隙的部位，伴随而来的

3、是一种轻微的摩擦声。 摩擦音是英语辅音中数量最多的一类音，包括/f, v, W, M, s, z, N , I, h/ /t N / and /d I /是破擦音。发音时，舌尖抵住上齿龈后部，所产生的音既含/t/与/d/的爆破，又含/ N /与/ I /的摩擦。破擦音这个词本身暗含混合之意，即由爆破音和摩擦音组成。前者是清辅音，后者是浊辅音.,/f/ and/v/,/f/ and /v/是一对唇齿摩擦音,发音时,上齿轻触下唇,气流从唇齿间通过时摩擦成音.,/f/ and /v/ are labio-dental sounds. /f/ is voiceless and /v/ is voice

4、d. They are fricative sounds that you produce by forcing the breath-stream between you upper teeth and lower lip. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words.,辅音 /f/,Producing sound The /f/ sound is made by closing the mouth almost all the way. The top teeth are shown biting down on t

5、he lower lip. The tongue is in the middle of the mouth. Air is blown through slowly.,/f/ - Dialogue,“At the Photographers” Fred: I want a photograph of myself and my wife. Photographer: Fill out this form, please. Would you prefer a front photograph or a profile? Fred: A front photograph, dont you t

6、hink, Fran? Fran: Yes. Front. Photographer: Please sit on this sofa. Are you comfortable? Fran: Yes. This is fine. Photographer: Mr. Fuller, give a happy laugh. Fred: Thats difficult. If you say something funny, Ill laugh. Photographer: And, Mrs. Fuller, please look cheerful and friendly. Fred: Fini

7、shed？ Fran: Yes. Fred: Will the photograph be ready the first of February? Photographer: Yes. Phone my office in five days. Fred: Fine.,/f/-Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. feel fan fail funny five front,/v/ - Dialogue,“A View of the Valley” Vivian: Has your family lived here for ve

8、ry long? Victor: Five and a half years. We moved here on the first of November. Vivian: You have a fantastic view. Victor: Yes. I love living here. Vivian: Look! You can see the village way down in the valley. Victor: Yes. Its a lovely view.,/W/ and /M/,是一对舌齿摩擦音. 发音时,舌头出上齿 缘,气流从舌齿间的 隙通过时摩擦成音.,/W/ an

9、d /M/ are inter-dental sounds. They are fricatives that you produce by squeezing the breath-stream between your tongue and teeth. / W / is voiceless and / M / is voiced. These sounds tend to appear relatively late in the speech of children and cause considerable stress for both native and non-native

10、 speakers of English.,/W/ and /M/ (continued),Although the spelling seems to be highly consistent in English, the fact is that the th combination is used for both /W/ and /M/ . They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words. The problem with /W/ are many and varied. A dentalized t occurs

11、 when there is insufficient breath support. With a /f/ or /s/ substitution, the problem is not with airflow but with placement. This sound will require considerable effort to stabilize in all contexts. The problem with /M/ is quite similar. With insufficient airflow, a dentalized d will occur. Place

12、ment difficulties result in a /v/ or /z/ substitution. Devoicing may also be a common problem since English orthography uses the letters th for both /W/ and /M/ .,辅音 / W /,Producing sound The / W / sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are apart, with only some of the top front t

13、eeth shown. The tongue sticks out the mouth between the front teeth. Air is blown through slowly.,/ W / - Dialogue,“Gossips” Arthur: Edith Roth is thirty. Judith: Is she? I thought she was thirty-three. Arthur: Her birthday was last Thursday. Judith: Was it? I thought it was last month. Arthur: The

14、Roths house is worth $300,000. Judith: Is it? I thought it was worth about $300,000. Arthur: Theodore Roth is the author of a book about moths. Judith: Is he? I thought he was a mathematician. Arthur: Im so thirsty. Judith: are you? I thought you had something to drink at the Roths. Arthur: No. Edit

15、h didnt give me anything to drink. Judith: Ill buy you a drink. Arthur: Oh! Thank you.,/ W / -Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. think thick thumb three thirst,/s/ and /z/,/S/ and /Z/是一对舌端齿龈音,发音时,舌前端靠近齿龈形成一个很窄的缝隙,两边收缩上抬,贴上颚,舌中部形成一狭长槽,使气流从这个槽中流出.气流通过时发生摩擦成音.,/s/ and /z/ are alveolar Fl

16、viDlD (齿槽的)sounds. They are fricatives that you produce by forcing air between your tongue and the upper or lower front teeth. /s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced. /s/ is one of the most useful sounds in English because it has an important grammatical function in forming possessives (Kates), third pe

17、rson singular, present tense verbs (sits), and plurals (seats). Although /z/ is not as frequent in English speech as /s/, it performs similar grammatical functions in marking possessive (Susans), third person singular, present tense verbs (runs), and plurals (dogs).,/s/ and/z/ (contd),Both /s/ and /

18、z/ have been ranked as the most troublesome sounds in English, but it is rarely a serious problem for the Chinese EFL learners once their grammatical roles are mastered. They can be used at the beginning, middle and end of words.,With /s/ and /z/, the main problem comes from the omissions, which may

19、 result from grammatical deficiencies (plural, possessive, and so on) or from a failure to pronounce the ends of words. The devoicing of final position /z/ may be helped by lengthening the preceding vowel. In the word prize, for example, many speakers of English devoice the final /z/ but lengthen th

20、e diphthong.,辅音 / s /,Producing sound The / s / sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are shown clenched together. The tongue touches all of the bottom teeth. Air is blown through slowly.,/ s / - Dialogue,“Its Expensive” Sam: Lets go to the seashore on Saturday. Alice: Yes! Lets

21、go sailing and waterskiing. Thats so exciting. Sam: Its expensive, too. Lets just sit in the sun and go swimming instead. Alice: Lets stay over Saturday night and spend Sunday there, too. We could stay at the Six Star Hotel. Sam: Be sensible, Alice. Its too expensive. Lets sleep outside instead. Ali

22、ce: Yes. Lets sleep on the sand. Thats more exciting.,/ s / -Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. sea sit star sleep spend,辅音 / z /,Producing sound The / z / sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are shown clenched together. The tongue touches all of the top teeth.,“

23、Surprises in the post Office Ms. Valdez: This package smells funny, Liz. Ms. Jones: Somethings written on it. Ms. Valdez: what does it say? Ms. Jones: It says: this package contains six mice. Ms. Valdez: Ugh! Ms. Jones: Listen! Whats in the sack? Ms. Valdez: Its making a strange hissing sound. Sack:

24、 (hisses) Ssssssssssssss! Ms. Jones: Susan! Its a sack of snakes! Ms. Valdez: Oh, it is! I wonder whats in the box, Liz. Ms. Jones: Its making a buzzing noise. Box: (buzzes): Zzzzzzzzzzzz! Ms. Valdez: These are bees! Ms. Jones: A package of mice! And a sack of snakes! And a box of bees! This is very

25、 surprising! Ms. Valdez: Its amazing. This isnt a post office, Liz. Its a zoo.,/ z / -Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. zoo zip zealous zebra zap,/N/ and /I/,/N/ and /I/ 是一对舌端齿龈后部摩擦音发音时，舌前部向硬颚接近，舍尖与上齿龈平，双唇向前突出，略成方形，不要用扁唇或圆唇 LingualiHgwa:舌 PalatalpFlDtl: 上颚音,/N/ and /I/ are lingua-pal

26、atal fricatives. You produce them very much like the /s/ and /z/, except the tongue is farther back and the lips are rounded. /N/ is voiceless and /I/ is voiced. /N/ is not a particularly common sound in English or the languages of the world, but can be learned quite easily.,/N/ and /I/(contd),The /

27、 N / is the least frequent of the consonants in English and is not common in the worlds language. / N / can be used in initial, medial, and final positions in words, but / I / is not found in word-initial position in English words.,With / N / and / I /, lip rounding is very important. For example, y

28、ou can get / N / by making /s/ first, then move the tongue body a little backward, then say it again with rounded lips,辅音/N/,Producing sound The /N/ sound is made by opening the mouth and pushing the lips outward. The teeth are shown clenched together. The sides of the tongue touch the top back teet

29、h. Air is blown through slowly.,“A Special Washing Machine” Sally Fisher: do you sell washing machines? Sid Sharp: Yes. Were having a special sale on this machine here. Sally Fisher: Is that a Danish machine? The name looks Danish. Sid Sharp: no. Its Swedish. Would you like me to demonstrate it for

30、you? Sally Fisher: Sure. Id like to see how it washes. Sid Sharp: OK. Let me give you a demonstration. Here are some sheets and shirts. You put them in the machine. You shut the door. And then you just push this button. Sally Fisher: The machine shouldnt shake like that, should it? Sid sharp: Washin

31、g machines always shake. Ah! Its finished. Sally Fisher: But the sheets have shrunk. And look at how short the shirts are! Sid Sharp: Oh, those shirts were short before I washed them. And cotton sheets always shrink a little. Sally Fisher: Well, Im not sure. Could you show me another machine? Sid Sh

32、arp: Yes, but this is the only machine we have at the special sale price.,/N/ -Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. Shop Shrink sure sharp shell,/h/,是声门摩擦音，发音时气流不受阻碍，只是在通过声门时发出轻微的摩擦成音清辅音 GlottalglCtl:声门的,声门发音的 Velarvi:lD:软颚音,/h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative. It is simply a stream of

33、 air from the larynx directed through the open mouth. It is not found in word-final position in English words. /h/ is not generally a problem sound, but some learners may use a voiceless velar fricative, as a substitution, which sounds more like a Chinese (h) in the pronunciation of 喝(h) meaning to

34、drink.,辅音/h/,Producing sound The /h/ sound is made by opening the mouth medium wide. The teeth are apart, with some of the top and bottom front teeth shown. The tongue is in the middle of the mouth. Air is blown through slowly.,“A Horrible Accident” Helen: Hello, Ellen. Ellen: Hello, Helen. Have you

35、 heard the news? Theres been a horrible accident. Helen: Oh, no! What happened? Ellen: Hilda Harriss husband Henry, had an accident on his way home from work. Helen: How awful! Was he hurt? Ellen: Yes. He was taken to the hospital in an ambulance. Helen: How did it happen? Ellen: His car was hit by

36、an express train, It happened at the crossing just behind his house. Helen: How horrible! Ellen: Hes having an operation in the hospital now. Poor Hilda! You can imagine how unhappy she is. Helen: I hope hell be all right. Ellen: I hope so, too.,/h/ -Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice.

37、 here heel hose hat hand,/t N / and /d I /,兼有爆破音和摩擦音的特点，因而叫破擦音，发音时，舌前端抵住硬颚，舌尖抵住下齿龈，舌中部与硬颚形成 N /的缝隙，互为清浊成对,/t N / and /d I / are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath-stream between the tongue and gum ridge, for a stop and a fricative. The term affricate means blend, in this

38、case, consisting of a stop and a fricative. The / t N / is a blend combination of /t / and / N / : it starts out as a t stop and then the tongue moves into the position for N . The / d I / is a blend of d and I: it starts out as a d and then the tongue moves into the usual position for I. Both /t N

39、/ and /d I / can occur in initial, medial, and final positions in words.,/t N / and /d I /,/t N / and /d I / are fairly easy to perceive at normal conversational levels. The overall strength of production is important for /t N / because weakening leads to a N substitution.,/ d I / is less tense than

40、 / t N /, but it is still made with considerable strength. Weakening may lead to a I substitution. Lip rounding will help to stabilize the sound.,辅音/ t N /,Producing sound The /t N/ sound is made by opening the mouth and pushing the lips outward. The teeth are shown clenched together. The tip of the

41、 tongue touches the top of the mouth. Air is blown through slowly.,“At the Butcher Shop” Butcher: Good morning, Ms. Chan. What can I get you today? Ms. Chan: Good morning, Mr. Church. Id like some lamb chops for the childrens lunch. Butcher: Shoulder chops, Ms. Chan? Ms. Chan: I will take four shoul

42、ders and a small chicken? Butcher: Would you like to choose a chicken? Ms. Chan: Which one is cheaper? Butcher: This ones the cheapest. Ms. Chan: How much is all that? I dont have much cash. Can I give you a check? Butcher: Yes, of course, Ms. Chan.,/ t N / -Practice Words,Listen and repeat each word twice. cheap chop chicken choose check,辅音/ d I /,Producing sound The / d I / sound is made by opening the mouth and pushing the lips outward. The teeth are shown clenched together. The tip of the tongue touches the top of the mouth.,“George Churchi