文化差异与跨文化交际.ppt

1、Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Cultural Gap and Inter-cultural Communication 文化差异与跨文化交际,Ethnocentrism Cultural Chauvinism Relativism Racism,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,To be continued on the next page.,Ethnic refers to cultural heritage, and centrism refers to th

2、e central starting point or the tendency of people to put their own group at the center. Thus, ethnocentrism basically refers to judging other groups from ones own cultural point of view, or misinterpreting other cultures because one uses the concepts of his own culture.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,T

3、o be continued on the next page.,Ethnocentrism (种族优越论),II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,Ethnocentrism can lead to making false assumptions about others ways based on ones own limited experience. The key word is assumptions, because we are not even aware that we are being ethnocentric. That

4、is people dont understand that they dont understand. For example, American people often talk about British drivers driving on the wrong side of the road. They dont just say, opposite side or even left hand side. Everybody can be ethnocentric, as all of us around the world assume things about other p

5、eoples ways.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Ethnocentrism (种族优越论),II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,Ethnocentrism may manifest itself in attitudes of superiority or sometimes hostility. Violence, discrimination, proselytizing, and verbal aggressiveness are other

6、 means whereby ethnocentrism may be expressed. Why are people ethnocentric? It is normal to assume things on the basis of ones own experience, although it is sometimes wrong. Peoples perceptions of colors, time frames, values on industriousness, social roles, and beliefs about Life and the Universe

7、provide important meanings in daily life. Therefore, peoples limited experiences they have already had are the basis for interpreting new experiences, and in the case of others behaviors.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Ethnocentrism (种族优越论),II. Ethnocentrism and other r

8、elated terms,What is the problem with ethnocentrism? Ethnocentrism leads people to make false assumptions about other peoples. People are ethnocentric when they use their cultural norms as a universal yardstick to make generalizations about other peoples cultures and customs. People of one culture m

9、ay falsely distort what is meaningful and functional to other peoples through his own tinted glasses. At the best, people simply continue in his unawareness. You may be well meaning in interethnic relations, but can unintentionally offend others, generate ill feelings, and even set up situations tha

10、t harm others. Ethnocentrism is evident in international relations, creating conflicts and inhibiting resolution of conflicts. There are extreme forms of ethnocentrism that pose serious social problems, such as racism, chauvinism, and ethnic cleansing. These views are generally condemned by the worl

11、d community, but regular cases can be seen in the news.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Ethnocentrism (种族优越论),II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,What can we do about ethnocentrism? Addressing ethnocentrism is not a matter of just trying not to be ethnocentric. Sin

12、ce people will never experience every life situation of everyone around the world, assumptions about life are based on existing limited experience. A more effective way is to catch yourself when you are being ethnocentric and seek to develop better understandings. Once we realize that we are not und

13、erstanding, we are now in a better position to seek more valid and balanced understandings.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Ethnocentrism (种族优越论),II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,Chauvinism is a word derived from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, a soldier of the Fir

14、st French Empire. Used first for a passionate admiration of Napoleon, it now expresses exaggerated and aggressive nationalism. As a social phenomenon, chauvinism is essentially modern, becoming marked in the era of acute national rivalries and imperialism beginning in the 19th century. Chauvinism ex

15、alts consciousness of nationality, spreads hatred of minorities and other nations, and is associated with militarism, imperialism, and racism. In the 1960s, the term “male chauvinist” appeared in the womens liberation movement; it is applied to males who refuse to regard females as equals.,Lesson 10

16、 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Chauvinism (沙文主义),II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,Racism is the belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. Sometimes, this term is also used to refer to discri

17、mination or prejudice based on race.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Racism (种族主义),II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,Ethnocentrism is often linked to a sociological theory called cultural relativism. Cultural relativists assert that concepts are socially construc

18、ted and vary cross-culturally. These concepts may include such fundamental notions as what is considered true, morally correct, and what constitutes knowledge or even reality itself.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Cultural Relativism (文化相对主义),II. Ethnocentrism and other

19、 related terms,Cultural Relativism is an attempt to understand the cultural development of societies and social groups on their own terms, that is, without trying to impose absolute ideas of moral value or trying to measure different cultural variations in terms of some form of absolute cultural sta

20、ndard. This may be a positive value in terms of interethnic relations. By cultural relativism, all cultures are equally worthy of respect and in studying another culture people need to suspend judgment, empathize and try and understand the way that particular culture sees the world.,Lesson 10 The Gr

21、een Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Cultural Relativism,II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,In this sense, under specific circumstances, any form of human behavior can appear to be good or bad. People should suspend judgment, investigate, and try to be culturally relative in order to

22、reach a thoughtful personal judgment. Cultural Relativism is a good approach to dismantle ethnocentrism, chauvinism and racism.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,The end of Ethnocentrism.,Cultural Relativism,II. Ethnocentrism and other related terms,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Inter-cultural Understanding,T

23、he world of today is drastically different from that of twenty, or even five years ago. The influence of economic globalization, the technological development and the cultural exchanges sets the scene. This development demands a completely new approach to any type of international relations. No matt

24、er who you are or where you live, no matter what nation or culture you come from, you will need to recognize one very important truth when you communicate with people in other countries. Other people may dress like you, speak the same language, but are not just like you.,To be continued on the next

25、page.,You may communicate with people that have very different histories, languages, and ways of doing and thinking. They may have a different sense of time, and a different sense of humor. They may have different ways of expressing feelings, and different perceptions of many things in the world. In

26、 a word, they have different cultures.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Inter-cultural Understanding,Please think about your own relevant experience.,To be continued on the next page.,Social issues form the backbone of any culture. People in different countries conduct their lives in different ways. It is

27、 far better to know the rules than to risk offending anyone. For example, people should know something about the country they are visitingits history, its people, its heritage. The preparation helps people make conversation and learn more from the experience. In addition, it is a sign of respect for

28、 those you are meeting. Inter-cultural understanding does not come overnight. It will only come with preparation, effort, and an open mind.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Inter-cultural Understanding,To be continued on the next page.,Please think about your own relevant experience.,Lesson 10 The Green B

29、anana,China,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Britain,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Egypt,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To b

30、e continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Greece,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Italy,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Morocco,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continu

31、ed on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Nigeria,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,B,T,L,E,W,Paris,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Russia,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be contin

32、ued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,South Africa,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Switzerland,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,To be continued on the next page.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Australia,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,The end

33、 of the Inter-cultural understanding.,Inter-cultural Understanding,Greenland,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Culture Shock,Click the picture for more information.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Culture Shock,_,To be continued on the next page.,The term, culture shock, was introduced for the first time in 195

34、8 to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. The feeling of culture shock genera

35、lly sets in after the first few weeks of coming to a new place.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Culture Shock,_,_,To be continued on the next page.,We can describe culture shock as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place

36、 of origin. Often, the way that we lived before is not accepted as or considered as normal in the new place. Everything is different, for example, not speaking the language, not knowing how to use banking machines, not knowing how to use the telephone and so forth.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,Culture

37、 Shock,_,_,The end of Cultural Shock.,The symptoms of cultural shock can appear at different times. Although one can experience real pain from culture shock, it is also an opportunity for redefining ones life objectives. It is a great opportunity for learning and acquiring new perspectives. Culture

38、shock can make one develop a better understanding of oneself and stimulate personal creativity.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,V. Tower of Babel,Click the picture for more information.,To be continued on the next page.,Lesson 10 The Green Banana,V. Tower of Babel,_,_,To be continued on the next page.,This allusion is from Old TestamentGenesis 11,