(doc)-模具专业外文翻译---现代快速经济制造模具技术-模具设计

现代快速经济制造模具技术伴随着全球经济的发展，新的技术革命不断取得新的进展和突破，技术的飞跃发展已经成为推动世界经济增长的重要因素。市场经济的不断发展，促使工业产品越来越向多品种、小批量、高质量、低成本的方向发展，为了保持和加强产品在市场上的竞争力，产品的开发周期、生产周期越来越短，于是对制造各种产品的关键工艺装备模具的要求越来越苛刻。一方面企业为追求规模效益，使得模具向着高速、精密、长寿命方向发展；另一方面企业为了满足多品种、小批量、产品更新换代快、赢得市场的需要，要求模具向着制造周期短、成本低的快速经济的方向发展。计算机、激光、电子、新材料、新技术的发展，使得快速经济制模技术如虎添翼，应用范围不断扩大，类型不断增多，创造的经济效益和社会效益越来越显著。快速经济制模技术与传统的机械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度与寿命又能满足生产上的使用要求，是综合经济效益比较显著的一类制造模具的技术，概括起来，有以下几种类别。1快速原型制造技术快速原型制造技术简称RPM，是80年代后期发展起来的一种新型制造技术。美国、日本、英国、以色列、德国、中国都推出了自己的商业化产品，并逐渐形成了新型产业。RPM是电脑、激光、光学扫描、先进的新型材料、计算机辅助设计CAD、计算机辅助加工CAM、数控CNC综合应用的高新技术。在成型概念上以平面离散、堆积为指导，在控制上以计算机和数控为基础，以最大柔性为总体目标。它摒弃了传统的机械加工方法，对制造业的变革是一个重大的突破，利用RPM技术可以直接或间接地快速制模，该技术已被汽车、航空、家电、船舶、医疗、模具等行业广泛应用。2表面成型制模技术表面成型制模技术，主要是利用喷涂、电铸、化学腐蚀等新的工艺方法形成型腔表面及精细花纹的一种工艺技术，实际应用中包括以下几种类型。电弧喷涂成型制模技术电弧喷涂成型技术的原理是利用2根通电的金属丝之间产生电弧的热量将金属丝熔化，依靠高压气体将其充分雾化，并给予一定的动能，高速喷射在样模表面，层层镶嵌，形成一金属壳体，即型腔的内表面，再用充填基体材料一般为金属粉粒与树脂的复合材料加以支撑加固，提高其强度和刚性，连同金属模架组合成模具。这种制模技术工艺简单、成本低，制造周期非常短，型腔表面的成型仅需几个小时，节省能源和金属材料，一般型腔表面仅23MM厚，仿真性极强，花纹精度可达到05M。目前该技术被广泛地用于飞机、汽车的内饰件模具、家电、家俱、制鞋、美术工艺品等表面形状复杂及花纹精细的各种聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU发泡及各类注射成型模具中。电铸成型技术电铸成型技术的原理同电镀一样，是依样模现成制品或按制品图纸制成的母模为基准阴极，置放在电铸液中阳极，使电铸液中的金属离子还原后一层一层地沉积在样模上，形成金属壳体，将其剥离后，与样模接触的表面即为模具的型腔内表面。该技术主要特点是节省材料、模具制造周期短，电铸层硬度可达40HRC，提高了耐磨性和寿命，粗糙度、尺寸精度与样模完全一致，适用于注射、吸塑、吹塑、搪塑、胶木模、玻璃模、压铸模等模具型腔及电火花成型电极的制造。型腔表面精细花纹成型的蚀刻技术蚀刻技术是光学、化学、机加工综合应用的一种技术，它的基本原理是先把花纹图案制成胶片，再把胶片上的花纹图案复制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上，经过化学处理，模具型腔表面形成不被蚀刻部分的保护层，再根据模具材质，选择相应蚀刻工艺，将花纹图案蚀刻在模具内表面上。该技术的主要特点是时间短、费用低，修补破损花纹图案可做到天衣无缝。3浇铸成型制模技术浇铸成型制模技术的共同特点是依样件为基准，浇铸出凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要机械加工。4挤压成型技术利用铍铜合金的良好的导热性和稳定性，经固熔时效处理后，采用冷挤压制造模具凹模型腔。其特点是制造周期短，型腔精度高IT7级，表面粗糙度RA0025M,强度高，寿命可达50万次，无环境污染。该技术是利用金属材料在细化晶粒、一定成型温度、低变形速率条件下，材料具有最佳超塑性时，将事先制作好的凸模，用较小的力便可挤压出凹模的一种快速经济制模技术。超塑成型材料的典型代表是ZN22AL。5无模多点成形技术无模多点快速成形技术是以CAD/CAM/CAT技术为主要手段，利用计算机控制高度可调基本体群形成上下成形面，代替传统模具对板料进行三维曲面成形的又一现代先进制造技术。此项技术可以随意改变变形路径与受力状态，提高材料的成形极限，可反复成形，以此消除材料内部的残余应力，实现无回弹成形。6凯维朗KEVRON钢带冲裁落料制模技术新型钢带冲裁落料制模技术是一种不同于一般具有凸、凹模结构的钢带模，它是由单刃钢带与特制垫板组成的新型快速经济制模技术。这种模具重量轻，一般只有200KG，加工精度为035050MM，可适合各种黑色和有色金属的05065MM厚的板料加工。寿命可达到525万次，制造成本低。7模具毛坯的快速制造技术实型铸造由于大量的模具是属于单件或小批量生产，模具毛坯的制造质量和周期及成本对最终的模具质量和周期及成本的影响是至关重要的。现代模具毛坯已广泛地采用子实型铸造技术，所谓实型铸造就是利用泡沫塑料聚苯乙烯PS或聚甲基丙烯酸酯PMMA制作代替传统的木模或金属模，造型后不需取出模型，便可以浇铸，泡沫塑料模型的高温液体金属作用下，迅速燃烧气化而消失，金属液取代原来泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置，冷凝后形成铸件。8其它方面技术为了简化模具的结构设计，降低模具成本，缩短模具制造周期，在国内外也先后出现了一些其它方面新技术的应用，如快换模架、冲压单元、刃口堆焊、镶块铸造、氮气弹簧等。氮气弹簧在模具上的应用氮气弹簧是一种新型弹性功能部件，用它代替弹簧、橡胶、聚氨酯或者气垫，它能够准确地提供压边力，在较小空间便可产生较大初始弹压力，不需预紧，在模具整个工作过程中弹压力基本恒定。弹压力大小及受力点位置可随时、准确、方便地调整，简化模具拉伸、压边、卸料等结构，简化模具设计，缩短制模周期，调试模具方便，缩短更换模具时间，提高生产效率。快速换模技术由于产品品种的增多，使模具在生产中更换变得十分频繁，于是如何缩短冲压设备的停机时间，提高生产效率，快速换模技术受到了人们的关注。目前发达工业国家的一些大公司换模速度达到了惊人的程度，是否具有快速换模技术已成为企业技术进步的一项标志。总的趋势就是减少模具在设备上安装、固定、调整的时间，这既要在设备结构设计上予以考虑，又要在模具的结构设计、标准化方面予以考虑，将机上的作业尽可能地放在机下做。冲压单元组合技术冲压单元组合技术是将常规的冲模分解为一个个简单的单元冲模，根据工序件的要求，排列组合，在同一次冲程内完成多种冲压工序的新型工艺装备，工作时冲压单元不与冲床滑块联接，只需滑块打击即可完成冲压工作。单独使用时它就是1副完整模具。它可以用来加工板料或型材的冲孔、落料、切角、切槽、切断及浅拉伸等。具有组装快捷、使用方便、通用性强、经济性好等特点，特别适合多品种、中小批量生产。可加工塑料在模具制造中的应用可加工塑料在发达的工业国家应用较普遍，特别是在汽车、飞机等制造业中，主要代替木材或金属制作汽车车身主模型、靠模、检具和铸造模型等。可加工塑料的主要特点是兼备木材和金属的优良加工性能，制作工艺简捷可采用模塑、浇注、拼粘、雕塑等方法、尺寸稳定性好、不变形、耐潮湿、耐腐蚀、易修复、易改型、重量轻、制作周期短、成本低。快速经济制模技术种类很多，其所具有的特点、应用范围各不相同，本文仅能概括地做一些简单介绍，每种技术在具体应用和实施过程中尚有许多具体的工艺过程、工艺参数及其技术特性。模具是基础工业之一，在全球化市场经济和各种高新技术的迅猛发展形势下，快速经济模具赋予了新的使命和全新的内涵，分类不断增加，快速经济制模材料向着多品种系列化迈进，工艺不断有新的创新和突破，与之配套设备相继问世，服务领域在不断地拓宽，创造的经济效益越来越显著。随着商品经济的发展，激烈的市场竞争，产品更新换代的加速，对快速经济制模技术在缩短周期、降低成本，提高精度和延长寿命方面的要求势必会越来越高。由于它能使企业赢得市场，创造显著的经济效益，越来越受到企业家的青睐和有关领导部门的极大关注与政策资金的支持。各种快速经济制模技术在推广应用过程中也会不断完善成熟和发展，由于高新技术的发展，各种技术的复合与渗透，为适应生产中的不同需求，今后必定会形成一些新型、节约能源、节约材料的快速制模技术。MODERNFASTECONOMYMANUFACTUREMOLDTECHNOLOGYALONGWITHTHEGLOBALECONOMYDEVELOPMENT,THENEWTECHNOLOGICALREVOLUTIONMADETHENEWPROGRESSANDTHEBREAKTHROUGHUNCEASINGLY,THETECHNICALLEAPDEVELOPMENTALREADYBECOMESTHEIMPORTANTATTRIBUTEWHICHTHEIMPETUSWORLDECONOMICSGREWTHEMARKETECONOMYUNCEASINGDEVELOPMENT,URGESTHEINDUSTRYPRODUCTMOREANDMORETOTHEMULTIVARIETIES,HIGHGRADE,THELOWCOSTDIRECTIONTODEVELOP,INORDERTOMAINTAINANDSTRENGTHENSTHEPRODUCTINMARKETCOMPETITIVEPOWER,PRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCYCLE,PRODUCTIONCYCLEMOREANDMORESHORT,THEREUPONTOMAKESEACHKINDOFPRODUCTTHEESSENTIALCRAFTEQUIPMENTMOLDREQUESTTOBEMOREANDMOREHARSHONTHEONEHANDTHEENTERPRISEFORTHEPURSUESCALEBENEFIT,CAUSESTHEMOLDTOTURNTOWARDSHIGHSPEED,ISPRECISE,THELONGLIFEDIRECTIONDEVELOPSONTHEOTHERHANDENTERPRISEINORDERTOSATISFYTHEMULTIVARIETIES,THEPRODUCTRENEWALQUICKLY,WINSTHEMARKETTHENEED,REQUESTSTHEMOLDTOTURNTOWARDSTHEMANUFACTURECYCLETOBESHORT,THECOSTLOWFASTECONOMYDIRECTIONDEVELOPSTHECOMPUTER,THELASER,ELECTRONIC,THENEWMATERIAL,THENEWTECHNICALDEVELOPMENT,CAUSESTHEFASTECONOMICALPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYEVENMOREPOWERFUL,THEAPPLICATIONSCOPEEXPANDSUNCEASINGLY,THETYPEINCREASESUNCEASINGLY,THECREATIONECONOMICEFFICIENCYANDTHESOCIALEFFICIENCYAREMOREANDMOREREMARKABLETHEFASTECONOMICALPATTERNMAKINGTECHNOLOGYANDTHETRADITIONALMACHINEFINISHINGCOMPARES,HASTHEPATTERNMAKINGCYCLESHORT,THECOSTISLOW,THEPRECISIONANDTHELIFECANSATISFYINTHEPRODUCTIONTHEOPERATIONREQUIREMENTS,ISSYNTHESIZESANECONOMICEFFICIENCYQUITEREMARKABLEKINDTOMAKETHEMOLDTHETECHNOLOGY,SUMMARIZESBELOW,HASSEVERALTYPESTOLEAVE1FASTPROTOTYPE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