已阅读5页，还剩111页未读， 继续免费阅读
版权说明：本文档由用户提供并上传，收益归属内容提供方，若内容存在侵权，请进行举报或认领
文档简介
5,LECTURESONFORENSICMEDICINETEACHINGWORKBOOKFOR5THYEARSTUDENTSOFHIGHERMEDICALEDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSOFTHEFACULTYONPREPARATIONOFEXPERTSFORFOREIGNCOUNTRIES,SPECIALTYOFGENERALMEDICINE20126134060721115812767,675,LECTURESONFORENSICMEDICINETEACHINGWORKBOOKFOR5THYEARSTUDENTSOFHIGHERMEDICALEDUCATIONALINSTITUTIONSOFTHEFACULTYONPREPARATIONOFEXPERTSFORFOREIGNCOUNTRIESSPECIALTYOFGENERALMEDICINE,2012112ISBN9789855064351,5,052012,261340607211158127ISBN9789855064351,2012CONTENTFORENSICMEDICINE4CHAPTER1DEATH11CHAPTER2CHANGESAFTERDEATH17CHAPTER3TIMESINCEDEATH24CHAPTER4BLUNTFORCEINJURIES33CHAPTER5SHARPFORCEINJURIES41CHAPTER6GUNSHOTINJURIES48CHAPTER7INJURYANDDEATHINWATER57CHAPTER8INJURYANDDEATHINFIRE63CHAPTER9BURNSANDELECTRICALINJURIES71CHAPTER10HEADINJURIES77CHAPTER11INJURYANDDEATHONTHEROAD85CHAPTER12ALCOHOLS92CHAPTER13NONMEDICINALPOISONSCARBONMONOXIDE99CHAPTER14ASPHYXIA105LITERATURE110FORENSICMEDICINEINTRODUCTIONFORENSICSCIENCEISTHEAPPLICATIONOFSCIENCEPERTAININGTOTHELAWANDREQUIRESTHECOMPLEMENTARYINTERACTIONOFAWIDERANGEOFSCIENTIFICSPECIALTIESANDDISCIPLINESTHE1STASPECTOFAPPLIEDFORENSICSCIENCEBEGINSWITHTHEIDENTIFICATION,INDIVIDUALIZATIONORCLASSIFICATIONOFPHYSICALEVIDENCEFORSOMETYPESOFEVIDENCE,IDENTIFICATIONORINDIVIDUALIZATIONMAYONLYBEPOSSIBLEAFTERCONDUCTINGCHEMICALORSCIENTIFICTESTSTYPESOFEVIDENCETHATREQUIRETESTINGTOINSUREACCURATEIDENTIFICATIONINCLUDEBLOODSTAINS,BODYFLUIDS,DRUGS,ARSONACCELERANTSANDOTHERCHEMICALSTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFUNKNOWNSUBSTANCESOROBJECTSMAYBEACHIEVEDBYCOMPARINGTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSWITHTHOSEOFKNOWNSTANDARDS,PREVIOUSLYESTABLISHEDCRITERIAORDATABASEINFORMATIONINTHEFORENSICEXAMINATIONOFFIBERSANDHAIRS,DETERMINATIONOFFIBERTYPE,FORM,DYECOMPOSITION,ELUCIDATIONOFCOLOR,SPECIESORANATOMICALORIGINSUTILIZECLASSCHARACTERISTICSFORSUCHIDENTIFICATIONTHEULTIMATEGOALOFTHEIDENTIFICATIONPROCESSINFORENSICSCIENCEISINDIVIDUALIZATIONTOSAYTHATAPARTICULARPIECEOFEVIDENCEORIGINATESFROMASPECIFICLOCUS,SCENEORPERSONINREALITY,FEWTYPESOFEVIDENCECANBEUNEQUIVOCALLYINDIVIDUALIZEDLIKEFINGERPRINTANDDEOXYRIBONUCLEICACIDEVIDENCEALLOTHERTYPESOFEVIDENCE,IFAPPROPRIATELYIDENTIFIED,CANBESAIDTOBECONSISTENTWITHORIGINATINGFROMAPARTICULARSOURCE,SITEORINDIVIDUALMANYOFTHECLASSICALDATABASES,TECHNIQUESANDTESTSNOWROUTINELYUSEDINFORENSICIDENTIFICATIONHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTED,DEVELOPEDANDREFINEDINAPROCESSWHICH,FORSOMEDISCIPLINES,HASTAKENCENTURIES,ANDFORMORERECENTTECHNOLOGIES,DECADESTODEPICTTHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTANDGROWTHOFFORENSICSCIENCES,THISNARRATIVEWILLBROADLYADDRESSDOCUMENTEDINSTANCESOFTHEORGANIZATIONALANDDEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFSEVERALDISCIPLINESANDSPECIALTIESWITHINTHEPROFESSION,OUTLININGTHEPROGRESSIONFROMBASICCONCEPTIONTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFSOMEMETHODOLOGIESANDTECHNIQUESUSEDTODAYTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEFIELDORIGINATESWITHTHEWORLDWIDEDEVELOPMENTOFANUMBEROFDIFFERENTSPECIALTYORSUBSPECIALTYSCIENTIFICDISCIPLINES,WITHTHERATEOFADVANCEORDEVELOPMENTOFEACHDISCIPLINEBEINGEXTREMELYVARIABLE,DUETOCOMPLEXITY,GEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONORAVAILABILITYOFFINANCIALRESOURCESANDTECHNOLOGYFORENSICMEDICINEANDTOXICOLOGYTHEEARLIESTDOCUMENTEDFORENSICSPECIALTYCOULDPROBABLYBECONSIDEREDTOBEFORENSICMEDICINE,ALSOKNOWNASLEGALMEDICINEORMEDICALJURISPRUDENCE,ANDISTHEAPPLICATIONOFMEDICINEANDMEDICALSCIENCETOANSWERLEGALPROBLEMSRECORDSINDICATETHATTHEFIRSTDOCUMENTEDDISSERTATIONONFORENSICMEDICINEWASWRITTENINCHINAINTHE6THCENTURYBYANINDIVIDUALNAMEDHSUCHICHTSSIALTHOUGHTHISWORKWASAPPARENTLYLOST,A2NDCHINESEMANUSCRIPTSTILLEXISTSCOMPLETEDIN1247,THEHSIDUANYUTHEWASHINGAWAYOFWRONGSPROVIDESWHATISTHOUGHTTOBETHEFIRSTALLIANCEOFMEDICINEANDLAWANDSUPPLIESSPECIFICATIONSONDISTINGUISHINGDEATHBYDROWNINGORSTRANGULATIONFROMDEATHBYNATURALCAUSESFURTHERRECORDSSUGGESTTHATLEGALMEDICINEREALLYBEGANTOPROSPERSOMETIMEINTHE6THCENTURY,HERALDINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNDAYSCIENCEANDMEDICINEITWASNOTUNTILAROUNDTHEENDOFTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYTHATTHEFIRSTAPPEARANCEOFLEGALMEDICINEEXPERTSINTHECOURTROOMWASDOCUMENTEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNDAYCHEMISTRYISCONSIDEREDTOHAVEBEGUNATTHEENDOFTHE18THCENTURY,PAVINGTHEWAYFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNTOXICOLOGYCLOSELYRELATEDTOFORENSICMEDICINE,FORENSICTOXICOLOGYCENTERSONTHEDETERMINATIONOFTOXICSUBSTANCESINHUMANTISSUESANDORGANSANDTHESUBSEQUENTDETERMINATIONOFTHEROLEANYTOXICAGENTSMAYHAVEINCONTRIBUTINGTOORCAUSINGDEATHINGENERAL,FORENSICTOXICOLOGYCASESENTAILSOMEFORMOFDRUGORALCOHOLABUSEONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALPEOPLEINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTOXICOLOGYWASMATHIEUORFILAORFILAMOVEDTOFRANCEIN1807ANDEVENTUALLYBECAMEDEANOFTHEMEDICALSCHOOLINPARISHEISCONSIDEREDTOBEONEOFTHEFIRSTEXPERTSTOPROVIDERELIABLESCIENTIFICEVIDENCEINACRIMINALTRIAL,WHILEHISACADEMICSTUDIESPROVIDEDTOXICOLOGYAFIRMNICHEWITHINTHEDEVELOPINGSCIENCESORFILAANDASSOCIATESAREALSOCREDITEDWITHDEVELOPINGTHE1STCHEMICALTESTTODETECTARSENIC,THEPOISONOFCHOICEATTHATTIMEHOWEVER,ITWASJAMESMARSH,ASCOTTISHCHEMIST,WHOWASCONSIDEREDTOBETHEFIRSTTOPROVIDETOXICOLOGICALEVIDENCESUPPORTINGARSENICDETECTIONFORALEGALTRIAL,AROUND1836THELAFARGECASE,ALSOCONDUCTEDBYORFILA,ISDOCUMENTEDASTHEFIRSTCASEINWHICHTHEDEFENSECALLEDANOPPOSINGEXPERT,FRANCOISVINCENTRASPAIL,INANATTEMPTTOREFUTETHESCIENTIFICEVIDENCEOFTHEPROSECUTIONSEXPERTWITNESSPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONPLAYSAMAMMOTHROLEINFORENSICANDCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONS,ANDMANYSUBSPECIALTIESINPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONARESTILLBEINGDEVELOPEDANDMOREFREQUENTLYUTILIZEDFORENSICODONTOLOGYUSESDENTALRECORDSTOFACILITATEHUMANIDENTIFICATIONTHISTYPEOFIDENTIFICATIONPROCESSISOFTENCALLEDFORINTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFUNRECOGNIZABLEBODIES,AFTERMASSDISASTERS,ANDINTHEIDENTIFICATIONANDCOMPARISONOFBITEMARKSALSOFACILITATINGPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONISTHEUSEOFFORENSICANTHROPOLOGYTHISDISCIPLINE,MAINLYCONCERNEDWITHBODILYORSKELETALREMAINS,HAS,OVERRECENTYEARS,CONSTRUCTEDANUMBEROFDATABASESCATALOGUINGDIFFERENCESINPHYSICALSTRUCTUREOFTHEBODYASAFUNCTIONOFSEXANDRACEITWASALPHONSEBERTILLONWHOFIRSTDEVELOPEDTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTANDEARLIESTPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONSYSTEM,ATTHEENDOFTHE19THCENTURYBERTILLONSSYSTEMOFANTHROPOMETRY,WHICHINVOLVEDASERIESOFBODYANDFACIALMEASUREMENTS,WASDEVELOPEDTOESTABLISHAPROCESSFORUSEINTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFHABITUALCRIMINALSTHESYSTEM,ALSOKNOWNASBERTILLONAGE,WASDEVISEDINPARISANDAPPLIEDWORLDWIDENOWADAYS,ITISCONSIDEREDTHATTHISSYSTEMOFIDENTIFICATIONCANNOTBEUTILIZEDTOUNIQUELYIDENTIFYONEPERSONASBEINGDISTINCTFROMALLOTHERSALTHOUGHTHECONCEPTOFANTHROPOMETRYWASCONSIDEREDTHEORETICALLYPOSSIBLE,INPRACTICE,INCONSISTENCYINMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUESDECREASEDTHEDISCRIMINATINGABILITYOFTHESYSTEMDESPITETHIS,BERTILLONSSYSTEMISSTILLCONSIDEREDTOHAVEMADEASIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFORENSICSCIENCE,REPRESENTINGONEOFTHEFIRSTEXAMPLESOFTHEUSEOFINDIVIDUALIZATIONFORCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONANTHROPOMETRICSYSTEMSWEREREPLACEDASTHESCIENCEOFFINGERPRINTINGWASDEVELOPEDANDTHEVALUEOFFINGERPRINTINGINPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONANDINDIVIDUALIZATIONWASACKNOWLEDGEDFINGERPRINTSFINGERPRINTEXAMINATIONISPROBABLYTHEMOSTUSEDOFPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONTECHNIQUESMUCHOFTHEWORKINVOLVESTHESTUDYANDCLASSIFICATIONOFFINGERPRINTS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFLATENTPRINTSANDTHECOMPARISONOFKNOWNANDUNKNOWNFINGERPRINTSDESPITETHEFACTTHATBERTILLONOPPOSEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFFINGERPRINTING,HEWASTHEFIRSTPERSONINEUROPETOUSELATENTPRINTSTOSOLVEACRIMINALCASE,ASWELLASBEINGAMONGTHEFIRSTTOUSESYSTEMATICCRIMESCENEPHOTOGRAPHYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFINGERPRINTINGFORPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONWASORIGINALLYTHEINITIATIVEOFWILLIAMHERSCHEL,ABRITISHCIVILSERVANTRESIDINGININDIAIN1877,WHOFIRSTPUBLICLYPROPOSEDTHATFINGERPRINTSMIGHTBEUSEFULINTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFCRIMINALSHOWEVER,ITWASHENRYFAULDS,ASCOTTISHPHYSICIANWORKINGINJAPANAROUNDTHESAMETIME,WHORECOGNIZEDTHEVALUEOFLATENTPRINTSFROMACRIMESCENETHEUSEOFFINGERPRINTSINIDENTIFYINGACRIMINALWASSUBSEQUENTLYPUBLISHEDINTHEJOURNALNATURE,ANDFAULDSCONTINUEDONTOUSEFINGERPRINTSTOIDENTIFYATOKYOBURGLARIN1880ASARESULTOFHISOWNSTUDIESANDFINGERPRINTPATTERNTYPESDESCRIBEDBYFRANCISGALTON,JUANVUCETICH,ANARGENTINEANPOLICEOFFICIAL,SETUPHISOWNFINGERPRINTCLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMIN1891IN1892,GALTONPUBLISHEDFINGERPRINTS,THEFIRSTTEXTONTHEUSEOFFINGERPRINTSINPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONANDCRIMEINVESTIGATION,ANDDEVISEDTHEFIRSTSCIENTIFICMETHODSFORTHECLASSIFICATIONOFFINGERPRINTPATTERNSSEVERALYEARSLATER,SIREDWARDRICHARDHENRY,ANOTHERBRITISHCIVILSERVANTININDIA,CONTINUEDTODEVISEAFINGERPRINTCLASSIFICATIONSCHEME,CATALOGUINGSETSOFFINGERPRINTSTHATCOULDBERETRIEVEDFORIDENTIFICATIONPURPOSESHESUBSEQUENTLYDEVELOPEDTHEFINGERPRINTCLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMTHATWOULDREPLACEANTHROPOMETRYINEUROPEANDNORTHAMERICATHISSYSTEMWASIMPLEMENTEDINEUROPEWHENHENRYWASAPPOINTEDHEADOFSCOTLANDYARDINTHEEARLY1900SATTHESAMETIME,INTHEUNITEDSTATES,DEFORRESTINITIATEDTHEFIRSTSYSTEMATICUSEOFFINGERPRINTSINPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONMORERECENTLY,THEFEDERALBUREAUOFINVESTIGATIONSFBISINTEGRATEDAUTOMATEDFINGERPRINTIDENTIFICATIONSYSTEMIAFISWASINITIATEDASAMEANSOFPROVIDINGIDENTIFICATIONSERVICESTOUSLAWENFORCEMENTCOMMUNITIESCRIMINALISTICSTHEDISCIPLINEOFCRIMINALISTICSENCOMPASSESALLAREASOFTRACEEVIDENCE,SUCHASSOIL,GLASS,HAIRS,FIBERS,BLOODANDOTHERBODYFLUIDS,INCLUDING,SALIVA,SWEAT,SEMENANDVITREOUSHUMORCRIMINALISTICSALSOINCLUDESARSON,EXPLOSIVES,DRUGIDENTIFICATIONANDINVESTIGATION,INTERPRETATIONOFPATTERNANDIMPRINTEVIDENCE,ANDISBYFARTHEBROADESTOFTHEDISCIPLINESOFFORENSICSCIENCEASWELLASCONDUCTINGTOXICOLOGYSTUDIES,ORFILAWASALSORESPONSIBLEFORTHEINCEPTIONOFEARLYSTUDIESONBLOODANDSEMENIDENTIFICATIONSOMEOFORFILASEARLIERWORKLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSOMEOFTODAYSROUTINETESTSASEARLYAS1827,ORFILADISCOVEREDTHATEXTRACTINGINTACTSPERMATOZOAFROMSEMINALSTAINSWASEXTREMELYDIFFICULTANDDEVELOPEDASERIESOFCHEMICALTESTSFORSEMENIDENTIFICATIONFOLLOWINGSUBSEQUENTSTUDIES,OTHERSCIENTISTSESTABLISHEDTHATMICROSCOPICALEXAMINATIONOFSEMENSTAINSPROVIDEDTHEMOSTUSEFULFORENSICINFORMATIONIN1891,HANSGROSSOFAUSTRIAFIRSTPROMOTEDTHECONCEPTOFCRIMINALISTICSBYAPPLYINGSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEANDMETHODSTOFACILITATETHEINTERPRETATIONANDANALYSISOFPHYSICALEVIDENCEFORCRIMEINVESTIGATIONGROSS,ALSOALEGALEXPERT,SAWTHEFUNCTIONOFCRIMINALISTICSASTHECOMPLEMENTARYCOLLABORATIONOFVARIOUSFORENSICSPECIALISTSWITHAPPROPRIATESCIENTIFICBACKGROUNDSFORTHEEXAMINATIONANDINTERPRETATIONOFPHYSICALEVIDENCEGROSSWASALSORESPONSIBLEFORTHEEMANCIPATIONOFAJOURNALDEDICATEDTOFORENSICSCIENCESINFRANCE,VICTORBALTHAZARDANDEDMONDLOCARDCONDUCTEDSIMILARWORKBALTHAZARD,MEDICALEXAMINERFORTHECITYOFPARIS,ALSOPERFORMEDSTUDIESONPROBABILITYMODELSFORFINGERPRINTS,BULLETCOMPARISON,ANIMALHAIRSANDBLOODSPATTERPATTERNSIN1910,LOCARDSETUPTHEFIRSTPOLICECRIMELABORATORYINEUROPE,INLYON,THELOCATIONOFTODAYSINTERPOL,ANDISRECOGNIZEDFORTHEINCEPTIONOFTHELOCARDEXCHANGEPRINCIPLEEVERYCONTACTLEAVESATRACE,THEBASICTENETOFFORENSICSCIENCEALSODURINGTHE1920S,LUKEMAYWASTHE1STTODEVELOPANDAPPLYSTRIATIONANALYSISFORTOOLMARKCOMPARISON,INCORPORATINGSTATISTICALANALYSISINTOHISMETHODOLOGYINTHELATTERPARTOFTHE1920S,LOSANGELESCHIEFOFPOLICEAUGUSTVOLLMER,OFTHELOSANGELESCOUNTRYSHERIFFSDEPARTMENT,DEVELOPEDTHE1STUNITEDSTATESPOLICECRIMELABORATORYTHEFBICRIMELABORATORYWASSUBSEQUENTLYESTABLISHEDIN1932,AND5YEARSLATERPAULKIRKSETUPTHE1STACADEMICCRIMINALISTICSPROGRAMINTHEUNITEDSTATESATTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAIN1950,THEAMERICANACADEMYOFFORENSICSCIENCEWASFORMED,WITHTHESUBSEQUENTINSTITUTIONOFTHEJOURNALOFFORENSICSCIENCEBALLISTICSANDFIREARMIDENTIFICATIONTHESPECIALIZATIONOFBALLISTICSANDFIREARMEXAMINATIONRELATESTOFIREARMIDENTIFICATION,COMPARISONOFBULLETMARKINGSANDRIFLING,THEIDENTIFICATIONOFPROJECTILES,CARTRIDGEANDSHELLCASES,ANDDETERMINATIONOFBULLETTRAJECTORIESANDDAMAGETHEHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTOFTHESESPECIALTIESBEGINSAROUND1835WHENHENRYGODDARD,WORKINGFORSCOTLANDYARD,FIRSTUSEDBULLETCOMPARISONSTOPROVIDEEVIDENCELEADINGTOTHEARRESTOFAMURDERERTHECOMPARISONREVEALEDAFLAWINTHEBULLETTHATCOULDBETRACEDBACKTOAFLAWINTHEORIGINALBULLETMOLDNEARLY55YEARSLATER,DRALEXANDRELACASSAGNE,PROFESSOROFFORENSICMEDICINEATTHEUNIVERSITYOFLYON,WASTHE1STTOASSOCIATEBULLETSWITHASPECIFICGUN,BYCOMPARINGSTRIATIONSETCHEDONTHEBULLETFROMAMURDERVICTIMANDSTRIATIONSFROMTHEGUNBARRELFROMWHICHTHEBULLETWASFIREDLACASSAGNEWASALSOONEOFTHE1STTOSTUDYTHENATUREOFBLOODSPATTERPATTERNSTHEDISCIPLINEFURTHERDEVELOPEDAROUND1900,WHENPAULJESRICHTOOKPHOTOMICROGRAPHSOFBULLETSFORCOMPARISON,ANDILLUSTRATEDTHEUSEOFTHISTECHNIQUEFORTHEPOSSIBLEINDIVIDUALIZATIONOFMINUTIAEITWASNOTUNTIL1913THATVICTORBALTHAZARDPUBLISHEDTHE1STSCIENTIFICARTICLEONTHESIGNIFICANCEOFBULLETMARKINGSANDTHEIRRELATIONTOBULLETINDIVIDUALIZATIONFURTHERDEVELOPMENTSOCCURREDDURINGTHE1920S,ASCHARLESWAITEFIRSTCATALOGEDINFORMATIONREGARDINGWEAPONMANUFACTURE,AND,TOGETHERWITHGODDARD,GRAVELLEANDFISHER,FURTHERDEVELOPEDTHETECHNIQUEOFCOMPARISONMICROSCOPYFORBULLETCOMPARISONQUESTIONEDDOCUMENTSANOTHERDIVISIONOFCRIMINALISTICSISQUESTIONEDDOCUMENTEXAMINATION,WHICHENTAILSTHECOMPARISONANDINTERPRETATIONOFHANDWRITINGMATERIALSGENERATEDFROMTYPING,PRINTING,FACSIMILESANDPHOTOCOPYINGANDTHEANALYSISANDAGINGOFPAPER,INKSANDMATERIALSUSEDTOPRODUCEDOCUMENTSSUCHTECHNIQUESWEREUSEDRECENTLYTOASSISTINTHEINVALIDATIONOFTHEHITLERDIARIESFRANCOISDEMELLEINFRANCEREPORTEDLYPUBLISHEDTHE1STSTUDYONQUESTIONEDDOCUMENTEXAMINATIONIN1609,BUTITWASNOTUNTILTHE1800STHATDOCUMENTEXAMINATIONTRULYBEGANINEUROPEPHOTOGRAPHERSATTHATTIMEATTEMPTEDTOBROADENTHEIRPROFESSIONALEXPERTISEBYPROVIDINGSERVICESTHATINCORPORATEDDOCUMENTCOMPARISON,BUTHIGHLYPUBLICIZEDMISTAKESDELAYEDTHEACCEPTANCEOFTHEPROFESSIONONESUCHMISTAKEINVOLVEDALPHONSEBERTILLON,PREVIOUSLYACCLAIMEDFORHISINVENTIONANDAPPLICATIONOFANTHROPOMETRYTOPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONINTHEDREYFUSCASE,BERTILLONTESTIFIEDTHATTHEACCUSEDHADWRITTENADOCUMENTTHATWASTHEBASISFORTHECHARGEOFTREASONTHEACCUSEDSINNOCENCEWASLATERPROVENOLDENGLISHLAWSTHATSTATEDTHATWRITINGSWEREINADMISSIBLEASSTANDARDSFORCOMPARISONUNLESSTHEWRITINGSWEREINEVIDENCEINAPRIORCASE,ALSOALLEGEDLYHINDEREDTHELACKOFINITIALACCEPTANCEOFTHEQUESTIONEDDOCUMENTPROFESSIONINTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEACCEPTANCEOFQUESTIONEDDOCUMENTTESTIMONYINCOURTSEVENTUALLYBECAMEAREALITYIN1913NOWADAYS,THEQUESTIONEDDOCUMENTSUNITOFTHEFBICRIMELABORATORYEXAMINESALLASPECTSOFDOCUMENTARYEVIDENCE,INCLUDINGHANDPRINTING,TYPEWRITERRIBBONS,PRINTERS,WATERMARKS,ERASURES,ALTERATIONS,OBLITERATIONS,SAFETYPAPER,CHARREDPAPER,GRAPHICARTS,PLASTICBAGSANDPRODUCTTAMPERINGTHEUNITMAINTAINSTHEDATABASEFILES,SUCHASTHEANONYMOUSLETTERFILE,BANKROBBERYNOTEFILE,NATIONALFRAUDULENTCHECKFILE,OFFICEEQUIPMENTFILEANDWATERMARKFILESOILEXAMINATIONTHEMAINCONTRIBUTORTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFORENSICSOILANDPARTICULATEEXAMINATIONWAS,AGAIN,EDMONDLOCARDIN1929HEMADETHEOBSERVATIONTHATITWASALMOSTIMPOSSIBLEFORANYONETOPARTICIPATEINANYACTIVITYWITHOUTREMOVINGSOILORDUSTPARTICLESFROMTHESITE,ASARESULTOFCONTAMINATIONOFTHEPERSONSBODY,CLOTHES,TOOLSORVEHICLEHOWEVER,LOCARDCREDITEDSHERLOCKHOLMESWITHTHEIDEATHATBOTANICALOREARTHMATERIALSCOULDHAVEIMPORTANTEVIDENTIALVALUEARTHURCONANDOYLETOPICS,PUBLISHEDBETWEEN1893AND1897,SUGGESTTHATSOILCOLLECTEDONAPERSONATACRIMESCENECOULDBEUSEDASEVIDENCETOPLACETHATPERSONATTHATLOCATIONTHEFIRSTRECORDEDUSEOFTHISTYPEOFEVIDENCEWASINGERMANYIN1904,BYDRGEORGEPOPPWHODEVELOPEDANDPRESENTEDWHATISTHOUGHTTOBETHE1STEXAMPLEOFEVIDENCEINACRIMINALCASEUSINGBOTANICALMATERIALSTHROUGHOUTTHE1920SPOPPCONTINUEDTOPIONEERTHEUSEOFBOTANICALIDENTIFICATIONINFORENSICWORKIDENTIFICATIONANDASSOCIATIONOFHUMANHAIRRUDOLPHVIRCHOW,APROFESSORANDPROSECUTORINBERLIN,GERMANY,WHOESTABLISHEDTHATAQUESTIONEDHAIRFROMAPARTICULARCRIMESUSPECTWASINDISTINGUISHABLEFROMTHATOFTHEVICTIM,REPORTEDTHE1STFORENSICINVESTIGATIONOFHUMANHAIRIN1861BYTHEEARLY1900STHESIGNIFICANCEOFHAIREVIDENCEINCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONSWASROUTINELYCRITICIZEDANDSCRUTINIZEDBYANUMBEROFMEDICOLEGALEXPERTSIN1906,HUGOMARX,ANOFFICIALINTHESTATEMEDICALANDPRISONMEDICALEXAMINERSOFFICEINBERLIN,WROTEADISSERTATIONONTHEVALUEOFFORENSICHAIREXAMINATIONANDITSROLEINPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONATEXTTOPICPUBLISHEDATTHETURNOFTHECENTURY,FROMTHEFOUNDEROFTHEVIENNASCHOOLOFFORENSICMEDICINE,ALSOCONTAINEDACHAPTERONTHEINVESTIGATIONOFHAIRIN1910VICTORBALTHAZARDANDHISASSOCIATE,MARCELLELAMBERT,PRODUCEDHEPOILDEIHOMMEETDESANIMAUXTHEHAIROFMANANDANIMALSINTHISWORKTHEYDESCRIBETECHNIQUESCLOSELYRESEMBLINGTHOSESTILLUSEDINHAIRCOMPARISONTODAYMAINLYMICROSCOPICALANALYSISTOCOMPAREANDOBSERVEMORPHOLOGICALFEATURESIN1931,JOHNGLAISTERPUBLISHEDASTUDYOFMAMMALIANHAIRSANDWOOLANDTHEIRRELEVANCETOCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONTHEWORKCONTAINSAPPROXIMATELY1700PHOTOMICROGRAPHSTHATSHOWTHESTRUCTUREOFHAIROFHUMANSANDOTHERMAMMALSPAULKIRK,CRIMINALISTICSPROFESSORATTHEUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIAATBERKELEY,FURTHERDEVELOPEDHAIRANALYSESBYIMPROVINGTHETECHNIQUESOFHAIRCOMPARISON,UTILIZINGVARIOUSPHYSICALANDCHEMICALPROPERTIESINANATTEMPTTOFACILITATETHESYSTEMATICINDIVIDUALIZATIONOFHUMANHAIRDESPITE,CUTTINGEDGEADVANCESINVARIOUSOTHERSPECIALTIESOFFORENSICSCIENCE,THEMETHODS,PHILOSOPHYANDSIGNIFICANCEOFFORENSICHAIREXAMINATIONHAVENOTCHANGEDGREATLYSINCETHEEARLY19THCENTURYTHETRACEEVIDENCEUNITOFTHEFBITODAYHOLDSEXTENSIVEREFERENCECOLLECTIONSOFHUMANANDANIMALHAIRS,NATURALANDMANMADEFIBERS,FEATHERS,ROPES,CORDAGE,WOODSANDSEEDSDEOXYRIBONUCLEICACIDPROFILINGEVOLVINGFROMCLASSICALSEROLOGY,DNAPROFILINGCOULDBECONSIDEREDTHEMODERNDAYTECHNIQUEREVOLUTIONIZINGPERSONALIDENTIFICATIONINFORENSICSCIENCEINTHEMID1980SSIRALEXJEFFREYSDEVELOPEDTHETECHNIQUESALLOWINGTHEPROFILEANALYSISOFDNAAFTERPUBLISHINGHISACHIEVEMENTSINNATUREIN1985,JEFFREYSWASSUBSEQUENTLYCALLEDUPONTOAPPLYHISTECHNIQUESTOSOLVETHE1STCRIMEIN1986INCOMBINATIONWITHTHEBRIT
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明，都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等，如果需要附件，请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸，网页内容里面会有图纸预览，若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑，并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容，请与我们联系，我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
评论
0/150
提交评论