高中化学方程式汇总（high school chemistry equation summary）

高中化学方程式汇总（HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYEQUATIONSUMMARY）METHANECOMBUSTIONCH42O2CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGMETHANEISISOLATEDFROMAIRBYHIGHTEMPERATUREDECOMPOSITIONTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFMETHANEISVERYCOMPLEX,ANDTHEFOLLOWINGISTHEFINALDECOMPOSITIONCH4C2H2CONDITIONOFHIGHTEMPERATURE,HIGHPRESSURE,CATALYSTMETHANEANDCHLORINEUNDERGOSUBSTITUTIONREACTIONSCH4CL2TOCH3CLHCLCH3CLCL2TOCH2CL2HCLCH2CL2CL2TOCHCL3HCLCHCL3CL2CCL4HCLCONDITIONSARELIGHTLABORATORYMETHANEPRODUCTIONCH3COONANAOHNA2CO3CH4CONDITIONCAOHEATINGETHYLENECOMBUSTIONCH2CH23O22CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGETHYLENEANDBROMINECH2CH2BR2TOCH2BRCH2BRETHYLENEANDWATERCH2CH2H20CH3CH2OHCONDITIONASCATALYSTETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDECH2CH2HCLTOCH3CH2CLETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCH2CH2H2CH3CH3CONDITIONASCATALYSTETHYLENEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CH2CH2CH2NCONDITIONASCATALYSTVINYLCHLORIDEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CHCLCH2CHCLNCONDITIONASCATALYSTLABORATORYPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENECH3CH2OH,CH2CH2H2OCONDITIONSFORHEATING,CONCENTRATEDH2SO4ACETYLENECOMBUSTIONC2H23O22CO2H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGACETYLENEANDBROMINEC2H22BR2TOC2H2BR4ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDETWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2HCLC2H3CLC2H3CLHCLC2H4CL2ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENTWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2H2TOC2H4C2H22H2TOC2H6CONDITIONASCATALYST实验室制乙炔CAC22H2OCAOH2C2H2以食盐、水、石灰石、焦炭为原料合成聚乙烯的方程式CACO3CAOCO22CAO502CAC2CO2CAC22H2OC2H2CAOH2CH2OCOH2高温C2H2H2C2H4乙炔加成生成乙烯C2H4可聚合苯燃烧2C6H615O212CO26H2O条件为点燃苯和液溴的取代C6H6BR2C6H5BRHBR苯和浓硫酸浓硝酸C6H6HNO3C6H5NO2H2O条件为浓硫酸苯和氢气C6H63H2C6H12条件为催化剂乙醇完全燃烧的方程式C2H5OH3O22CO23H2O条件为点燃乙醇的催化氧化的方程式2CH3CH2OHO22CH3CHO2H2O条件为催化剂这是总方程式乙醇发生消去反应的方程式CH3CH2OHCH2CH2H2O条件为浓硫酸170摄氏度两分子乙醇发生分子间脱水2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CH3H2O条件为催化剂浓硫酸140摄氏度乙醇和乙酸发生酯化反应的方程式CH3COOHC2H5OHCH3COOC2H5H2O乙酸和镁MG2CH3COOHCH3COO2MGH2乙酸和氧化钙2CH3COOHCAOCH3CH22CHH2O乙酸和氢氧化钠CH3COOCH2CH3NAOHCH3COONACH3CH2OH乙酸和碳酸钠NA2CO32CH3COOHAND2CH3COONAH2OCO2INCREASEFORMALDEHYDEANDNEWCOPPERHYDROXIDEHCHO4CUOH2,2CU2OCO25H2OTHENEWSYSTEMOFACETALDEHYDEANDCOPPERHYDROXIDECH3CHO2CUTOCU2OPRECIPITATIONCH3COOH2H2OACETALDEHYDEISOXIDIZEDTOACETICACID2CH3CHOO22CH3COOHCONDITIONFORCATALYSTORHEATINGO2CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGETHYLENECOMBUSTIONCH2CH23O22CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGACETYLENECOMBUSTIONC2H23O22CO2H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGBENZENECOMBUSTION2C6H615O212CO26H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGEQUATIONFORCOMPLETECOMBUSTIONOFETHANOLC2H5OH3O22CO23H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGANEQUATIONFORTHECATALYTICOXIDATIONOFETHANOL2CH3CH2OHO22CH3CHO2H2OCONDITIONASCATALYSTCATALYTICOXIDATIONOFACETALDEHYDECH3CHOO22CH3COOHHEATINGWITHCATALYSTSUBSTITUTIONREACTIONTHESUBSTITUTIONOFSOMEATOMSORGROUPSOFATOMSINANORGANICMOLECULEBYOTHERATOMSORGROUPSOFATOMSMETHANEANDCHLORINEUNDERGOSUBSTITUTIONREACTIONSCH4CL2TOCH3CLHCLCH3CLCL2TOCH2CL2HCLCH2CL2CL2TOCHCL3HCLCHCL3CL2TOCCL4HCLALLCONDITIONSARELIGHTCONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDC6H6HNO3C6H5NO2H2OCONDITIONISCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDTHESUBSTITUTIONOFBENZENEANDBENZENEWITHHALOGENELEMENTS,CONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDANDSOONSUCHASTHECONCENTRATIONOFBROMINEANDSUBSTITUTEDPHENOLSSUCHASSUBSTITUTIONOFALKANESANDHALOGENELEMENTSINLIGHTSUCHASESTERIFICATIONREACTIONTHEREACTIONBETWEENANACIDANDANALCOHOLINTHEPRESENCEOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDTOPRODUCEESTERANDWATER,INESSENCE,ISTHEREACTIONOFCARBOXYLGROUPSWITHHYDROXYLGROUPSTOPRODUCEESTERGROUPSANDWATERSUCHASHYDROLYSISREACTIONTHESUBSTITUTIONOFOHORHINWATERMOLECULESFORTHEREACTIONOFATOMSORCLUSTERSINORGANICCOMPOUNDSISCALLEDHYDROLYSISHYDROLYSISOFHYDROGENHALIDESTOFORMALCOHOLSUCHASHYDROLYSISOFESTERSYIELDSCARBOXYLICACIDSCARBOXYLICACIDSANDALCOHOLSSUCHASHYDROLYSISOFETHYLACETATECH3COOC2H5H2OTOCH3COOHC2H5OHTHECONDITIONISINORGANICACIDBASEADDITIONREACTIONTHEREACTIONOFUNSATURATEDCARBONATOMSUNITEDWITHOTHERATOMSORATOMSINTOOTHERORGANICMATTERETHYLENEANDBROMINECH2CH2BR2TOCH2BRCH2BRETHYLENEANDWATERCH2CH2H20CH3CH2OHCONDITIONASCATALYSTETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDECH2H2HCLTOCH3CH2CLETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCH2CH2H2CH3CH3CONDITIONASCATALYSTACETYLENEANDBROMINEC2H22BR2TOC2H2BR4ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDETWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2HCLC2H3CLC2H3CLHCLC2H4CL2ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENTWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2H2TOC2H4C2H22H2C2H6CONDITIONASCATALYSTBENZENEANDHYDROGENC6H63H2C6H12CONDITIONASCATALYSTELIMINATIONREACTIONORGANICMOLECULESOFFASMALLMOLECULEWATER,HYDROGENHALIDE,ETCANDPRODUCEUNSATURATEDDOUBLEBONDOFCARBONORCARBONCARBONTRIPLECOMPOUNDSANEQUATIONFORTHEELIMINATIONREACTIONOFETHANOLCH3CH2OHTOCH2CH2H2OCONDITIONISCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID170DEGREESCELSIUSINTERMOLECULARDEHYDRATIONOFETHANOLOCCURSINTWOMOLECULES2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CH3H2OCONDITIONISCATALYST,CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID140DEGREESCELSIUSOLEFINSAREHYDROCARBONSCONTAININGCCBONDSUNSATURATEDHYDROCARBONSTHEMOLECULARFORMULAOFOLEFINSISCNH2N,NONPOLARMOLECULES,INSOLUBLEORSLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATERPRONETOADDITION,POLYMERIZATION,OXIDATION,ETCPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFETHYLENEUSUALLY,ACOLORLESSSLIGHTLYSMELLGAS,THEDENSITYISSMALLERTHANTHEAIR,INSOLUBLEINWATER,SOLUBLEINORGANICSOLVENTSSUCHASCARBONTETRACHLORIDE1OXIDATIONREACTIONITISEASYTOBEOXIDIZEDBYOXIDANTATROOMTEMPERATUREIFETHYLENEISPASSEDINTOTHEACIDICKMNO4SOLUTION,THEPURPLEOFTHESOLUTIONISREMOVED,THUSIDENTIFYINGTHEETHYLENEEASYTOBURNANDGIVEOFFHEATWHENBURNING,THEFLAMEISBRIGHTANDBLACKSMOKEISPRODUCED2ADDITIONREACTIONOFDOUBLEBONDINORGANICCOMPOUNDSORTRIPLEATBOTHENDSOFTHECARBONATOMSWITHOTHERATOMSORGROUPSOFATOMSTOFORMNEWCOMPOUNDSWITHDIRECTREACTION3POLYMERIZATIONLABORATORYMETHODFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENE21CH3CH2OHCH2CH2H2OTHEPRINCIPLEOFREACTIONCONDITIONSFORHEATING,CONCENTRATEDH2SO42GENERATINGDEVICEAREACTIONDEVICEUSINGLIQUIDANDLIQUIDHEATINGTOPRODUCEGAS3COLLECTIONMETHODDRAINAGEGASCOLLECTIONMETHOD4MATTERSNEEDINGATTENTIONTHEVOLUMERATIOOFETHANOLANDCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDINREACTIONLIQUIDIS1TO3INTHEROUNDBOTTOMFLASKWITHASMALLAMOUNTOFBROKENTILES,THEPURPOSEISTOPREVENTBUMPINGWHENHEATEDINTHEREACTIONMIXTURETHETHERMOMETERMERCURYBULBSHOULDBEINSERTEDUNDERTHELIQUIDSURFACETOACCURATELYMEASURETHETEMPERATUREOFTHEREACTIONLIQUIDWHENHEATING,THETEMPERATURESHOULDBERAPIDLYINCREASEDTO170DEGREESTOREDUCETHECHANCEOFETHERFORMATIONINTHEPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENEINTHEREACTIONOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDCATALYST,BUTNOTWATERABSORBENTISOXIDANTINTHEREACTIONPROCESSTOETHANOLOXIDATION,CO2,CO,THELASTGENERATIONCSOTHETUBELIQUIDBLACK,WHILETHESULFATEITSELFISREDUCEDTOSO2SO2CANMAKEWATERORKMNO4SOLUTIONTHEREFORE,BEFORETHEEXPERIMENTONTHEPROPERTIESOFETHYLENE,SO2CANBEREMOVEDBYWASHINGTHEGASTHROUGHTHENAOHSOLUTIONTOOBTAINPUREETHYLENEACETYLENE,ALSOKNOWNASCALCIUMCARBIDEGASTHESTRUCTUREOFSIMPLETYPEHCCH,ISTHEMOSTSIMPLEALKYNESCHEMICALFORMULAC2H2MOLECULARSTRUCTURENONPOLARMOLECULESWITHLINEARMOLECULESCOLORLESS,ODORLESS,FLAMMABLEGAS,SLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATER,SOLUBLEINETHANOL,ACETONEANDOTHERORGANICSOLVENTSTHECHEMICALPROPERTYISVERYACTIVE,ITCANREACTWITHADDITION,OXIDATION,POLYMERIZATIONANDMETALSUBSTITUTIONTHEPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATESOLUTIONFADEDPURPLEMETHODCAC22H2OLABORATORYACETYLENECAOH2C2H2CHEMICALPROPERTY1OXIDATIONREACTIONAFLAMMABILITY2C2H25O2TO4CO22H2OPHENOMENONBRIGHTANDTHICKSMOKEBOXIDATIONBYKMNO4TOMAKEPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATEPURPLEACIDSOLUTION2ADDREACTIONITCANREACTWITHBR2,H2,HXANDMANYOTHERSUBSTANCESPHENOMENONCCL4SOLUTIONORBR2FADEFADEBROMINEPLUSH2CHCHH2,CH2CH2PLUSH2TWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2H2TOC2H4C2H22H2C2H6CONDITIONASCATALYSTVINYLCHLORIDEUSEDINMAKINGPOLYVINYLCHLORIDEC2H2HCLC2H3CLNCH2CHCLCH2CHCLN条件为催化剂3由于乙炔与乙烯都是不饱和烃,所以化学性质基本相似金属取代反应将乙炔通入溶有金属钠的液氨里有氢气放出乙炔与银氨溶液反应,产生白色乙炔银沉淀1、卤化烃官能团,卤原子在碱的溶液中发生“水解反应“,生成醇在碱的醇溶液中发生“消去反应“,得到不饱和烃2、醇官能团,醇羟基能与钠反应,产生氢气能发生消去得到不饱和烃与羟基相连的碳直接相连的碳原子上如果没有氢原子,不能发生消去能与羧酸发生酯化反应能被催化氧化成醛伯醇氧化成醛,仲醇氧化成酮,叔醇不能被催化氧化3、醛官能团,醛基能与银氨溶液发生银镜反应能与新制的氢氧化铜溶液反应生成红色沉淀能被氧化成羧酸能被加氢还原成醇4、酚,官能团,酚羟基具有酸性能钠反应得到氢气酚羟基使苯环性质更活泼,苯环上易发生取代,酚羟基在苯环上是邻对位定位基能与羧酸发生酯化5、羧酸,官能团,羧基具有酸性一般酸性强于碳酸能与钠反应得到氢气不能被还原成醛注意是“不能“能与醇发生酯化反应6、酯,官能团,酯基HYDROLYSISOCCURSTOPRODUCEACIDSANDALCOHOLSMATERIALEXTRACTIONLABORATORYMETHANEPRODUCTIONCH3COONANAOHNA2CO3CH4CONDITIONCAOHEATINGLABORATORYPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENECH3CH2OH,CH2CH2H2OCONDITIONSFORHEATING,CONCENTRATEDH2SO4LABORATORYACETYLENECAC22H2O,CAOH2C2H2INDUSTRIALETHANOLPRODUCTIONC2H4H20CH3CH2OHCONDITIONASCATALYSTPREPARATIONOFACETALDEHYDEACETYLENEHYDRATIONPROCESSC2H2H2OTOC2H4OCONDITIONISCATALYST,HEATING,PRESSURIZINGETHYLENEOXIDATIONPROCESS2CH2CH2O2TO2CH3CHOHEATINGWITHCATALYSTETHANOLOXIDATIONMETHOD2CH3CH2OHO2TO2CH3CHO2H2OASCATALYST,HEATINGPREPARATIONOFACETICACIDACETALDEHYDEISOXIDIZEDTOACETICACID2CH3CHOO2TO2CH3COOHASCATALYSTANDHEATINGADDITIONPOLYMERIZATIONETHYLENEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CH2CH2CH2NCONDITIONASCATALYSTVINYLCHLORIDEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CHCLCH2CHCLNCONDITIONASCATALYSTOXIDATIONREACTIONMETHANECOMBUSTIONCH42O2CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGETHYLENECOMBUSTIONCH2CH23O22CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGACETYLENEC